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BernhardSeliger 평화문제연구소 2006 統一問題硏究 Vol.45 No.1
Border regions due to their limiting and restricting character with regard to human economic activity often developed as important natural preserves throughout the world. This was and is especially true, where political confrontation leads to more or less impenetrable borders, e.g. in the case of divided Germany and Korea. Here, the three challenges of sustainable economic development, environmental protection and preparation for national unification had to be mastered. After the end of ideological confrontation in Europe the inner-German border became a "green belt"of natural preserves and the largest connected system of biotopes. This interesting development had model character also for a green belt throughout Europe, along the former Iron curtain. In Korea such a solution has yet to be found. If the border can be successfully developed to a unifying green ribbon between the two Koreas, it can also have model character for other border regions in Northeast Asia.
The Costs of German Unification : A Reconsideration after 20 Years
Bernhard Seliger 대한공간정보학회 2008 한국지형공간정보학회 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.12
The year 2007 marked in Germany an important event 17 years after unification. As the German Statistical Office revealed in February 2008, for the first time after unification the German public budgets (i.e. the central, regional and local governments plus social security funds) have been in a structural surplus. Though the deplorable state of East Germany's economy became visible after the opening of the border, still most politicians and also most economic experts hoped that unification was largely self-financing, by the revenues of privatization. The last communist prime minister of East Germany, Hans Modrow, estimated in early 1990 the East German collective property (volkseigenes Vermoegen) at around 1,6 trill. Ostmark. Even with a realistic exchange rate for the East German mark, this would have been a meant a handy treasure to pay the costs of unification. But the collective property proved to be a phantom. The Treuhand organization, responsible for privatization of East Germany's companies, alone accumulated debts of 205 bn. Deutschmark, and this does not include any of the infrastructure investment necessary or any of the social transfers necessary to stop mass migration from East to West. In the course of 20 years after unification the East German economy was completely restructured, but at a high price: the costs for unification were and are enormous and still the East-West gap remains considerable, not in consumption, but in production. A transfer economy was established permanently dependent on West German resources.
Unified Germany`s Security Policy: Some Lessons for Korea
( Bernhard Seliger ) 한국국방연구원 2003 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.15 No.1
With the economic aspects of German unification still a headache for German politics, and particularly the country`s persistently high unemployment rate, it is somewhat surprising that political unification-including security policy-has proved to be remarkably smooth. Despite the ideological differences between the Bundeswehr (Western German Army) and the "Nationale Volksarmee" (East German Army) the incorporation of parts of the personnel of the NVA into the Bundeswehr and the extension of the Bundeswehr to the new territories posed no major problems. Externally, the new role of Germany in Europe can be described as a normalization of German security policy, previously characterized by a German "Sonderweg" (special way). In this paper, a short review is first given on German security issues before and after unification. Following this, the extension of the Bundeswehr into the new territories of a unified Germany is discussed. And finally, the changing external relations and security policy after German unification are considered. This section focuses on the role of Germany`s firm integration into NATO and the EU as additional factors explaining the smooth transition from a divided Germany to a unified nation, without major external problems as evidenced by the continuing stability of Europe since German unification.
The Second Advent of Eurosclerosis ? : The Problematic Future of the European Union
(Bernhard Seliger) 한국EU학회 2001 EU학연구 Vol.6 No.1
The process of European integration as well as the development of European economies since World War Ⅱ are characterized by phases of dynamism and phases of stagnation and disorientation. These latter phases have been analyzed as `eurosclerosis`, the old-age disease of long term stability of economic systems. Especially the interest group theory and the theory of the rise and decline of nations forwarded by Mancur Olson provided valuable insights into the process of institutional sclerosis. This paper discusses the link between sclerosis of national economic systems and sclerosis in the European integration process. Currently, the danger of a second phase of eurosclerosis is growing. Given the challenges of the common currency and the Eastern enlargement of the European Union, reforms to prevent this are urgent.