독일분렬의 역사적 배경과 둑일연방공화국에 있어서의 통일론의 교훈

임호수 忠南大學校 1970 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

Germany was one of the feudally well-developed country in the middle of Europe. In modern age, Ispania, France and Great Britain succeeded in their foundation of the unified nation by eliminating the feudal system, but Germany was in vain. Individualism and liberalism in the religious faith broaden by M. Luther, highly developed along with the farmer’s rebelion and social revolution, in this time M. Luther preached that all the authority had resulted from God and then peaple should obey the authority of God. It was therefore natural the citizen’s power was fully rooted out because the liberalists were under the strict oppression. The feudal countries in region were enforced from the middle of 16th century by combing the protestantism by M. Luther and the regional lords, and in 1805 the German Holy Roman Empire was disorganized by the Great Napoleon. And thus the bisunite and the obidience to authority become the national character. On the other hand the movement for liberalism after M. Luther even though it was weak, contributed to bring about the intellectuals along the line of the current though. They longed for the unified Germany by standing against the disunite of Germany. However, the reality in their situation did not permit them to fulfill their aspiration and desire. At this moment In Germany politiks and culture had a strong friction each other between them. In 1871 the unification in prussia was the unification done by the leader and king not the establishment of free democratic nation which was an enthusiastic aspiration of citizens. The second German Empire broke out the world war I against the Great Britain and france in the process of pursuiting the expansionism. Beeing defeated in this war, Germany was reestablished as a republic nation in its history, but due to the lack of expierience in the political activity, German peaple were at once confronted with the economic corruption and panic. In the amidst of this economic corruption and panic, in 1933, Germany was taken in power by Nazis. While they were undertaking an agressive way in the conviction of conquering the world, Nazis regime broke out the world war Ⅱ in 1939 and were defeated once again. After the world war Ⅱ, Germany was occupied by the four Powers, U.S.A., Great Britain, France ana Soviet Russia. By the difference of ideology between West and East, the promises in unification of Germany was not put into effect and at last in 1949 Germany was splited into two. The immediate unification of Germany in terms of the free election in the age of premier Atenauer was unable to be carried out by the protest of Soviet Russia. In this situation, the new doctrine of the unified Germany by Willy Brandt was reappeared in 1968. It is our common conviction that this doctrine is giving us a strong intention in participating in this fresh goal.

맞춤형 식품첨가물 기술지원 교육

임호수,홍기형,문귀임,홍진환,Im, Ho-Su,Hong, Gi-Hyeong,Mun, Gwi-Im,Hong, Jin-Hwan 한국식품산업협회 2007 좋은식품 Vol.198 No.-

Tudor王朝와 Stuart王朝 와의 議會의 性格硏究

林湖洙 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1981 인문학연구 Vol.8 No.2

Toward the end of the middle age, a Parliament similar to the modern English Parliament was born. It was called almost every year and the members gave advice to the king and agreed or disagreed with proposals proposed by the kings to impose taxes. In the performance of their duty, they informed the king of public opinion, influenced the king's law-making decision, and checked the unreasonable actions of the king. As a result, it became a custom for the king claim the agreement of parliament before executing the law. So, the people's rights were maintained by the traditional common laws. Old nobilities were destroied during the War of Roses, and the new nobles were very obedient to the kings. The nobles who had lost their power were interested in managing their land in order to gain a good profit ; they were called the Gentry class. Instead of resisting their kings like the nobles of the middle age, the new nobles helped the kings in company with the rich farmers who were usually called Yeoman class, and the bourgoisie engaged in commerce and industry. As the result of their cooperation, the absoluted state was born in England. The period of the absoluted state began from the time of king Henry the 7th in England, who was the first king of the Tudor Dynasty. The new rich citizens constituted the majority in the parliament of the day. They thought that the administration of the state was the duty of king and they were satisfied to give advice for their king and sometimes commented on politics and agreed or disagreed to the proposals proposed by their king to impose taxes. In addition they devoted themselves to the accumulation of riches. It was positively necessary for them to have a strong government, to maintain public peace and to defend against invasions by enemies in order to accumulation of riches. As they felt great dreat disappointment at the disorders they saw during the war of Roses, they supported their kings so as not to permit invasion by the Spanish Navy. At that time Spain was the leader of the catholic world and she threatened England with invasion greatly. Under such circumstances, the kings of the Tudor Dynasty had the support of people, especially rich men who upheld the hand of their kings. Consequently Parliament become very obidient to the king and was called a Docile Parliament made of willow rather than oak. But the Invincible Armada of Spain was destroried by England in 1558 and the destruction of her navy caused the English People to feel security, so they could have room to quarrel with the king. Afterwards the co-operation between kings and Gentry collapsed. Toward the end of the Elizabethan era the English People come into collision with their kings. After the Tudor Dynasty the first king of the Stuart Dynasty James the first, came to the throne and the quarrel between the king and Parliament become violent. The greater part of the members of Parliament were men of higher education and they were not satisfied to merely give advice to the king but hoped to act as proposers of national policy. Then the kings asserted the theory of the Divine Rights of the king and refused to intervene in national policy. Contrary to this, was the assertion that the sovereign power lay in the people by Parlianent. King and Parliament clashed in quarrel about sovereignty and to whom it should belong. The Puritan Revolution broke out in 1642. During the revolution, the Independant Party gainded the last victory and they excluded Presbyterian Party. They condemned king Charles the first to death, abolished the House of Lords, and establish republican form of government. During the commonwealth, English Parliament was modernized very much. A good constitution called the “Agreement of the People” was created by the Independent Party much influenced by the revellers, very radical democrats. But later the revellers were surpressed by the Independent Party and the revolution fell back. The only written constitutoin of England, called the Instrument of Government, was put in force by Cromwell, the first leader of the Puritan Revolution. As a result of this law he was recommended to be the Lord Protector and he tried to stabilize the political situation. It was proved that any institutions not based on the traditional law of England could not stabilize the political situation. He felt pains and died, for he could not stabilize the political situation and many riots continually broke out. Next the Restoration had come. Restoration did not mean going back to an absolute monarchy like Tudor or the first stage of the stuart Dynasty, but meant the formation of a government in which the rich were the leading power in the parliament and in which they co-operated with the king. But James the second forgot the lesson of the revolution and acted as an autocrat. So, another revolution broke out, called the Glorious Revolution. King James the second was driven out and when the new king, William, came to the throne, he approved the Bill of Rights and Parliament become the center of politics. It took a long time to realize the democratic Principles asserted by the “Agreement of the People” during the Puritan Revolution.

中世末 英國의會의 誕生過程과 特質에 關한 硏究

林湖洙 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1976 인문학연구 Vol.3 No.2

In the 19th century, Mr, stubbs and many other scholars traced the fountainhead of the British Parliament influenced by the Germanic tradition. Folkmoot that was stated in Germania written by Tacitus in ancient Rome was a name of public (popular) meeting and it was constituted by free men of the German Race. At the meeting the proceedings of the pulblic affairs of state were discussed. Angles and Saxons who migrated to England in the 4th Century are the branch relations descended from Germanic Race between Rhine & weser. They foundeed 7 states. In the binginning of the 9th century, the 7 states were unified in Great Britain by the kingdom Wesex. Wesex was a name of one of the 7 states. In a large country such as Great Britain, it was impossible togother all the free men in one place, so, a few learned and wise men were called np to the conference to discuss the questions of state and gave counsels to the king. The meeting was called "witenagemot". It meent a meeting of wise men Compared with "Folkmoot" "witenagemot" was like the elder's meeting of "Folkmoot", Judging from the constituent members, but their functions were both the same. According to Mr, stubbs, as Folkmoot was changed into a county council what was called "shiremoot" as course of unification, so the unified kingdom, Great Britain had witenagemot as almost equal as the elder's meeting of "Folkmoot". Great changes have been effected in the History of England in the Mid-11th century. William I, the Duke of Normandy conqured England and dethroned the king and acceded to the throne by winning the election to legalize the crown at "witenagemot". He introdued the feudalism. After the feudal system for the purpose of discussing the questions of states, the king had a meeting called "Curia Regis" in Latin. It was composed of many vassals of his country. As the vassals lived separately from the capiteal. It was not easy to get together. Therefore, a small meeting composed of subjects of state near the king was brought into existence. It was very easy to meet and become a continual meeting. One of the greatest problems which the small meeting faced, was assisted by the other Barons who had not in particular to take part inthe conduct of state affairs, or to come in to Royal presence. It thus appears that it was called the great meeting. There were some differences in composition between great and small meetings, but they had the same functions. Later days, the great meeting was called parliament. The most important matters which parliament dealt with were trials. This has given origin to the institution. The "House of Lords" (an organization of parliaments.) owes into to origin to "curia Regis" At the same time, there came into existence another parliament to discuss the questions of taxes in the 13th century, feudal system was collapsed gradually, as a consequence, the age of money had come. Now, national finance was always insufficient. To discuss and suplement the shortage of national finance, besides the nobles, King called the representatives of each town and country. king wanted to gain the agrement of the nations about taxes. This was the origin of House of common (an organization of parlisments). Consequently, at the end part of the 13th century, two parliaments were existed. At the end of Edward I, these two parliaments were united into one. As king attended both the parliaments, so it was convenient for the king to unify. Barons and commons had no reasons to object unifying the two parliaments. As the result modern parliament come into being. This parliament went forward with the lapse of time, and was modernized and developed into the present parliament. At the end of middle Ages, Standerversammlung which was equivalent to the Britsih parliament came into existence in France, Germany, spain and in other countries. It was the same phenomena in history. The Standerversammlung was composed of such three status, so the clergy, the nobility, and commons Each part of the status was meeted separately for the purpose of discussing taxes and of assisting the shortage of national finance. In return, they could take part in the national goverment. But when the king strengthened his royal anthority enough, he neglected it. In the end of middle ages, the British parliament looked like the continental Standerversammlung. but it was entirely different from it. In England the consciousness of class was very weak so the noblilty and commons whose status was not equal, could meet, and discuss the qnestion of taxes together. At last the two parliaments was unified at the end of Edward I. The unified parliament had many strong points. It could check the rights of king as the occation demands. The different status and local colours were harmonized and they could be grown into one nation. Now, the theory, asserted by mr, stubbs that the British parliament was composed of three status like standeversammlung in European continent, is completly denied by mr. A. F. Pollard in the 20th century.

HPLC를 이용한 식품 중 아조디카르본아미드 분석

임호수,김소희,반경녀,김준현,장귀현,문귀임,양효진,박성관,박혜경 한국식품위생안전성학회 2010 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.25 No.2

This study was conducted to establish a method to analyze azodicarbonamide (ADA) in wheat flour. A new method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the determination of ADA in wheat flour. The recovery rate was 91.93~97.54%. The limit of detection for ADA was 0.02 mg/kg and the limit of quantification was 0.05 mg/kg. The monitoring results for ADA contents using the established methods showed that it was detected as the low value of 0.95 mg/kg in one of 51 flour samples (detection rate : 2%), but not detected in 59 bakery samples. The detected ADA level was suitable to its usage standard, compared to the standard (45 mg/kg). Although the detection rate was very low, the established analytical method of ADA will contribute to the management of ADA in processed foods such as wheat flour and bakery.

미국(美國)의 노예해방(奴隸解放)과 인종문제(人種問題)에 대(對)한 연구(硏究)

임호수 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1985 인문학연구 Vol.12 No.2

THOMAS AQUINAS의 합리사상의 시대성에 대해서

임호수 忠南大學校 1969 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

Even the greatest philosopher representing of an age, Thomas Aquinas, who is still thought to be the greatest catholic theologist, could not be free from the historical trend. The predominant christian philosophy in the middle ages before Thomas Aquinas was the idea of St. Augustan. A the religion is considered to be the salvation through believing in God, there in no need of exercising reason. But, for those who want to enter the religious world after understanding and giving some thought to the religion, it is necessary to give them the rational and logical explanation about the religion, therefore, the intelligence and the religion have always been the important subjects in theology, and , not only the Bible itself contains the intelligent and rational ideas but also Apologeten and patres Ecclesiasticae who stood up to preach the gospel to the Hellenistic world, where the intelligence was already at work, and refuse and persuade the heathens, introduced more intelligent and rational ideas into the religions. Influenced by the Roman Philosophy, even Augustan, the greatest Father in the western hemispher as well as the first organizer of theology, tried on the rational explanation of religion, but there is Platonic or Neo_Platonic mythological trend in his thought. But as the science and Rationalism of the ancient times, progressed against the Augustinic Roman christian World, another new main theory began to appear in the medieval philosophy. The center of this new theory was the academies attached to the churches in France, and the representative characters were Gerbert of Reims. Fulbert of Chartres, Abelard of Paris, etc. Finally, when the new theory put the emphasis only on the existence independent of the religion at the time of Abelard, Nominalism began to appear. From thence as a transitional period, Platonic philosopher was substituted by Aristotelian philosophy, and after this transition, Aristotelian philosophy gradually progressed thence forward. Following this now Trend, Thomas Aquinas adapted Aristoteles' rationalism to his theology and established so-called Thomas theology. But, as his Adaption of the Aristoteles' rationalism was aimed at the development and maintenance of the religion, it seemed to bring the rational victory over the religion, but, in reality, it was not. In short, Thomas placing the philosophy as a subsidiary to theology, and devoting himself only to the christian theology, could not get out of the christian dominant trend. Thus, we can understand him in terms of this historical trend, and the real victory of the rationalism could only be expected from the activities of the Humanitarians of the Renaissance Period. In spite of these fact, Thomas Aquinas' study and translation of the Aristoteles' works had great influence on the Humanitarians in the 15th and the 16th centuries. For example, the man like Nicolaus Tignosius Fulgentius tells the greatness of Thomas in his translation of Aristoteles which was given to the Medici family and Augustinus Niphus says that his works were much influenced by the translation of Aristoteles and highly praises the values of the book in his works Aristoteles' translation.

맞춤형 영양(교)사 기술지원 교육

임호수,문귀임,박혜경,김명철,Im, Ho-Su,Mun, Gwi-Im,Park, Hye-Gyeong,Kim, Myeong-Cheol 한국식품산업협회 2008 좋은식품 Vol.206 No.-

토마스 모어의 유토피아의 한 性格 : 商業資本과의 關聯을 中心으로

임호수 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1980 인문학연구 Vol.7 No.2

As the Renaissance was already going on in England while Thomas More was in his life, so I took care of the characteristics of the transitional period. When the middle age was about to schift to modern age, then Raphael Hithlody, one of heroes in Utopia, who was versed in Greek, devoted himself to the inquiry of Greek philosophy, and was very anxious to go to all over the world, so he took part in the navigations of Amerigo Vespucci, three times of four. The Utopians were very much interested in the classical literature imported by him. In the Utopian Society, they were very eager for new knowledge and for the new world, and such a trend was one of characteristics of Renaissance period. So, it is a matter of course that the work is a production of a Renaissance Humanist. But mr. R. W. Chambers, an authority of researching in Utopia, said that the ideal of Utopia is an order but not freedom. He who noticed the characteristics of its middle age, asserted that the model of Utopia was the monastery of the middle age. The other way, mr. Kautsky asserted that the ideal of the work consisted in the htought of the modern age. Like these, the two cases are unlike. In short, the many characteristics of it came from the result that the work was written in the time of transition between the ages of middle and our own. It is possible to think that all of interpretations of the work, for instance the background of it consist in the ideal of antiquity as the Renaissance Humanists thought, or in the ideal of middle age as R. W. Chambers asserted, or in the future socialism as mr. Kautsky said, all of these are correct in a sence. The work contains all sides of human lives, the diverse interpretations about the nature of it, can be possible. But we can not help saying that such an interpretations about the nature of it, diverses from viewing of one side of the work. There, we must view it from different angles. When we survey the work from the point of view that the background of it consists in the free cities where mr. More had been lived and there were many powerful capitalists, we can interpret its nature rightly and set up correctly the historical position. Under such an inpression, I concluded that such free cities of the middle age, especially as London where More had been lived and there were many powerful capitalists, were the background of Utopian's institutions. I made an effort to view the nature about the work in connection with the capitalists who were the men of ability in the free cities. The constructions of Utopian Society were the parts of King Utopos and his parts means to conbine the capitalists in the free cities with the absolute monarchy. In the Utopian Society, a large quantity of money was accumulated by foreign trade and the money was to be used for the future battles. They fight not only for themselves but also for the frendly nations. It is a reflection of the fact that at that time, England had been cultivated as new markets in the world, beeing helped by the powerful absolute monarchy. The fact showes well the nature of capitals in those days of England.

Tudor 王朝期 救貧制度 形成過程에 關한 硏究

林湖洙 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1982 인문학연구 Vol.9 No.1

On the formulation of relief system of the poor in Tudor Dynasty. Poverty can be devided into three classes, namely social poverty, moral poverty and pauperism. Before and during Tudor Dynasty, the relief of the poor meant pauperism. It is said that English poor law had influenced deeply upon posterity, unlike other country's poor law. When we make researches on English poor laws in early times, we can know that English poor laws don't differ from other Country's Poor laws. In 16th century of Europe, the relief system of the poor was come into being at the same time. It was connected closely with the collapse of Feudal system. In the middle age noblemen had many manors and the most of labourers of the times were employed by the owners of manors and at the same time they kept many servants to make provisions against personal strife each other. During 16th century in England, the feudal system was collapsed and the centralization of the power of the state was realized by kings so they can control all the feudal servants. If the dispute arose among noblemen, could not be settled by strife, but they cannot help taking legal proceedings to the king's court. As noblemen need not to keep many servants, they discharged them in a large quantities. Untill the dis charged servants can supports themselves, various social problems came into being. Thomas More said most of burglars of that time on highways were the dismissed knights. As the manufactured goods in middle age were made to order, notwithstanding good or bad times of trade workers didn't lose their possitions. As the world trade came into being about 16th century, woolen textile industry had sprung up, and according to the good or bad time of trade many workers get or lose their possitions. In addition to that, a large quantities of silver were brought from the new world, the price of commodities was exceedingly going up, and many poor men unemployed had to go out on to streets to make begging. The causes of appearance of poverty were the same in Europe, most of European countries considered how to cope with the similar situation by the similar poor laws. If we consider the causes of appearance of the poor men on a large scale in England, We can find that it originates from the enclo sure movement and the abolition of monasteries that was not occured in other European countries. Enclosure movement meant that the land owners enclosed the open field of tenants to make pastures of sheep, consequently the tenants were driven out from their arable land and had to go anywhere else. Until they found new arable land or new jobs in the Towns they had to wonder about and to make begging. At that time the new state centralized powers had become rich and concerned greatly about the relief of the poors. Finally they thought that the relief of the poors is the responsibility of state. Of course there were relief of the poors in middle age, but it was done by a individual person or by the name of churches. It was only charity to the poor men originated from Christianity. Such a way of charity originated in religion could not reduce the number of poormen. If it may go in the opposite directions, the poormen can live idle or help to have a lack of self-reliance. Accordingly true relief of the poors must be planed and be done by public body. The first instance of the relief of the poors by nation was the statuate of labourers enacted in 134p. according to it all poors who cannot live on themselves must works for living at the rate of the wage provided by laws. If they don't obeyed to the terms, they must be punished. And yet there were no provisions for the poors who have no ability to work. The first law distinguished the poors who can work from the poor men who cannot work has the one enacted in 1388, it has not yet positive provisions for the impotent poors by nation but it leave the relief of them to the free charity of every parishioners. It was in the reign of Tudor to know that only whipping the healthy beggars or placing them in rooms cannot attain the purpose for the relief of the poors It is necessary to give jobs to the healthy beggars and give charity to the impotent poors. In the reign of king Henry 7th a law was enacted in 1530 and licences were given to the impotent beggars which were available in a fixed district. However the law enacted in 1536 prohibits to beg entirely and according to the fundamental rule, it was possible to enforce the relief of the poors by nation. Improvements were done repeatly for the relief of the poor and finally Elizabethan poor law was enacted in 1601 and it influenced very much on the future poor laws.