사회심리학적 관점에서 조명해 본 뷔히너의 『보이첵』

임호일 한국뷔히너학회 2003 뷔히너와 현대문학 Vol.20 No.-

In der vorliejenden Arbeit versuchte ich Bu¨chners letztes Drama Woyzeck anhand einer sozialpsychologischen Methode zu anlaysieren. Dabei dienten als Analyseraster Ich-Schwa¨che, Projektion, Su¨ndenbock-Strategie, Leerformel usw. Aus dem Streben nach Geborgenheit und Sicherheit schlieBen sich die Menschen zu Gruppen zusammen. Sie suchen sich daru¨ber hinaus aus Ich-Schwa¨che durch Identifikation mit der Macht des Kollektives einen Ersatz. Diese Unvollkommenheit und Schwa¨che ruft beim Einzelmenschen Angstgefu¨hl hervor. Wenn man solche Angst durch Projektion zu stillen und die Ich-Schwa¨che u¨berma¨Big zu verhu¨llen versucht, entsteht hier Gefahr, dem ideologischen Vorurteil zu verfallen. "Projektion" - so erkla¨rt der Sozialpsychologe Allport - " kann als Vermo¨gen definiert werden, das anderen Menschen fa¨lschich Motive oder Eigenschaften zuordnet, die nus zukommen oder unsere Motive und Eigenschaften erkla¨ren oder rechtfertigen." Die Schwa¨che, die tief im Inneren des Menschen versteckt ist, wird ihm zum Feind, wenn sich Unglu¨cks sei. Da er aber zu schwach ist, um diesen Feind in sich zu beka¨mpfen, sucht er einen schwa¨cheren, den er ohne weiteres schlagen kann. Auf diese Weise wird ein Schuldloser ohne irgendwelche legitimen Gru¨nde zum da¨monisierten Feind, d. h. Su¨ndenbock. Fu¨r die in Vorurteil befangenen Menschen bestect die Welt nur aus zwei Polen, und zwar aus dem Guten und dem Bo˝sen. Sie kennen die Vielfa¨ltigkeit der Welt nicht oder sie wollen von ihr nicht wissen. Sie bipolarisieren immer die Welterscheinungen, indem sie die vielfa¨ltigen Gesichtspunkte und Pha¨nomene in der Realita¨t auf ein Entweder -Oder, ein Fu¨r-mich oder Gegen-mich, ein Freund-Feind-Verha¨ltnis zu reduzieren versuchen. Um die bipolare Weltdeutung aufrechtzuerhalten, verhu¨llen sie die Wahrheit bzw. die Wirklichkeit. Ihre Aussagen richten sich nicht nach der Wirklichkeit, sondern sie sind durch ihre eigenen Interessen bedingt. Sie beruhen also nicht auf Vernunft, sondern auf Unvernunft(Affekt, Emotion usw.). Die Verhu¨llung kommt oft dadurch zustande, daB man interessenbedingte Werturteile im Gewand von Tatsachenaussagen auftreten la¨Bt. Es ist auch nicht zu u¨bersehen, daB die Sprache Zur Verhu¨llung der Wahrheit im groBen MaBe beitra¨gt. Die Sprache, die gewo¨hnlich im Alltag verwendet wird, entha¨lt mehr oder weniger a-theoretische komponenten. Diese sich gegen den Verstand wendenden Komponenten treten vor allem bei den Leerformeln in Erscheinung. Leerformel ko¨nnen pseudo-empirischer Natur sein, d. h. mit dem Anspruch aufterten, u¨ber die empirische Realita¨t zu informieren, obwohl sie tatsa¨chlich keinen na¨her angebbaren oder zumindest nur eine sehr geringen Informationsgehalt besitzen. Auf diesen sozialpsychlogischen Grundlagen wird untersucht, wie und unter welchen Bedingungen Vorurteile bei dem Drama Woyzeck entstehen und, wie sie sich entwickeln und schlieBlich welche Wirkungen sie ausu¨ben. Dabei spielt natu¨rlich der besitzlose Woyzeck(bzw. Marie) die Rolle desjenigen, der durch Vorurteile zum Opfer fallt, wa¨hrend die Reichen, na¨mlich der hauptmann und der Doctor als dessen Antipoden auftreten.

ERK1/2 activation in quercetin-treated BEAS-2B cell plays a role in Nrf2-driven HO-1 expression

이윤진,Jun-Hwan Song,Myung-Ho Oh,Yong-Jin Lee,김용배,Jae-Hyuk Im,이상한 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2011 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.7 No.4

Quercetin, a member of the flavonoids,has been heralded as chemopreventive agent, generally because of its free radical-scavenging and antiproliferative activities. In this process, NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) plays a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage; however, the exact mechanisms in which bronchial epithelial cells respond to quercetin by activating Nrf2 are not fully understood. Here, we report the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in response to quercetin. Quercetin treatment decreased the viability of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ERK1/2 was activated within 10 min of quercetin addition and then remained increased above control level throughout 48 h, whereas AKT phosphorylation was suppressed from the first 1 h of quercetin treatment. Inhibition of Erk1/2 phosphorylation attenuated quercetin-induced loss of cell viability. Nrf2levels in both nuclear and whole cell lysates increased after quercetin treatment and was accompanied by the increase of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein level,indicating that increased HO-1 expression is Nrf2-mediated. Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 system after quercetin treatment was suppressed by the pretreatment with MEK inhibitor, PD98059. Also, silencing Nrf2 with siRNA decreased cell viability and augmented cytotoxic effect of anticancer drug LBH589. Overall, our results indicate that quercetin induces the up-regulation of Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression, at least in part, via MEK/ERK1/2 signaling, as an adaptive mechanism which may provide advantages for cell proliferation and enhance survival despite endogenous and/or exogenous oxidative insults.

Emerging Landscape, Same Old Theories in News Flows? : Two Case Studies of News Diffusion in Cyberspace

Im,Yung-Ho,Kim,Kyungmo,Kim,Eun-mee,Kim,Yeran 한국언론학회 2009 한국언론학회 심포지움 및 세미나 Vol.2009 No.8-2

의약품 특허와 강제실시제도의 국제 규범적 체계

임호 ( Ho¸ Im ) 한국지식재산연구원 2006 지식재산연구 Vol.1 No.2

Unclear provisions of compulsory licensing in the TRIPs Agreement allow the developed countries and multinational corporations to take trade measures or political pressure against developing countries and least-developed countries, though there have been several practices of compulsory licensing in some developed countries. But after adoption of the 'Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health' and the decision of 'Implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health', some developing countries such as the Brazil, Indonesia, Zambia etc. have done compulsory licensing in order to solve the crisis of public health, and some developed countries such as the Netherlands, Norway, Canada etc. have legislated regulations concerning compulsory licensing. Considering the fact that practice of compulsory licensing is witnessed not only by some developing countries but also some developed countries, it can not be denied that compulsory licensing is generally recognized and constitutes a subsequent practice under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and it clearly show the fact that compulsory licensing is already recognized universally.

역충전재의 3종 영구세포주에 대한 세포독성효과

임미경,변호영 원광대학교 생체재료·매식연구소 1995 원광생체재료·매식 Vol.4 No.2

Properly performed retrograde filling is a clinically valuable procedure promoting the prognosis of apical surgery. Retrograde filling materials must have a good sealing ability, biocompatibility and they must maintain their integrity and characteristics when interacting with tissue fluids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of retrograde filling materials. Cytotoxity was tested on L929, 3T3 and KB cell lines. Bestally(Dongmyung, Korea), Prisma APH (Densply International Inc., U.S.A.). Clearfil FII (Kuraray Co., Japan), Fuji II(GC Co., Japan), Fuju II LC (GC Co., Japan) and IRM(Densply Co., U.S.A.) were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Culture media were added to each materials immediately after mixing (the immediate group) and after thirty minutes (the 30-minute group), one day (the first day group) and seven days (the seventh day group) respectively. After 24-hour incubation, culture media were collected and filtered and used as experimental solutions. Three different permanent cell lines were challenged by each solution and the cytopathic effects were evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dimethyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. Amalgam showed good biocompatibility to three cell lines. IRM was the most toxic retrograde filling materials to all cell lines. Immediate group of Fuji II and Fuji II LC were cytotoxic to all cell llines but cytotoxicity of Fuji II LC immediate group was weaker than that Fuji II. Cytotoxic effect of Clearfil FII was different in three cell lines. It was suggested that cytotoxicity could be affected by cell lines.

토마스 모어의 유토피아의 한 性格 : 商業資本과의 關聯을 中心으로

임호수 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1980 인문학연구 Vol.7 No.2

As the Renaissance was already going on in England while Thomas More was in his life, so I took care of the characteristics of the transitional period. When the middle age was about to schift to modern age, then Raphael Hithlody, one of heroes in Utopia, who was versed in Greek, devoted himself to the inquiry of Greek philosophy, and was very anxious to go to all over the world, so he took part in the navigations of Amerigo Vespucci, three times of four. The Utopians were very much interested in the classical literature imported by him. In the Utopian Society, they were very eager for new knowledge and for the new world, and such a trend was one of characteristics of Renaissance period. So, it is a matter of course that the work is a production of a Renaissance Humanist. But mr. R. W. Chambers, an authority of researching in Utopia, said that the ideal of Utopia is an order but not freedom. He who noticed the characteristics of its middle age, asserted that the model of Utopia was the monastery of the middle age. The other way, mr. Kautsky asserted that the ideal of the work consisted in the htought of the modern age. Like these, the two cases are unlike. In short, the many characteristics of it came from the result that the work was written in the time of transition between the ages of middle and our own. It is possible to think that all of interpretations of the work, for instance the background of it consist in the ideal of antiquity as the Renaissance Humanists thought, or in the ideal of middle age as R. W. Chambers asserted, or in the future socialism as mr. Kautsky said, all of these are correct in a sence. The work contains all sides of human lives, the diverse interpretations about the nature of it, can be possible. But we can not help saying that such an interpretations about the nature of it, diverses from viewing of one side of the work. There, we must view it from different angles. When we survey the work from the point of view that the background of it consists in the free cities where mr. More had been lived and there were many powerful capitalists, we can interpret its nature rightly and set up correctly the historical position. Under such an inpression, I concluded that such free cities of the middle age, especially as London where More had been lived and there were many powerful capitalists, were the background of Utopian's institutions. I made an effort to view the nature about the work in connection with the capitalists who were the men of ability in the free cities. The constructions of Utopian Society were the parts of King Utopos and his parts means to conbine the capitalists in the free cities with the absolute monarchy. In the Utopian Society, a large quantity of money was accumulated by foreign trade and the money was to be used for the future battles. They fight not only for themselves but also for the frendly nations. It is a reflection of the fact that at that time, England had been cultivated as new markets in the world, beeing helped by the powerful absolute monarchy. The fact showes well the nature of capitals in those days of England.

서사화의 관점에서 비교해 본 뷔히너와 브레히트

임호일 한국독일어문학회 2000 독일어문학 Vol.11 No.-

Zwischen Bu¨chner ( 1813-1827) und Brecht ( 1898-1956) gibt es viele Beruhru¨ngspunkte. obgleich ein relativ langer Zeitraum zwischen ihnen liegt. Zuerst stammen sowohl der eine wie der andere aus einer bu¨rgerlichen Familie. Trotzdem entzogen sich die beiden "der bu¨rgerlichen Behaglichkeit des Elternhauses. um wie die heilige Johanna den "Gang in die Tiefe zu suchen. Und ferner befassten sich die beiden mit der praxisbezogenen Literatur. d. h. dem (sozialistischen) Realismus. Sie halten na¨mlich die Gesellschaft bzw. die Menschen nicht fu¨r festgesetzt. sondern betrachten sie als einen sich dem Wandel ausgesetzten Gegenstand. Sie glauben, dass die Triebkraft dieses Wandels nicht die Idee. sondern die Materie ist. Und zum Schluss gibt es zwischen ihnen eine Gemeinsamkeit, insofern sie gegen Aristoteles das Drama zu episieren versuchten. Mit einem Wort ist Buchner ein Lehrmeister von Brecht. Trotz der Verschiedenheit der Zeit und des Raumes. in der und in dem sie lebten. lehnten sie beide den Dualismus von Literatur und Gesellschaft ab. indem sie ununterbrochen die erstere mit der letzteren in Verbindung zu setzen versuchten. Es gibt zwar viele Arbeiten. die einen Vergleich zwischen den beiden Dichtern ziehen. aber sie kommen in den meisten Fa¨llen nicht u¨ber den Ansatz hinaus: Sie beschra¨nken sich meistens entweder auf einen einfachen Vergleich zwischen bestimmten Werken der beiden Dichter oder auf eine kurze Erwa¨hnung einer Vergleichsmo¨glichkeit. Wenn ich in dieser Arbeit die oben erwa¨hnten Beru¨hrungspunkte der beiden Dichter etwas konkreter beleuchte. wollte ich damit zur Erweiterung des Horizontes der literarischen Welt G. Bu¨chners beizutragen versuchen.

敎俗의 鬪爭과 近代國家의 誕生

林湖洙 충남대학교 사학회 1987 忠南史學 Vol.2 No.-

실드터널 시공시의 지표 구조물의 침하 억제 대책에 관한 연구

임종철,윤이환,박이근,고호성,홍석우 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 1999 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.56 No.-

연약지반 터널 굴차시 실드공법은 근접 구조물 안전에 유용한 공법이다. 하지만 실드 터널 공법은 터널 주변 지반의 변형을 최소화 할 수 있는 장점을 가지는 반면 테일 보이드(Tail Void)에 그라우트된 주입재가 경화되기 전에 발생하는 지반 변형은 피하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 테일 보이드로 인한 인접 구조물의 침하를 억제하는 방법중 하나인 마이크로파일(micropile)의 영향을 모형실험을 통하여 규명하였다. 기초적인 실험 결과로써 마이크로파일 보강시 마이크로파일의 효과적인 설치방향과 침하 억제비를 밝혔다. In soft ground tunneling, shield method is very good for safety of neighboring structures. Although shield tunnel method has the merits to minimize the deformation of ground around tunnel, ground deformations occurred until the material grouted in tail void hardens are inevitable. In this study, the effects of micropile used as one method to restrain the settlement of neighboring structures by the tail void are studied by laboratory model tests. As a basic test result, the effective direction of micropile and the restraint rate of settlement by micropile reinforcement are known.

토사터널 보조공법 중 마이크로파일공법의 적용성에 관한 기초적 연구

임종철,고호성,홍석우 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 1998 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.55 No.-

본 연구에서는 토사지반에 터널을 굴착할 경우 보조공법으로서 사용되는 마이크로파일의 적용성을 검토하기 위해 그 보강효과를 모형실험을 통하여 분석하였다. 특히, 보강방향, 보강형태, 보강범위의 영향에 연구의 초점을 맞추었다. 실험의 결과는 당므과 같다. ① 마이크로파일의 효과적인 설치방향은 dε₃방향이며, 이때의 설치각도는 수평과 60°각도를 이룬다. ② 마이크로 파일설치형태를 볼 때, 개방형보다는 폐쇄형이 더욱 효과적이다. In this study, the reinforcing effect of micro-pile for the soft ground tunnel is analysed by the laboratory model tests. Especially, the effects of diretions, types, and range of reinforcement are focused. The results of tests are as follows: ① The effective installation direction of micro-pile is dε₃ direction, and the most effective installation angle is 60 degree for the horizontal direction ② the closed type is more effective than the opened type of micro-pile installation.