중국의 전통의약 관련 ABS법제 최신동향 연구

한설화 이화여자대학교 법학전문대학원 2018 Ewha Law Review Vol.8 No.-

Traditional medicines are one of the most affected areas as the mandatory sharing of benefits is realized when using the genetic resources and related traditional knowledge of other countries following the entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol. Korea is geographically close to China and shares a wide scope of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources with China. As a result, there is a high possibility that trade disputes between Korea and China will occur, including the suzerainty on traditional medicine. In addition, Korea is now importing many herbal medicines from China, which is followed by concerns that Chinese companies may seek to share the benefit with Korea following the entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol. In order to respond to this situation, it is necessary to understand China’s laws related to traditional medicine. Therefore, this paper first introduces the laws and regulations about Chinese traditional medicine, and then analyzes the main content of China’s ABS regulation. The next will be to draw the implication from the comparison of related legal systems between the two countries. 나고야의정서의 발효에 따라 타국의 유전자원 및 전통지식 이용 시 이익공유의 의무화가 현실화됨에 따라 가장 많은 영향을 받은 분야들 중 하나로 전통의약을 들 수 있다. 한국은 중국과 지리적으로 근접하며 유전자원에 대한 광범위한 전통지식을 중국과 공유하고 있다. 이에 따라 한국과 중국 간의 전통의약 종주권을 비롯한 통상 분쟁이 발생할 가능성이 크다. 게다가 현재 한국은 중국으로부터 많은 한약재를 수입하고 있어 나고야의정서 발효에 따라 향후 중국 기업들이 한국을 상대로 이익 공유를 요청할 수 있다는 우려가 뒤따른다. 이러한 상황을 대비하기 위하여 중국의 전통의약과 관련 법규들을 잘 파악할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 따라서 본고에서는 먼저 중국의 전통의약 법규들을 소개하고 이어서 나고야의정서의 이행법안인 「생물유전자원 접근 및 이익 공유 관리조례(안)」의 주요내용을 분석하고자 한다. 그 다음으로 한·중 법제의 비교를 통해 시사점을 도출하고자 한다.

국제 전자상거래의 온라인 분쟁해결에 관한 연구 -한-중 FTA 접근방식을 중심으로-

한설화,최원목 국제거래법학회 2020 國際去來法硏究 Vol.29 No.1

Electronic commerce, where people buy and sell goods and services online, is rapidly increasing due to the commercialization of electronic media such as computers and smart phones. Due to the freedom of electronic commerce from spatial and temporal constraints, consumers utilize e-commerce on a massive scale not only in their own countries but also on a cross-border basis. Side effects arising from the explosive increase of cross-border e-commerce are also increasing such as consumer injuries resulting from e-commerce. The diversity, anonymity and complexity of cross-border e-commerce make it difficult to solve disputes involving e-commerce. Traditional dispute settlement methods such as litigation and international commercial arbitration are not suitable for solving a large number of cross-border e-commerce disputes, while the monetary amounts involved in most of these disputes are small. Therefore, how to compose online disputes resolution mechanism that is cost-effective and efficient is imperative for cross-border e-commerce disputes. An online dispute resolution (ODR) system has developed as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism and has many advantages in solving international e-commerce disputes. In addition, due to the rapidly increasing number of international e-commerce transactions, a well-functioning online dispute resolution method must be provided in order to prepare for more disputes than before. Countries around the world recognize the effect of e-commerce on economic development and are seeking an online dispute resolution system which can both effectively respond to the changing reality of e-commerce and to promote it effectively. Currently there is no unified online dispute resolution rule at the international level, and it should be established through international agreements. However, it is difficult to solve the numerous problems related to online dispute resolution and to establish uniform standards across the world. Consequently, this work, while aiming at establishing an ODR through multilateral agreement as a long-term goal, proposes the establishment of an ODR system through regional agreements in the short and middle term. In order to more effectively and effectively apply ODR in international e-commerce disputes between Korea and China, ODR-related regulations need to be added to the e-commerce chapter through the Korea-China FTA revision, or through the form of adopting an attached protocol about ODR in which detailed regulations can be introduced. In order to quickly build an efficient ODR system between the two countries, these regulations need to be based on unified standards such as the basic principles of the ODR system and the mandatory rules of the two countries, and detailed operations can be supplemented by agreement between the two countries depending on the progress. Furthermore, it is necessary to introduce ODR and related provisions to the Korea-China-Japan FTA currently being negotiated. Currently, the three countries of Korea, China and Japan have recognized the importance of e-commerce and have declared that they want to establish a “Digital Single Market”. As an essential part of this single market, provisions for online dispute resolution should be prepared to effectively resolve disputes arising from e-commerce between Korea, China, and Japan. 컴퓨터나 스마트폰을 비롯한 전자매체의 상용화에 따라 온라인으로 상품이나 서비스를사고파는 전자상거래도 급증하고 있다. 전자상거래는 공간적⋅시간적 제약을 받지 않기 때문에 소비자들은 자국 국내뿐만 아니라 국경을 넘어 국제전자상거래를 많이 활용하고 있다. 다만 국제 전자상거래가 폭발적으로 증가함에 따라 그로 인한 소비자의 피해도 증가하는 부작용이 발생하고 있다. 국제 전자상거래의 다양성, 익명성 그리고 복잡성 등으로 인해국제 전자상거래에서 분쟁이 발생하면 해결하기가 어렵다. 소송 및 국제 상사중재 등 전통적인 분쟁해결 방법으로는 대량으로 발생하는 소액의 국제 전자상거래 분쟁해결이 용이하지 않다. 이에 따라 국제 전자상거래 분쟁 발생 시 비용이 저렴하고 효율적인 온라인 분쟁해결이 필요하게 되었다. 온라인 분쟁해결은 대체적 분쟁해결제도에서 발전해왔고 국제 전자상거래 분쟁을 해결하기에 많은 장점을 지니고 있다. 그리고 급증하는 국제 전자상거래에 따라 이전보다 훨씬 많고 다양한 분쟁에 대비하기 위하여 원활한 온라인 분쟁해결방법이 반드시 구비되어야 한다. 세계 각국은 전자상거래가 경제발전에 미치는 중대 효과를 인식하여 전자상거래를 촉진시키고자 전자상거래에 대응할 수 있는 온라인 분쟁해결제도를 도모하고 있다. 현재 국제적으로 통일적인 온라인 분쟁해결 규범이 구비되어 있지 않지만 국제협약을 통해 구축할필요가 있다. 다만 온라인 분쟁해결과 관련한 많은 문제들을 해결하고 각국이 모두 만족하는 통일된 기준을 마련하기가 어렵기 때문에, 다자협약으로 온라인 분쟁해결체계를 구축하는 것을 장기적인 목표로 삼아, 중단기적으로 지역협정을 통해 ODR 체계를 구축하는 방안이 단ㆍ중기적으로 실현가능하다. 한국과 중국 양국 사이에 발생하는 국제전자상거래분쟁에서 ODR을 더욱 효율적이고 실효성 있게 적용하기 위해서는 한-중FTA 개정을 통해 전자상거래 챕터에 ODR 관련 규정을추가하거나, 부속 프로토콜 채택의 형식을 통하여 ODR에 대해 상세한 규정을 도입할 수있다. 이러한 규정은 양국 간의 효율적인 ODR시스템을 신속하게 구축하기 위하여 ODR시스템에 관한 기본 원칙, 양국의 의무규정 등 통일적 기준 위주로 규정하고, 구체적인 세부운영 사항들은 진행상황에 따라 양국 간 합의하여 보완해나갈 수 있을 것이다. 나아가 현재 협상 중인 한ㆍ중ㆍ일 FTA에 온라인분쟁해결과 관련 조항들을 도입할 필요가 있다고 생각한다. 현재, 한ㆍ중ㆍ일 3국이 전자상거래의 중요성을 인식하여 ‘한ㆍ중ㆍ일 디지털 단일시장(Digital Single Market)’을 구축하고자 선언한 바가 있었다. 이러한 싱글마켓의 필수적인 부분으로 한ㆍ중ㆍ일 삼국간 전자상거래에서 발생하는 분쟁을 효율적으로해결할 수 있는 온라인 분쟁해결 관련 규정들을 마련해두어야 한다.

LabVIEW를 이용한 그린카 모니터링 시스템 설계

한설화(Seol-hwa Han),손영대(Young-Dae Son) 대한전기학회 2015 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.7

한국 여성의 질에서 분리된 유산균의 Gardnerella vaginalis와 Candida albicans 저해효과 및 프로바이오틱스 특성

김용경,한설화,김진성,정율아,백남수,강창호 한국생물공학회 2019 KSBB Journal Vol.34 No.2

Vaginitis is one of the most common problems infertility, premenopausal and pregnant women. Normal vaginalmicroflora including lactic acid bacteria plays an importantrole in maintaining vaginal health by preventing overgrowth of pathogenic and opportunistic organisms. However,in abnormal conditions like vaginitis, the pH in thevagina increases and the normal vaginal flora is disturbed. Therefore, in order to prevent the reoccurrence of vaginitiseven after treatment, the restoration of the vaginal microflorais crucial. A total of 30 lactic acid bacteria isolated fromvagina of healthy Korean women were studied on theirinhibitory activity against pathogens associated with vaginitissuch as Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans. Among them, two strains were selected and identified by 16SrRNA analysis as Lactobacillus paracasei MG4272 and L. rhamnosus MG4288. Probiotic properties were tested on thebasis of guidelines for probiotic selection protocols such astolerance for simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, autoaggregationactivity, antibiotic resistance, and pathogen inhibitoryactivity. Results show that resistance to simulatedgastric/intestinal fluid and their autoaggregation rates wereas high as 55%. Further studies are underway to demonstratethose the two strains can be applied as pharmaceutical agentsfor recovering a healthy vaginal ecosystem.

유아 분변에서 분리한 비피도박테리아의 프로바이오틱스 기능성 연구

강창호,김용경,한설화,정율아,박혜민,백남수 한국낙농식품응용생물학회 2019 Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology (JMSB) Vol.37 No.1

Bifidobacteria are a prototype probiotic, which normally inhabit the intestinal tract of humans. In the present study, four species of Bifidobacterium isolated from the feces of infants were characterized. The tolerance for acid or bile salt, autoaggregation, and antibiotic resistance of the bacteria were examined. The four species were resistant to low pH, bile salts, and up to 3% bile acid. Autoaggregation rates were as high as 90%. The bacteria were consistently resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. Due to their tolerance to environmental factors like acid and bile salts, B. longum MG723, B. breve MG729, B. bifidum MG731, and B. animalis subsp. lactis MG741 are potentially valuable as probiotics and may be useful for industrial application.

전통발효식품에서 분리한 유산균의 항균활성 및 프로바이오틱스 기능성 연구

강창호(Chang-Ho Kang),한설화(Seul Hwa Han),김용경(YongGyeong Kim),정율아(Yulah Jeong),백남수(Nam-Soo Paek) 한국생물공학회 2017 KSBB Journal Vol.32 No.3

The aim of this study was to investigate probiotic characteristics and fermentation profile of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from traditional fermented foods. Antibacterial activity against various pathogens, acid and bile salt tolerance, cell hydrophobicity, and antibiotic resistance were examined. 16S rRNA sequencing was carried out to identify eight presumptive LAB isolates. In general, all identified LAB (Enterococcus faecium MG89-2, Lactobacillus plantarum MG207, L. paracasei MG310, L. casei MG311, Streptococcus thermophilus MG510, L. bulgaricus MG515, L. helveticus MG585, and L. fermentum MG590) showed strong antimicrobial activity. Also, the selected strains were resistant to bile acid up to 3% and their autoaggregation rates were as high as 60%. All selected strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ampicillin, whereas resistant to nalidixic acid and kanamycin.

오징어젓갈 Bacteria 군집분석 및 식중독균 생육저해 Bacillus 균주 선발

김혜림 ( Kim Hye Rim ),한설화 ( Seul Hwa Han ),이빛나라 ( Bitnara Lee ),정도원 ( Do Won Jeong ),이종훈 ( Jong Hoon Lee ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2013 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.41 No.4

오징어젓갈의 안전성 확보 및 품질 균일화를 목적으로 사용할 종균 후보 선발을 위하여 오징어젓갈 우점 bacteria를 도출하고, 이들 중 황색포도상구균과 장염비브리오균에 대한 생육저해활성 보유 균주를 선발하였다. 6종의 배지를 이용하여 2종류의 오징어젓갈 시료로부터 순수 분리한 121 균주를 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서열분석을 통하여 동정한 결과, Bacillus 속, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 유산균의 순으로 우점하는 것으로 나타났다. CNS는 두 시료 모두에서 검출되었고, 유산균은 시료에 따라 분리되는 종(species)이 다르게 나타났다. 121 균주로부터 선발된 황색 포도상구균과 장염비브리오균의 생육을 모두 저해하는 6종의 Bacillus 균주는 NaCl이 6% 첨가된 배지에서 단백질분해활성을 나타내었다. Jeotgal is a generic term given to the high-salt-fermented seafood of Korea. This study aimed at developing an overview of the bacterial community present in Ojingeo-jeotgal, a highly consumed type of jeotgal, which is made with squid. Bacteria were isolated and purified from two samples on six different kinds of media and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Among the 121 total isolates, the most dominant genus was Bacillus, followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). CNS were detected in both samples, but LAB were observed in only a single sample. Six strains of Bacillus species inhibiting the growth of food pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were selected from the 121 isolates. These were found to inhibit the growth of both pathogens in addition to displaying proteolytic activities on media containing 6% NaCl and 2% skim milk.

인체 및 다양한 발효식품 유래 유산균의 충치유발 세균에 대한 항균활성 및 프로바이오틱스 기능성 연구

강창호,정율아,박혜민,김진성,김용경,한설화,백남수 한국생물공학회 2018 KSBB Journal Vol.33 No.4

The occurrence of dental caries is mainly associatedwith oral pathogens, especially cariogenic Streptococcusmutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The objective of thisstudy was to investigate antimicrobial activity against cariogenicassociated pathogens, acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance,and autoaggregation of 12 presumptive Lactobacillus spp. isolated from human and fermented foods. Five strains wereselected after qualitatively identifying high levels of antimicrobialactivity against bacteria including S. mutans. Resultsshow that selected strains survivability was tested in bile saltand acidic conditions to show their potential use as probioticsin the gastrointestinal tract. Indirect adhesion activity of selectedstrains measured by autoaggregation assay showed morethan 60% autoaggregation after 5 h standing. Further studiesare underway to demonstrate that the selected strains can beapplied as potential probiotics for recovering oral ecosystem.

한국인 여성 및 식품 유래 유산균의 생리적 특성 및 지방분화 억제효과

강창호(Chang-Ho Kang),정율아(Yulah Jeong),한설화(Seul Hwa Han),김진성(Jin-Seong Kim),김용경(YongGyeong Kim),박혜민(Hye Min Park),최수임(Soo-Im Choi),백남수(Nam-Soo Paek) 한국생물공학회 2018 KSBB Journal Vol.33 No.3

Obesity is the most common health problem in developed countries and is considered a significant risk factor for many major human diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the human vagina and shellfish on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The activity of separated 221 strains on pancrease lipase was measured and 15 strains were first screened. The level of adipogenesis of these strains in the 3T3-L1 cells was measured by Oil Red O staining assay. Five strains including Lactobacillus plantarum (2 strains) and L. fermentum (3 strains) showed good adipocyte differentiation inhibitory activity. Also, the selected strains were resistant to bile acid up to 3% and their autoaggregation rates were as high as 50%. These Lactobacillus strains with probiotics potential may be useful for prevention or treatment of obesity, but further in vitro and in vivo studies on these strains are still required.

유산균의 생존율 향상을 위한 동결건조보호제로서 호박분말의 효과

강창호(Chang-Ho Kang),김용경(YongGyeong Kim),한설화(Seul Hwa Han),김진성(Jin-Seong Kim),정율아(Yulah Jeong),백남수(Nam-Soo Paek) 한국생물공학회 2017 KSBB Journal Vol.32 No.4

Food-grade protective agents such as sucrose, skim milk, and pumpkin powder were studied for their ability to improve the viability of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum MG989, L. fermentum MG901, Streptococcus thermophilus MG5139, Lactococcus lactis MG534, Enterococcus faecium MG89-2, and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis MG741. The best results were obtained with 5% sucrose contained 10% skim milk and 2% pumpkin powder; approximately 43.1 to 86.6% cell viability was observed during the freeze-drying process. During accelerated storage of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria, those survival rate decrease rapidly, reaching 9.8~35.2% in 1 month. As a result, the group (5% sucrose, 10% skim milk, and 2% pumpkin powder) showed the protective effect much higher by 639.5% than the control group (5% sucrose and 10% skim milk). These results suggested that pumpkin powder was good candidate as a potential cryoprotectant agent.