Skin entrance dose for digital and film radiography in Korean dental schools

Cho, Eun-Sang,Choi, Kun-Ho,Kim, Min-Gyu,Lim, Hoi-Jeong,Yoon, Suk-Ja,,Kang, Byung-Cheol 대한구강악안면방사선학회 2005 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.35 No.4

Purpose : This study was aimed to compare skin entrance dose of digital radiography with that of film radiography and to show the dose reduction achievement with digital systems at 11 dental schools in Korea. Materials and Methods : Forty six intraoral radiographic systems in 11 dental schools were included in this study. Digital sensors were used in 33 systems and film was used in 13 systems. Researchers and the volunteer visited 11 dental schools in Korea. Researchers asked the radiologic technician (s) at each school to set the exposure parameters and aiming the x-ray tube for the periapical view of the mandibular molar of the volunteer. The skin entrance doses were measured at the same exposure parameters and distance by the technician for each system with a dosimeter (Multi-O-Meter : Unfors instruments, Billdal, Sweden). Results : The median dose was 491.2 μGy for digital radiography and 1,205.0 μGy for film radiography. The skin entrance dose digital radiography was significantly lower than that of film radiography (p<0.05). Conclusion : Fifty-nine percent skin entrance dose reduction with digital periapical radiography was achieved over the film radiography in Korean dental schools.

Efficient Interleukin-21 Production by Optimization of Codon and Signal Peptide in Chinese Hamster Ovarian Cells

( Hee Jun Cho ),( Byung Moo Oh ),( Jong-tae Kim ),( Jeewon Lim ),( Sang Yoon Park ),( Yo Sep Hwang ),( Kyoung Eun Baek ),( Bo-yeon Kim ),( Inpyo Choi ),( Hee Gu Lee ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2019 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.29 No.2

Interleukin-21 is a common γ-chain cytokine that controls the immune responses of B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. Targeting IL-21 to strengthen the immune system is promising for the development of vaccines as well as anti-infection and anti-tumor therapies. However, the practical application of IL-21 is limited by the high production cost. In this study, we improved IL-21 production by codon optimization and selection of appropriate signal peptide in CHO-K1 cells. Codon-optimized or non-optimized human IL-21 was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells. IL-21 expression was 10-fold higher for codon-optimized than non-optimized IL-21. We fused five different signal peptides to codon-optimized mature IL-21 and evaluated their effect on IL-21 production. The best result (a 3-fold increase) was obtained using a signal peptide derived from human azurocidin. Furthermore, codon-optimized IL-21 containing the azurocidin signal peptide promoted IFN-γ secretion and STAT3 phosphorylation in NK-92 cells similar to codon-optimized IL-21 containing original signal peptide. Collectively, these results indicate that codon optimization and azurocidin signal peptides provide an efficient approach for the high-level production of IL-21 as a biopharmaceutical.

韓國의 文敎政策과 國家發展에 관한 硏究 : 第3共和國의 文敎政策을 中心으로

趙銀昞 건국대학교 행정대학원 1982 建國大學校 行政大學院 硏究論叢 Vol.10 No.-

혈압측정의 정확성 평가

조성현,황정해,김은경,오병희,김창엽 한국의료QA학회 1996 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.3 No.1

Background : Blood pressure is an important indicator in diagnosis and assessing treatment of a patient. Clinical staffs use blood pressure on the assumption that measured value is accurate and reliable. However, whether measured blood pressure is accurate has been rarely investigated in Korea. Objectives : The aims of this study are to evaluate clinical staffs' knowledge and technique as well as accuracy of sphygmomanometer. Also the program to improve the measurement is developed. Methods : Seventy-three registered nurses were asked nine multiple choice questions including Korotkoff sound, cuff size, and deflation rate. Simultaneously characteristics of nurses were examined age, working place, duration of employment and academic degree. A testing videotape(Standardizing Measurement Video-Tutored Course) was used for evaluating the accuracy of measurement. Testees were to read and record the 12 cases of blood pressure measurement, watching a falling mercury column and hearing Korotkoff sounds. After 10 minutes' education, they were again tested with the same cases. Additionally, 83 mercury sphygmomanometers were checked to find defects such as inaccurate calibration and zero setting, leaky bladder, etc. Results : For the knowledge testing correct response rate was 41.1%. They were the lowest in selecting the proper cuff size and Korotkoff sound. In examining accuracy of blood pressure with videotape, nurses had 67.7% correct response rate. The correct response rate was significantly improved by a session of education. About 23% of sphygmomanometers was without discemable defects. Conclusion : The knowledge and skill of clinical staffs along with the accuracy of equipment have to be improved. A properly designed education program would contribute to the accuracy improvement of blood pressure measurement. Also, more concerns should be given to the precision and maintenance of equipment.

Ghosts'와 'The Family Reunion'의 비교 : 그들의 유사성과 상이점에 대하여

조병은 한국강원영어영문학회 1983 영어영문학 Vol.- No.4

The purpose of this paper is to study how 'Ghosts' and 'The Family Reunion', each written by Henrik Ibsen, and T.S. Eliot, take different tendencies of drama, even though they share many similarities in dramatic elements and major events. Both plays are centered on the mother-son relationship, and the main events are how the inheritance or heritage from the past or the father affect the son. Instead of losing their husbands' love, the mothers, Mrs. Alving in 'Ghosts' and Amy in 'The Family' expect their sons to be their symbols of freedom and love. However, unlike their mother's expectancy, the sons are suffered from either a direct symptom of disease (Osvald), or an illusion or a sense of guilt (Harry). In the process of overcoming these ghosts of the past, Ibsen chose the naturalistic attitute, letting Osvald die with unrecoverable disease, longing for the "sun" which his mother, paradoxically, expected him to be for his mother. The only possibility of saving his soul, Regina refuses to be with him and leaves the house. Mrs. Alving is left only by herself without any hope, in the midst of self-interested persons such as Pastor or Engstrand. While, Harry in 'The Family' matures through three-stages discussion with Mary, Dr. Warburton and at last Agatha, and searches for a way to the spiritual purification. He doesn't any longer suffer from the sense of guilt of pushing his wife to death. Amy also resides in the mental peace after death. Eliot, as above, adopts a spiritual, third world to solve the problem. In women's role, the two plays are just the opposite. While Regina refuses to be an agent of the salvation, Mary and Agatha are willing to help with Harry's mature in 'The Family'. The language method also contributes to the development of the subject and its solution. 'Ghosts' is written in contemporary middle-class language and emphasizes the reality, while, 'The family' is a poetic drama which is more appropriate to represent the spiritual world.

3차원 수치모델을 이용한 제주항내 유속분포 특징(Ⅰ) : 조류분포 특징

조은일,이병걸,강기봉 제주대학교 해양연구소 2000 해양과환경연구소 연구논문집 Vol.24 No.-

A three dimensional equation simulation of the circulation and mixing in Jeju Harbor has been conducted forced by Sanji River discharge, tidal elevation and solar heat in case of July. August and November, 2000, respectively. The results of numerical model and observation show that the model can produce realistic results of current in the harbor. The current patterns between surface and bottom are a little different for the current velocity, the surface is about 30 cm/sec and the bottom is about 10 cm/sec. The velocities of the tidal current during July. August and November are very similar so that in Jeju harbor, the monthly variation of velocity pattern are not so much changed.

LC, Acute : PE-120 ; Clinical severity according to age groups and risk factors for complicated hepatitis in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection

( Byung Jun Jeon ),( Bum Su Choung ),( In Hee Kim ),( Dae Ghon Kim ),( Soo Teik Lee ),( Eun Young Cho1 ),( Gum Mo Jung ) 대한간학회 2012 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2012 No.-

Background: Symptomatic acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in adulthood is increasing in Korea recently. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical severity according to age groups in patients with acute hepatic A and to investigate factors associated with complicated hepatitis A. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 726 patients who were diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis A from January 2005 to September 2011 at three tertiary hospitals at Jeonbuk Province. We analyzed the clinical severity according to age groups, <20 year (n=84), 21-39 years (n=546), ≥40 years (n= 96). Complicated hepatitis was defined as hepatitis combined with one of three major complications, such as severe jaundice (peak total bilirubin level ≥15 mg/dL), acute renal failure, acute liver failure. Results: Of total 726 patients, mean age was 30.1 years, 453 (62.4%) were male, HBsAg was positive in 33 (4.5%). Severe jaundice occurred in 43 (5.95%), acute renal injury occurred in 16 (2.2%), and acute liver failure occurred in 24 (3.3%). The incidence of acute renal insufficiency was significantly increased according to the aging groups were <20: 1.2%(1/84); 21-39: 1.8% (10/546); ≥40: 5.4%(5/96) (p=0.032).The incidence of severe jaundice and hepatic failure were also significantly increased according to the aging groups [<20: 3.7% (3/84); 21-39: 5.2% (27/546); ≥40: 15.6%(13/96), p=0.003, and <20: 0.0% (0/84); 21-39: 3.6% (19/546); ≥40: 5.4% (5/96), p=0.045]. Multivariate analysis showed that old age (≥40years) (p=0.006), female (p=0.002), and HBsAg positivity (p=0.013) were significant risk factors for complicated hepatitis A. Conclusions: Old age group (≥40 years) showed more likely complicated with severe hepatitis A compared to younger age groups. In addition, female and HBsAg positivity were also significantly associated with complicated hepatitis A.

경관을 고려한 제주시 해안변 해수인수관 관리방안

조은일,이병걸 제주대학교 해양과환경연구소 2005 해양과환경연구소 연구논문집 Vol.29 No.2

고비중 Bupivacaine과 Tetracaine에 의한 척추마취의 비교

조남수,유병식,박은주 최신의학사 1989 最新醫學 Vol.32 No.11

생쥐 뇌하수체에서 prolactin과 c-fos 유전자 발현에 미치는 에스트로겐의 영향

조병남,김지은 가톨릭대학교 자연과학연구소 1998 자연과학논문집 Vol.19 No.-

에스트로겐은 뇌하수체에서 prolactin(PRL) 합성, 분비 등을 조절한다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 northern blot analysis와 RT-PCR을 이용하여 암컷 생쥐에서 에스트로겐의 영향으로 인한 뇌하수체에서의 PRL 유전자 발현과 immediate-early gene인 c-fos 유전자 발현변화에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 우선 난소를 제거한 암컷 생쥐에 에스트로겐(또는 vehicle)을 1.2㎍을 주사한 다음, 서로 다른 시간에 도살하여 뇌하수체 조직을 적출하여 RNA를 분석하였을 때 PRL mRNA 수준은 대조군과 에스트로겐 처리군에서 모두 아직 원인은 불투명하지만 처음 90분까지 증가하고, 이후 150분까지 점차적으로 감소하여 안정된 수준에 도달하였다. 그렇지만 4시간 때부터는 에스트로겐 처리군이 대조군에 비해 PRL mRNA 수준이 높게 나타났으며, 24시간 때까지 지속되었다. 뇌하수체에서 c-fos mRNAs 수준은 동일 시간대의 PRL mRNA 수준과는 다르게 전반적으로 매우 낮게 나타났으며, 대조군에 비해 에스트로겐 처리군에서 약간 증가하는 경향을 발견할 수 있었다. 한편, 뇌하수체에서 c-fos mRNA는 두 종류가 발견되었는데, 이것은 RT-PCR 결과를 통해서 재확인되었다. 생쥐의 뇌하수체에서 에스트로겐에 의한 PRL과 c-fos 유전자의 발현 양상은 이미 보고된 흰쥐의 결과와 다르게 나타났으며, 뇌하수체 c-fos mRNA는 한 종류임이 보고된 흰쥐와는 다르게 생쥐에서는 두 종류가 발견되었다. 이는 에스트로겐이 뇌하수체의 기능을 조절하는 데 있어 종마다 다름을 시사하고 있다. It was known that estrogens regulate many functions of the pituitary including prolactin gene expression and prolactin synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of estrogen on the expression of the prolactin and c-fos genes in the pituitary using northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. When the ovariectomized female mice were injected with 1.2 ㎍ of estradiol (or vehicle) and sacrificed at different times, the unexplainable high levels of prolactin mRNA were maintained until 90 min and then returned to steady level 150 min after estradiol (or vehicle) treatment in both estradiol-treated and control mice. However, the levels of prolactin mRNA began to increase at 4 h and remained elevated through 24 h in the estradiol-treated mice. The levels of c-fos mRNAs were very low throughout this time period compared with prolactin mRNA levels in both control and estradiol-treated mice and slightly higher levels of c-fos mRNAs were detected in the estradiol-treated mice. In addition, two types of the c-fos mRNAs in the pituitary were found, which was reinforced by the result of the RT-PCR. Taken together, the overall patterns of the expression of the prolactin and c-fos genes and the kinds of c-fos mRNAs in the pituitary of the mice were different from the results of the other study in the rats, suggesting that different mechanisms by which estrogens regulate pituitary functions between the species exist.