모델동물의 병태.생리 유발 유전자 기능 연구 : 당뇨모델동물의 췌장 β-세포를 이용한 비만발생에 관한 연구 Effect of development of diabetes by fatty acid in animal model

황대연,김용규,강태석,황진희,임채형,강현구,이주은,허영범,장인석,조정식,채갑용 식품의약품안전청 2001 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.5 No.-

체장 β세포에 지방이 축적되는 lopotoricity 현상은 인슬린 비의존성 당뇨 (Non InsuBin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus :NIDDM)의 발생과 상당히 밀접한 관계가 있으며, 췌장 β세포의 lipoapoptosis는 세포막형성에 관여하는 sphingomyelin의 전군체안 ceramide의 과생산에 의해 유도된다는 보고가 있다. 그러나, 지방산 종류에 따른 췌장 β세포에서의 세포사멸 (apoptosis)유발 기작에 대해서는 야직까지 보고된 바가 없파. 또한, 지방세포에서 생성되며, 지질대사, 음식섭취 및 체중조절에 관여하는 렙틴 (leptin)과 렙틴 수용체와의 관계 역시 체장 세포에서 명착하게 밝혀져 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 6주령 53와 Zucker rat의 췌장으로부터 췌도를 분리하는 기술을 확립하고, 배양된 췌장 췌도 세포와 MS-1세포주에 불포차즌방산 (n-3 linolenic acid; n-6 :linoleic acid), 포화지방산 (stearic acid), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)를 포함하는 4 가지의 지방산을 처리한 후 이들이 췌장 』세포의 사멸에 미치는 영향을 다양한 apoptosis 관련 유전자의 발현을 분석함으로써 확인하고자 하였다. 그 결과 SD rat으로부터 마리 당 평균 약 500개의 췌장 췌도를 분리하는데 성공하였으며, 4 종류의 지방산 중 포화지방산인 stearic acid를 처리하여 ONA fragmentation 증가를 관찰하였다. 또한 RT-PCR 방법을 이용하여 분리된 췌도 세포에사의 Bcl-2, Bax, iNOS가 지방산의 종류에 따라 서료 다른 발현양상을 나타낸다는 」라실을 관귿하였다. 이러한 떤구 결과는 지방산의 종류에 따라 췌장 췌도 세포에서의 세포사멸 유발 효과를 겋증하였으며, 이러한 연구결과는 복잡한 당뇨발병 원인 규명에 중요한 정보를 제공할 것으로 사료된다. Fat contents within the pancreatic islets are closely related to lipotoxicity which induces apoptosis, resulting in non insulin dependent mellituse(NIDDM). High level of fat may contribute to both insulin resistance and obesity in rodent and humans but the evidence is limited. To determine whether dietary fatty acids affect pancreatic cell function, the INS-1 cells and the pancreatic islets isolated from SD and Zucker obese(fa/fa) rats(6 wk, prediabetic stage) were cultured with stearic acid and CLA. As a result, DNA fragmentation laddering was substantially decreased in the INS-1 cells and the isolated pancreatic islets cultured with 2mM CLA compared with those with stearic aced. To investigate the mechanism by which CLA alleviates cell apoptosis as indicated by DNA fragmentation assay, we examined mRNA expressions of apoptosis-related proteins including Bax and Bcl-2 associated with cell death agonist and antagonist, respectively in the both INS-1 cells and islets cultured with 2 mM fatty acids. Bax mRNA expression was not markedly altered by either stearic acid or CLA, whereas Bcl-2 mRNA expression was noticeably enhanced by CLA compared with stearic acid. However, there were no changes in cell apoptosis and cell apoptotic-regulating gene products in the both INS-1 cells and isolated islets treated without or with 2 mM CLA. It is concluded that CLA may have a beneficial effect for maintenance of cell viability via increased Bcl-2 protein expression compared with steraic aced, which lead to delay or prevent, at least somewhat, the onset of NIDDM in the physiological status.

현대 영문학 발전에 관한 고찰

탁인석 광주대학교 1988 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

Literary theory has developed in the course of this century into a branch of literary that is studied and taught as a distint subject in its own right. It is not, of course, a totally new subject. Modern literary theory has a great deal in commor with, and owes a great deal to, such antededents but it differs from most of them in a very important respect ; the place it occupies with the discipline of literary studies. To make clear what is usually meant by modern literary theory, we need to distinguish it from two areas of thought to which it is closely related The distinguishing feature of modern literary theory is its connection with practical literary criticism and scholarship. Aesthetics is concerned with literature from a philosophical point of view, in lelation to the general concepts of art, beauty and value. Its relevance for practical literary study has thus been rather limited, although criticism has drawn on it in the past from time to time. Modern literary theory has far more extensive and specific relevance for practical literary study, because it has grown up in close connection with it, and has thus tended to be directly concerned not only with the distinctive properties of literature, but also with the distinctive abjectives of literary criticism or scholarship. Criticism can also benefit from literary theory in the same way but its need for literary theory may appear in a somewhat different light, mainly because it is far less inclined than scholarship to neglect the specific value or properties of literature.

Study of an In-order SMT Architecture and Grouping Schemes

Byung In Moon,Moon Gyung Kim,In Pyo Hong,Ki Chang Kim,Yong Surk Lee 대한전기학회 2003 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.1 No.3

순차적 SMT Processor를 위한 Scoreboard Array와 포트 중재 모듈의 구현

허창용,홍인표,이용석,Heo, Chang-Yong,Hong, In-Pyo,Lee, Yong-Surk 대한전자공학회 2004 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.41 No.6

SMT(Simultaneous Multi Threading)구조는 여러 개의 독립적인 쓰레드들로부터의 명령어들을 이용하여, 이슈 슬롯을 채울 수 있도록 하는 쓰레드 레벨 병렬 성을 사용함으로서, 결국 프로세서의 성능을 향상시킨다. 독립적인 여러 개의 준비된 쓰레드들을 갖는다는 것은 실행 유닛들이 무용의 상태로 남아 있는 가능성을 줄일 수 있다는 의미이며, 이러한 사항은 결국 프로세서의 효율성을 증가 시키게 된다. SMT 프로세서에서 그러한 이점을 이용하기 위해서는, 이슈 유닛은 서로 다른 쓰레드들로부터의 여러 명령어들 간의 흐름을 제어해서, 그러한 명령어들 사이에서 충돌이 일어나지 않도록 해야 하지만, 이러한 사실로 인해 SMT 프로세서의 이슈 로직은 매우 복잡해지게 된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서 제안된 SMT 구조는 순차적 이슈와 완료 방식을 채택하여, 복잡한 레지스터 리네이밍이나 재순차 버퍼 등을 사용할 필요가 없이 비교적 간단한 스코어보드 어레이만을 사용하는 이슈 구조를 사용할 수 있게 하였다, 그러나, 여전히 SMT용 스코어보드 구조는 일반적인 단일 쓰레드의 범용 프로세서의 경우보다는 훨씬 더 복잡하고 많은 비용이 소요된다. 본 논문은 ARM 기본의 순차적 SMT 아키텍처 상에서의 최적의 스코어보드메커니즘에 대한 구현을 제안한다. SMT(Simultaneous Multi Threading) architecture uses TLP(Thread Level Parallelism) and increases processor throughput, such that issue slots can be filled with instructions from multiple independent threads. Having multiple ready threads reduces the probability that a functional unit is left idle, which increases processor efficiency. To utilize those advantages for the SMT processors, the issue unit must control the flow of instructions from different threads and not create conflicts among those instructions, which make the SMT issue logic extremely complex. Therefore, our SMT architecture, which is modeled in this paper, uses an in-order-issue and completion scheme, and therefore, can use a simple issue mechanism with a scoreboard already instead of using register renaming or a reorder buffer. However, an SMT scoreboarding mechanism is still more complex and costlier than that of a single threaded conventional processor. This paper proposes an optimal implementation of a scoreboarding mechanism for an ARM-based SMT architecture.

RESEARCH : Effects of a lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide supplement on growth performance and intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in weanling pigs

( In Surk Jang ),( Chang Hoon Kwon ),( Duck Min Ha ),( Dae Yun Jung ),( Sun Young Kang ),( Man Jong Park ),( Jeong Hee Han ),( Byung-chul Park ),( Chul Young Lee ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2014 한국축산학회지 Vol.56 No.29

This study compared the effects of varying lipid content and dietary concentration of a lipid-encapsulated (LE) ZnO product to those of native ZnO and thereby to find insights into optimal lipid coating and dosage of the Zn supplement. A total of 192 21-d-old weanling pigs were allotted to 48 pens, after which each six pens received a ZnO-free basal diet supplemented with 125 ppm ZnO (100 ppm Zn; BASAL), 2,500 ppm Zn as native ZnO (HIGH), or 100 or 200 ppm Zn as LE ZnO (LE-100 or LE-250) containing 8%, 10%, or 12% lipid [LE-8%, LE-10%, or LE-12%, respectively; 2 × 3 factorial arrangement within the LE-ZnO diets (LE-ALL)] for 14 d. Forty pigs were killed at the end for histological and biochemical examinations. None of ADG, ADFI, gain:feed, and fecal consistency score differed between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups. Hepatic and serum Zn concentrations were greater (p <0.05) in the HIGH vs. LE-ALL group, but did not differ between LE-ALL and BASAL, between LE-100 and -250, or among LE-8%, -10%, and -12% groups. Villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum did not differ between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups, except for a greater CD in the duodenum in the LE-ALL vs. HIGH group. Additionally, VH and CD in the duodenum and VH:CD in the jejunum were greater in the LE-250 vs. LE-100 group. Specific activities of sucrase, maltase, and leucine aminopeptidase in these intestinal regions and those of amylase and trypsin in the pancreas were not influenced by the lipid content or dietary concentration of LE ZnO and also did not differ between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups, except for a greater pancreatic amylase activity in the former vs. HIGH group. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the LE ZnO, regardless of its lipid percentage or supplementation level examined in this study, has no significant effect on growth performance, fecal consistency, or digestive enzyme activities of weanling pigs under the experimental conditions.

Effects of Steaming Time and Frequency for Manufactured Red Liriope platyphylla on the Insulin Secretion Ability and Insulin Receptor Signaling Pathway

Sun Il Choi,Hye Ryun Lee,Jun Seo Goo,Ji Eun Kim,So Hee Nam,In Sik Hwang,Young Ju Lee,So Hae Prak,Hee Seob Lee,Jong Sup Lee,In Surk Jang,Hong Ju Son,Dae Youn Hwang 한국실험동물학회 2011 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.27 No.2

In oriental medicine, Liriope platyphylla (LP) has long been regarded as a curative herb useful for the treatment of diabetes, asthma, and neurodegenerative disorders. The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of steaming time and frequency for manufactured Red LP (RLP) on insulin secretion ability and insulin receptor signaling pathway. To achieve our goal, several types of LPs manufactured under different conditions were applied to INS cells and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ICR mice, after which alterations in insulin concentrations were detected in the culture supernatants and sera. The optimal concentration for the investigation of insulin secretion ability was found to be 50 ㎍/mL of LP. At this concentration, maximum insulin secretion was observed in the INS cells treated with LP extract steamed for 3 h (3-SLP) with two repeated steps (3 h steaming and 24 h air-dried) carried out 9 times (9-SALP); no significant changes in viability were detected in any of the treated cells. Additionally, the expression and phosphorylation levels of most components in the insulin receptor signaling pathway were increased significantly in the majority of cells treated with steaming-processed LP as compared to the cells treated with LP prepared without steaming. With regard to glucose transporter (GLUT) expression, alterations of steaming time induced similar responses on the expression levels of GLUT-2 and GLUT-3. However, differences in steaming frequency were also shown to induce dose-dependent responses in the expression level of GLUT-2 only; no significant differences in GLUT-3 expression were detected under these conditions. Furthermore, these responses observed in vitro were similarly detected in STZ-induced diabetic mice. 24-SLP and 9-SALP treatment applied for 14 days induced the down-regulation of glucose concentration and upregulation of insulin concentration. Therefore, these results indicated that the steaming processed LP may contribute to the relief of diabetes symptoms and should be regarded as an excellent candidate for a diabetes treatment.

닭에서 사육밀도 및 Lipopolysaccharide 투여가 면역장기 무게, 혈액 생화학적 성상 및 친염증 사이토카인 mRNA 발현에 미치는 영향

장인석(In-Surk Jang),송민혜(Min-Hye Song),김하나(Ha-Na Kim),문양수(Yang Soo Moon),손시환(Sea Hwan Sohn) 한국가금학회 2016 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.43 No.3

본 연구는 닭에서 사육밀도[(대조군(SSD) 495 ㎠/수 vs. 고밀도사육군(HSD) 245 ㎠/수] 및 LPS 투여(5 mg/kg BW)가 다른 각종 생리적 스트레스 지표에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 대조군, HSD군 및 LPS군(5 mg/kg BW)에서 체중 및 장기 무게를 조사한 결과, SSD군과 HSD군간 비교 시 체중은 고밀도사육 시 현저히(p<0.05) 감소하였으나, 간, 비장 및 흉선 무게는 차이가 없었다. LPS 투여군에서는 대조군에 비해 흉선과 F-낭 무게가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였다. 혈액 생화학적 성분에서 AST, ALT 및 BUN 수준은 SSD군과 HSD군 간에는 차이가 없었지만, LPS군에서 증가되었다(p<0.05). 혈중 Ca, P, CK, uric acid 수준 모두 LPS군에서유의하게(p<0.05) 높았다. 혈중 corticosterone 수준은 LPS군에서 SSD군과 HSD군에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가되었으나, SSD와 HSD군 간에는 차이가 없었다. 친염증 사이토카인 mRNA 발현을 조사한 결과, 간 조직의 IL-1β, IL-6 및 iNOS mRNA 발현은 LPS군에서 SSD군에 비해 증가되었으나(p<0.05), SSD군과 HSD군 간에는 차이가 없었다. 흉선 IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 mRNA 유전자 역시 LPS군에서 다른 군들에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가되었다. HSD군에서 흉선의 IL-1β는 SSD군에 비해 현저히(p<0.05) 증가되었다. F-낭의 IL-1β 발현은 LPS군에서 SSD군에 비해 증가되었으나(p<0.05), 다른 사이토카인은 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과, 고밀도사육에 따른 만성스트레스 요인은 닭의 환경적응성에 따라 생산성을 제외한 다른 지표들의 변화는 적었으나, LPS 투여는 혈액 생화학성분 및 친염증 사이토카인 mRNA 발현을 현저하게 변화시켰다. This study was performed to investigate the effects of the stocking density (standard stocking density (SSD, 495 ㎠/bird)) vs. high stocking density (HSD,245㎠/bird) and challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5mg/kg BW) on the stress-related physiological indicators in chicks. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight, but not in the weight of immune organs, between the SSD and HSD groups. The LPS group resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the weights of the thymus and bursa of fabricius compared with the SSD group. Plasma biochemical components, including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen, Ca, P, creatine kinase and uric acid, markedly (p<0.05) increased in the LPS birds, although no difference in these parameters was observed between the SSD and HSD birds. Furthermore, the birds challenged with LPS showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the plasma corticosterone level, although this hormone did not differ between the SSD and HSD groups. In the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepatic IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS in the LPS group significantly (p<0.05) increased compared with those in the SSD group. Thymic mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 in the LPS group also significantly (p<0.05) increased compared with those in the other groups. In addition, mRNA expression of IL-1β in the bursa of fabricius of the LPS group increased (p<0.05) without affecting the other cytokines. Under high stocking density, thymic IL-1β was the only cytokine that was up-regulated compared with the SSD group. In conclusion, an acute stress induced by LPS challenge profoundly affected immune organ weight, blood biochemical profiles and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, while chronic stress did not markedly affect biochemical and immunological parameters, suggesting that chicks under high stocking density could be adapted to prolonged stressors.

Effects of Vitamin C or E on the Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Heat Shock Protein 70 and Antioxidant Status in Broiler Chicks under Summer Conditions

Jang, In-Surk,Ko, Young-Hyun,Moon, Yang-Soo,Sohn, Sea-Hwan Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.5

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary antioxidants on pro-inflammatory cytokines, heat shock protein (HSP) and antioxidant status in broiler chicks under summer conditions. A total of 162, 3-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a basal diet (CON) and the basal diet supplemented with vitamin C (200 mg/kg diet, VCD) or vitamin E (100 mg/kg, VED) until 35 day of age. All birds were exposed to summer diurnal heat stress at average daily fluctuations of temperature between $32^{\circ}C$ to $34^{\circ}C$ at day to $27^{\circ}C$ to $29^{\circ}C$ at night for the entire feeding periods. There was no significant difference in body weight, feed to gain ratio and the relative organ weight except the thymus in response to dietary vitamin C or E supplementation. However, the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, Toll like receptor (TLR)-4 and HSP70 in the liver of birds fed diet containing vitamin C significantly (p<0.05) decreased compared with those in birds fed basal diet. Dietary vitamin E also showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mRNA expression of IL-6 and HSP70 compared with a basal diet. Total antioxidant status (TAS) in serum of birds fed vitamin C supplemented diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher with than that in birds a basal diet. Lipid peroxidation in serum and liver resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in response to dietary vitamin C or E supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with antioxidant vitamins, especially vitamin C resulted in a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and HSP70, and higher antioxidant parameters than that of birds on the basal diet under summer conditions.

Transgenic Carrots Overproducing Various Carotenoids and Biological Activities of Carotenoids and Carrot Extracts

Mi-Jeong Ahn,Cheol Ho Lee,In-Surk Jang,Sun-Hwa Ha,Kyoungwhan Back,Jung-Myung Bae,Shin-Woo Lee 한국작물학회 2010 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.04

There are many evidences that carotenoids may act as antioxidants and protect humans from serious disorders such as skin degeneration and aging, cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and age-related diseases of the eye. Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are consumed as an important dietary source of b-carotene, a-carotene and lutein. Astaxanthin, a keto-carotenoid has been used to raise red color of fish body and to improve immune activity in fish-breeding industry. In this study, transgenic carrot plants were generated to overproduce carotenoids including astaxanthin, a non-natural ketocarotenoid in this plant, using an efficient storage root-expression system. Among the nineteen transgenic carrot plants, transformed by a storage root-specific (ibMads) or a storage root (ibAGP1) or the constitutive CaMV35S promoters with three genes involved in carotenoid synthesis [Psy (Phytoen synthase), Crtl (Lycopen-β-cyclase), CrtO (β-carotene ketolase)], transgenic plants with ibAGP1 promoter, an amyloplast targeting sequence (TP1) and a single CrtO gene gave high content of keto-carotenoids and b-carotene. For fish body coloration, carotenoid extract or astaxanthin significantly made the body color of red seabreams more reddish than those of normal diet-fish in the 3 weeks feeding. In addition, the serum lysozyme activity in carotene-treated fish was significantly higher than that in normal diet-fed fish (P<0.05) in the 6 weeks feeding. In these cases, neither carotenoid extract- nor astaxanthin-contained diet did influence on growth rate and food utilization in red seabreams. These results suggested that carotenoid extract prepared in the present study may be useful in the body coloration and the enhancement of nonspecific immune response of red seabreams. Meanwhile, b-carotene (50 mM) up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a expression (PPAR-a) by about two fold in CV-1 cells, while the carotenoid extracts and astaxanthin failed to affect on the expression. Carotenoid extracts (250 mg/ml) from wild type carrot or transgenic carrots showed moderate DPPH scavenging activity.

절식이 흰쥐 대뇌겉질의 Nitric Oxide Synthase 발현에 미치는 영향

피영호(Young Hao Pi),허영범(Young Buhm Huh),강경란(Kyoung Lan Kang),장인석(In Surk Jang),조정식(Jung Sik Cho),김정혜(Jung Hye Kim),유진화(Jin Hwa Yoo),안희경(Hee Kyung Ahn) 대한해부학회 2000 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.33 No.4

흰쥐에게 자유급여량의 50%로 줄인 절식을 시행한 후 시간 경과에 따른 대뇌겉질의 nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 신경세포의 변화를 관찰하였다. Neuronal NOS (nNOS)의 변화를 알아보고자 NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) 조직화학을 시행하고, inducible NOS (iNOS) 면역조직화학을 시행하여 iNOS의 발현을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 절식후 3일군에서는 iNOS에 염색되는 신경세포는 관찰되지 않았다. 절식 1주군에서는 동종겉질에서 많은 iNOS 신경세포들이 관찰되었는데 특히 일차운동감각겉질, 이차운동감각겉질, 청각겉질 및 시각겉질에서 특히 많이 유도되었다. 이종겉질의 1주군에서는 팽대뒤겉질에서 iNOS 신경세포가 관찰되었고 다른 영역에서는 발현된 iNOS가 관찰되지 않았다. 4 주군 에서는 후각뇌바깥겉질과 후각뇌주위겉질에서 적은 수의 iNOS 신경세포가 관찰되었다. 9주군에서는 팽대뒤겉질에서만 iNOS 신경세포가 관찰되었고 다른 대뇌겉질에서는 발현된 iNOS 신경세포들은 관찰 할 수 없었다. NADPH-d 조직화학을 시행한 결과 NADPH-d 신경세포는 iNOS와 공존하지 않았다. NADPH-d 신경세포에 대해 densitometry로 염색성을 측정한 결과 절식후 3일군에서는 대조군보다 감소된 염색성을 보였으나 1주군에서는 다시 증가한 결과를 보였고 9주군에서는 대조군보다도 많이 감소된 염색성을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 절식후 대뇌겉질에서 nNOS의 효소활성이 변화하며, 대뇌겉질의 특정부위에서 iNOS가 신경세포에서 유도되고, 유도된 iNOS는 NOS 효소활성이 없는 것을 알 수 있었다. 뇌에서 NO는 NOS에 의해 생성되며 혈관확장과 신경전달에 관여한다. 따라서 절식후에 유도되는 iNOS 신경세포와 NADPH-d 효소활성 증가는 절식후 대뇌겉질의 신경활성작용에 영향을 줄 것으로 생각된다. Nitric oxide is synthesized by cells containing the nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) is a selective histochemical marker for the NOS in the brain. The influence of feeding rats only half the amount of their normal daily intake of a purified diet on NOS was measured in the cerebral cortex by immunohistochemistry and NADPH-d histochemistry. iNOS was not detected in the cerebral cortex of control group. iNOS-positive neurons were induced in the cerebral cortex at 1 week after food restriction and found in specific cortical areas, such as primary motor cortex, secondary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, parietal association cortex, auditory cortex, visual cortex, temporal association cortex and retrosplenial cortex. At 2 weeks after food restriction, iNOSpositive neurons were not found in all cortical areas. At 4 weeks after food restriction, iNOS-positive neurons were found in ectorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex. In samples obtained 3 days after food restriction, the staining intensity of NADPH-d-positive neurons was decreased in most cortrical regions compared to the control group. At 1 week after food restriction, the staining intensity of NADPH-d was significantly increased in isocortical regions compared to the control group. At 9 weeks after food restriction, the staining intensity of NADPH-d was significantly decreased in all cortical regions. NO, a free radical synthesized in the brain by NOS, is a messenger molecule that mediates vascular dilatation and neural transmission. Therefore, neurons showing induced iNOS-positivity and upregulated NADPH-dpositive neurons may affect the neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex after food restriction.