통화(通貨)·생산(生産)·물가(物價)의 비선형인과관계(非線型因果關係) 검정(檢定)

백웅기,Baek, Ehung-gi 한국개발연구원 1991 韓國 開發 硏究 Vol.13 No.4

본고(本稿)는 둘 혹은 여러 변수(變數)가 서로 비선형적(非線型的) 인과관계(因果關係)의 특정한 구조를 가질 때 주어진 관측치(觀測値)로부터 인과관계(因果關係)에 관한 올바른 추론(推論)을 유도하기 위한 새로운 이론인 Baek-Brock의 방법(方法)을 소개하고 이것을 통화(通貨), 생산(生産) 및 물가(物價)의 세 변수(變數)에 적용하여 기존의 인과성(因果性) 검정(檢定)과 어떻게 다른 결과를 얻는지 살펴본다. Baek-Brock의 방법(方法)은 일반적으로 두 변수(變數) 사이의 인과관계(因果關係)를 검정(檢定)하는 데 사용될 수 있으나 변수간(變數間)에 내재하는 실제 인과관계(因果關係)가 선형(線型)인 경우 Granger 검정법(檢定法) 등 기존의 방법(方法)이 높은 검정력(檢定力)을 보이므로 여기서는 주로 비선형인과성(非線型因果性) 검정(檢定)에 초점을 맞춘다. 본(本) 검정법(檢定法)은 인과성(因果性) 여부를 조건부확률에 기초하여 정의한 후 개별확률을 상관적분(相關積分) (correlation integral)을 사용하여 추정(推定)토록 하였다. 이 방법(方法)은 변수간(變數間)의 인과관계(因果關係)가 비선형적(非線型的)일 때 유효하다는 장점을 지니나 인과성(因果性)이 없다는 귀무가설하(歸無假說下)에서 표본수에 따른 검정통계량(檢定統計量)의 점근분포(漸近分布), 그릇된 귀무가설(歸無假說)에 대한 최대의 기각력(棄却力)을 창출하는 척도모수(尺度母數)(scale parameter) 등에 관한 이론적 배경이 미흡하다는 단점이 있다. 본고(本稿)에서는 이를 Monte Carlo 시뮬레이션을 실시하여 보완하였다. 통화(通貨), 생산(生産) 및 물가간(物價間)에는 Granger 검정법(檢定法)을 실시했을 경우 통화(通貨)와 생산(生産)만이 서로 인과성(因果性)이 있을 뿐 물가(物價)와 다른 변수간(變數間)의 인과성(因果性) 증거는 희박하였다. 한편 Baek-Brock의 검정법(檢定法)은 이미 벡터자기회귀모형(自己回歸模型)(VAR)을 통해 밝혀진 선형관계(線型關係) 외에 물가(物價)가 생산(生産) 및 통화(通貨)에 미치는 비선형인과성(非線型因果性)에 관한 추가적 정보를 제공해 주고 있으며 구체적으로 그러한 인과관계(因果關係)가 몇 기(期) 후부터 나타나는지 밝혀 준다. 그러나 이를 이용한 구체적인 모형화(模型化)는 추후의 논문을 통해 밝히기로 한다. The purpose of this paper is primarily to introduce a nonparametric statistical tool developed by Baek and Brock to detect a unidirectional causal ordering between two economic variables and apply it to interesting macroeconomic relationships among money, production and prices. It can be applied to any other causal structure, for instance, defense spending and economic performance, stock market index and market interest rates etc. A key building block of the test for nonlinear Granger causality used in this paper is the correlation. The main emphasis is put on nonlinear causal structure rather than a linear one because the conventional F-test provides high power against the linear causal relationship. Based on asymptotic normality of our test statistic, the nonlinear causality test is finally derived. Size of the test is reported for some parameters. When it is applied to a money, production and prices model, some evidences of nonlinear causality are found by the corrected size of the test. For instance, nonlinear causal relationships between production and prices are demonstrated in both directions, however, these results were ignored by the conventional F-test. A similar results between money and prices are obtained at high lag variables.

An Exploration of the Relationship Between Motivation and Boredom Attribution in Korean University Students’ EFL Learning

Baek,Soondo(Soondo Baek) 이화여자대학교 교과교육연구소 2024 교과교육학연구 Vol.28 No.4

The present study explored the relationship between motivation and boredom attribution in learning English as a foreign language in Korea. Participants were university students majoring in the English language and literature. Ninety-one participants responded to a questionnaire probing their motivation and perceived boredom precursors in English learning. Motivation and perceived boredom precursors were operationalized by three motivational factors (integrative/intrinsic, instrumental-social status, instrumental-desired career) and two boredom precursors (being over-challenged, lack of meaning). Bivariate correlation analysis showed that lower integrative/intrinsic motivation and instrumental-desired career motivation were associated with greater boredom attribution to both types of precursors whereas the instrumental-social status motivation was not significantly related to any type of boredom attribution. Stepwise multiple regression analyses further suggested that the instrumental-desired career motivation acts more like the integrative/intrinsic motivation than the instrumental-social status motivation especially in relation to boredom arising from lack of meaning. The findings suggested a complicated pattern of links between motivation and boredom, offering theoretical and pedagogical implications for how to better address boredom in EFL learning.

신라대학교 주변 백양산의 동물상

노치권(외 6명) 신라대학교 자연과학연구소 2012 自然科學論文集 Vol.22 No.-

To study fauna of Silla University located in Mt. Baek-yang, we conducted six surveys from 29 May 2011 to 28 April 2012. We found five phyla 41 orders 197 species of animals inhabiting in this area: four phyla 27 orders 163 species of invertebrates and in vertebrates one order six species of fishes, three orders nine species of amphibians and reptiles, six orders 14 species of aves, and four orders five species of mammals. Of these species, some Korean endemic species were included: a fish of Rhodeus uyekii in a pond near main gate of this university, a frog of Rana coreana in a creek near a dormitory, and a rabbit of Lepus coreanus and a water deer of Hydropotes inermis in a grass region near a main stadium. A kind of hawk, Falco tinnunculus as a natural monument (animal) of no. 323-8, was observed on a building of medical and life science. A blue frog of Hyla japonica as a variation was found near a spring resort. Therefore, this area is considered an ecologically important area having a high animal diversity.

RECENT RESEARCH TREND OF THE FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

Baek,Dong-Hyun 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

As structures are higher, large-sized and more complex, we should detect the fire at the beginning and cope with it to reduce the loss of mankind and the physical damage due to fire. So we have investigated and developed various kinds of fire detection system, and do the efforts for minimizing the nonfire alarm. As there exists a close relationship between the technology development and the market potential, a comparison between the number of fires in special buildings and detection types were made to find out market potential based on the annual statistics on fire products inspection. In addition, we have discussed the causes of nonfire alarm and the fire detection system and prospect the research trend of the fire detection system.

Efficiency for extracting icariin from Epimedium koreanum Nakai by temperature and solvent variations

Baek,Hum-Young,Lee,Young-Sang 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.3

To improve industrial scale extraction method for extraction of icariin from Epimedium koreanum Nakai, the yields under different extracting conditions such as solvent, temperature, duration and solvent to plant material weight ratio were compared. Regarding extracting solution, highest extracts and icariin yield could be achieved when 10% EtOH was used. In case of plant material to extracting solvent ratio, no significant differences could be observed from 1/10 to 1/50, indicating 1/10 was the most efficient. Extracting temperature significantly affected extracts and icariin yields in that 90℃ increased the collected extracts and icariin contents up to 29.6% and 0.76%, respectively, compared to 27.2%, 0.33% at 70℃. The yield of extracts was less dependent upon extracting temperature compared to icariin yield. Regarding extraction time, 4 hr and 6 hr resulted in high extracts and icariin yield, respectively. We found extracting Epimedium koreanum Nakai in 10 times volume of 10% EtOH for 4 and 6 hr at 90℃ seem to be relatively efficient methods for extracts and icariin, respectively.

Emily Dickinson's Homosexual Orientation

Seung-Jin Baek 영미어문학회 2004 영미어문학연구 Vol.20 No.1

Seung-Jin Baek. 2004. Emily Dickinson's Homosexual Orientation. The British & American Language and Literature. 20-1. 115-128. In the Western feminist movement, the division between lesbian and heterosexual women played an important role in the development of the movement. The aim of lesbianism was to articulate connections between lesbianism and feminism and to create new and positive images. Lesbian feminists tried to challenge and supplant the oppressive stereotype which dominated public opinion. While the heterosexual feminist movement is formed in the established male-centered boundaries, lesbian feminists are primarily committed to women. That is, while heterosexual feminists try to achieve authenticity through the male-female relationship, lesbian feminists try to achieve authenticity through identifying themselves with women. Emily Dickinson participated in such relationships with women and practiced the concept of lesbian continuum throughout her life. In the poems dealing with the relationship with male sexuality, Dickinson is always hierarchically inferior to male sexuality which relegates women to sexual and family functions. The male power scorches and scathes her existence. So, Dickinson finds a way to identify and utilize specifically female power in her work and then tries to create a new consciousness which can be shared among women.

유리 측대퇴 피판을 이용한 압궤수부손상 재건술

김수신,백세민,김동일 大韓成形外科學會 1987 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.14 No.1

Utilizing the lateral thigh flap as originally described by Se-Min Baek. in 1983, we have treated seven cases of reconstruction involving crushing injuries of the hand. This flap is derived from the third perforator of the deep femoral artery and accompanying wein as per Baek`s method. When a large skin flap was needed such as the case of crushing hand injuries, a lateral thigh flap was more useful than any other flap. From our experiences for reconstruction of crushing hand injuries, the following advantages of this flap are noted: 1. It is possible to obtain a large size of all skin flap. 2. It is relatively thin with a small amount of the subcutaneous fat. 3. The vascular pedicle is long (10㎝ or more), facilitating microvascular anastomosis. 4. The lateral thigh flap can be a sensory flap. 5. It can be accommodated easily to any operating position.

‘천안함 침몰’ 사건의 보도 경향과 이데올로기적 의미

백선기(Seon-Gi Baek),이금아(Keum-Ah Lee) 부산울산경남언론학회 2011 지역과 커뮤니케이션 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 미디어 보도가 지니는 담론 형성과 그에 따른 이데올로기적 의미를 파악하고자 하였다. 미디어 보도는 수용자가 사회적 현실을 인식하는 데 중요한 역할을 하며, 특정 담론과 이데올로기적 의미를 생성한다. 이는 대부분의 수용자들이 미디어 보도를 통해 사안을 인식함을 의미한다. 특히 남북관계나 안보와 관련한 사안은 직접적으로 얻을 수 있는 정보의 양이 매우 적기 때문에, 수용자들은 미디어를 통한 간접적인 정보에 따라 사안을 인식하게 된다. 바로 이러한 점에서 남북관련 사안에 대한 미디어 보도는 중요한 역할과 기능을 수행한다. 이에 본 연구자들은 2010년 3월 발생한 ‘천안함’ 침몰 사건에 대한 우리 언론의 보도경향과 그에 따라 생성되는 담론 형성에 주목하였고, 그에 따른 이데올로기적 의미에 대해 숙고하였다. 분석대상으로 조선일보와 경향신문을 선정하였고, ‘천안함’ 침몰이 발생한 3월 26일부터 최종보고서가 발간된 9월 13일까지의 이들 신문들의 기사들을 수집하였다. 이들 기사들에 대해 백선기가 최근에 창안한 기호네트워크분석(Semiotic Network Analysis)과 담론구조분석(Discourse Structure Analysis)을 적용하였다. 연구결과, 각 언론사는 자사의 이념적 스펙트럼에 따라 우호적인 기호들을 사용하였고, 이들의 특정 네트워크를 구성하였음이 발견되었다. 그리고 이들 기호네트워크 구조들을 근간으로 각기 서로 다른 담론들이 생성되었음도 발견되었다. 이는 ‘천안함 침몰’ 사건에 대해 신문별로 서로 다른 성격의 사건으로 규정하였고, 서로 다른 해석과 해결 방안들을 제시하였음을 의미한다. 이로 인해 우리 사회는 천안함 침몰에 대해 전혀 다른 대립적 시각들이 존재하게 되었고, 이로 인해 사회는 이데올로기적으로 명료하게 분리되었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate media coverage patterns on the sinking of “Cheonan warship” and their ideological implications. On March 26, 2010 the warship was sunk suddenly by unidentified causes so that 46 crew members should be dead. in Korean society, it happened to occur many discourses about this incident through media coverage. Various rumors and suspicious arguments about its causes and means were suggested without any kinds of clarifications. The most controversial issue was whether it was caused by sea-missile assaults of North Korean forces’ or not. The society was severely divided into two groups on the basis of belief or doubt on it. The authors were interested in why this kind of split could happen to occur in Korean society, how much such kind of social phenomenon would be connected to media coverage, and what it would imply in Korean society. In order to solve these interests as well as research questions, they collected news items of two high circulative newspapers from March 26, 2010 to September 13, 2010. As one newspaper was conservative and anti-North Korea oriented, the other was progressive and pro-North Korea oriented. Each of news items was analyzed with a Semiotic Network Analysis (SNA) and a Discursive Structure Analysis (DSA) which were recently created by Seon-Gi Baek. As results of this study, it was firstly found that each of media tended to select specific signs and narratives to define the incident from its basic ideology and North Korea policy. The conservative newspaper tended to define it as ‘incident of North Korean attack’ and ask for ‘official sorry of North Korean leaders’, while the progressive newpaper defined it ‘unfortune accident’ and ask for ‘South Korean governmental responsibility’. Secondly, the former described such dead crew members as ‘war heroes’ because it assumed that they would be dead in the middle of battle, as the latter represented them as just ‘victims’ because they would be dead by uncertain causes. Thirdly, the former produced many discourses about ‘critic against the North Korean leaders’, ‘revenge against the North Korea’, ‘counter attack against the North Korea’, ‘reinforcement for the national security’, etc. On the other hand, the latter took initiatives to suggest another discourses about ‘critic against irresponsibility of South Korean government’, ‘doubt against the final report on the incident’, ‘warning against the reinforcement of national security’, etc. In conclusion, it could be argued that such kind of dividence in Korean society would happened to occur by the dichotomous coverage pattern between the conservative media and the progressive ones.

온라인 인터렉티브 광고의 클릭과 판타지 생성

백선기(Seon Gi Baek),이구익(Goo Ik Lee) 한국광고홍보학회 2011 광고연구 Vol.0 No.91

본 연구는 온라인 인터렉티브 광고의 섹슈얼리티 제시와 그로 인한 성적 판타지 생성과의 상관성에 대해 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 온라인 인렉티브 광고는 기존의 평면적인 광고와 달리 다양한 단계를 전제로 한 점층적인 광고 형태이다. 특히 다양한 단계로의 진전은 온라인 이용자, 특히 소비자들의 ``클릭``이라는 접촉행위를 통해 가능해진다. 소비자들의 클릭이란 행위는 소비자들의 적극적인 참여를 기반으로 하며, 이를 통해 광고의 전체적 내용이 완성되는 양태이다. 그리고 소비자들의 클릭을 유도하기 위해 여성의 섹슈얼리티를 부각시키거나 강조하는 전략을 사용한다. 바로 이들 사이의 연계성에 대해 주목한 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 2008년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지 Naver에 등장하는 다양한 온라인 인터렉티브 광고들을 수집하였다. 그 가운데 본 연구에서는 Naver의 첫 페이지에 등장하면서 화면전환이 빈번하게 발생하는 휴대폰 광고들에 주목하여 두 가지 광고를 선정하였다. 하나는 SKY Sexy Back휴대폰 광고와 팬택 시리우스 휴대폰 광고였다. 이들 광고의 첫 단계의 화면, 다음 단계의 화면, 최종 단계의 동영상 화면들을 추출하여, 각각의 언어와 영상화면에 대한 기호학적 분석방법들을 적용하여 분석하였다. 특히 바르트의 사진화면 분석방법, 윌리암슨의 광고기호학적 분석, 및 백선기의 기호의 2단계 의미분석 방법을 활용하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 이들 온라인 인터렉티브 광고들이 여성의 섹슈얼리티를 다양하게 활용하여 소비자들의 성적 욕망이나 판타지를 생성하도록 소구되었음을 발견하였다. 둘째, 이러한 여성의 섹슈얼리티와 그로 인한 성적 욕망이나 판타지는 하나의 단계에서 종결되는 것이 아니라 보다 자극적이고 선정적인 단계로 이동하면서 전개되는 점층적 단계로 구성되었음을 밝혀냈다. 셋째, 이러한 성적 욕망과 판타지가 소비자들의 ``클릭``이라는 참여적 행위를 통해 더욱 더 구체화된다는 점도 발견하였다. 요컨대, 온라인 인터렉티브 광고는 여성의 섹슈얼리티를 중심으로 광고의 독특한 양태와 소비자의 성적욕망과 판타지가 접점을 이루고 있는 것이다. The purpose of this study was to investigate ways how the online interactive advertisements would create sexuality, how such sexuality could be matched with fantasies of online users` or consumers`, and what kinds of in-depth meanings should be implied. In the online interactive advertisements, there was a unique procedure which was actively involved by ``touches`` of online consumers`. This is the very moment for connecting sexuality of advertisements to individual desires or fantasies of online consumers`. On order to attain this investigation, the authors selected three mobile online interactive advertisements, especially advertising banners of the branding board at the front pages of Naver portal site. The advertisements had been shown at the fron pages of Naver site from Jan. 1, 2008 to Dec. 31, 2009. Each of advertisements were divided into different levels, that is, front page, second page and final page, and each of these contents were analyzed by various semotic research methods, especially Baek`s Semiotic Framed Analysis(SFA). Through this study, it was firstly found that the mobile online interactive advertisements could provoke sexual desires or fantasies of online consumers` by seducing personal touches on them. Secondly, it also found that level of sexuality in such advertisements would be more sensitive to match with higher level of sexual fantasies of online consumers`. Thirdly, it could be speculated that such online advertisements would be more increased to stimulate or seduce personal sexual desires or fantasies of online consumers`.

TV광고에 나타난 스포츠 스타의 여성성과 이데올로기: 김연아와 장미란 광고에 대한 기호학적 분석을 중심으로

백선기 ( Seon Gi Baek ),손돈 ( Don Son ) 한국기호학회 2012 기호학연구 Vol.33 No.-

The purpose of this study was to figure out how TV advertisements(ads) represented sexuality of female sports stars, what kinds of signs they used to represent it, and what kinds of meanings such signs tended to imply ideologically in Korean society. In Korea, two female sports stars became very famous and welcomed. The one was Yuna Kim, a gold medal holder in figure skating at 2010 Winter Olympic Game, who was skinny and pretty, while the other was Miran Jang, a gold medal holder in female weight lifting at 2008 Summer Olympic Game, who was strong and healthy. The authors were interested in why they were differently treated in the TV ads, what was main content of each of their TV ads, how much different they were, and what such different contents could imply in Korean society. In order to solve these research questions, they collected two ads of each of them at Korean TV stations, 2010, as main research objects. Those ads were divided into linguistic part and image one, and each of parts was analyzed by semiotic research methods, especially, A Signification Model of Signs(SMS) which was recently suggested by Baek. As a result of this study, it was firstly found that there were clear different signs in TV ads between two female stars. Yuna Kim`s ads tended to show ‘skinny body’, ‘pretty face’, ‘erotic movement’, ‘sexual posture’, ‘seduce position’, and ‘childish action’ as important signs, while Miran Jang`s ads usually tended to express ‘healthy body’, ‘solid muscle’, ‘poker face’, ‘repeated weight lifting movement’, ‘manly posture’, and ‘responsible action’ as important signs. Secondly, there were different points of representation between them. The former pointed out ‘femininity’, ‘sexuality’, ‘prettiness’, ‘voluptuous charms’ and ‘sexual stimulus’, as the latter tended to focus on ‘masculinity’, ‘endurance’, ‘fortitude’, ``exertion’ and ‘earnestness’. Thirdly, there were different significations between them through such points of representation at the in-depth level of meaning. Through the Yuna Kim`s ads, it was signified that such pretty and skinny female sport`s star was considered as a sexual iconic figure, a erotic object, a sexual desire and a stimulus of passion. On the other hand, through the Miran`s ads, it was signified that such fat and strong female sport`s star was treated as a sort of androgynous appeal, a heroic figure, a hard worker, and a mentor for young athletes. Through this study, it was concluded ideologically that female sports stars could be signified differently by their pretties, shapes of body and outward appearances in the Korean society, even though they achieved similar kinds of outcomes in the international sports games.