북위초기 정권의 성격과 통치방식의 변화 : 이중적 통치지배 방식과 관련하여

張甫榮(Jang Bo Young) 중국고중세사학회 2004 중국고중세사연구 Vol.11 No.-

North Wei was the first nomadic dynasty that continuously ruled over North China for over a hundred years. They carried out reforms at the highest peak of their rule. There is not any historical example that ruling people abandons their own language and name, and use an occupied nations. Why did they reform and abandon their own language, name and clothing? What was the purpose of the reform? Solving this problem is the focus for this thesis. Until the present, Chinese historic academic world generally said that the purpose of North-Wei reform is the chinesization(漢化, Han-hua). Then, What is the purpose of chinesization? In general, Reform carried by central authorities makes ones country rich and builds up its military power. For this, they need to concentrate on their own energy. The power and ability of reform is related to the centralization. The success and failure of reform is dependent on the centralization. The central government does not mean one of the people. The central government was not a emperor. The Emperor was acme of the central, but was not the central itself. The central government was the imperial household and bureaucrats who supported the existence of it. The centralization include not only the political relationship of central government and local provinces, but also the centralization of the political, economical, social and cultural fields. These are the categories of the studying centralization. In Chinese history, real centralization and complete decentralization exist over a short period. In fact, the process of centralization and decentralization existed during most of the Chinese history. For this reason, studying the process of centralization helps to understand the development and characters of the dynasty. So the centralization is of value to studying Chinese history. It is the reason for writing this thesis.

Immediate provisional implant를 이용한 하악골 high condylar fracture환자의 기능회복:

장보영(Bo-Young Jang),안미라(Mi-Ra Ahn),안경미(Kyung-Mi Ahn),이원혁(Won-Hyuk Lee),손동석(Dong-Seok Shon) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2005 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.31 No.1

Treatment methods of mandibular condylar fracture were conservative and surgical method. Surgical method of mandibular high condylar fracture was very difficult because approach and internal fixation of small size fracture fragment were difficult. So there is a tendency to select conservative method over surgical method for guiding a stable occlusion and avoiding TMJ disorder and growth disturbance, minimizing pain and deviation during function. But, in case of mandibular high condylar fracture patient who has no biting teeth on posterior teeth area, guiding a stable occlusion and conservative functional treatment were very difficult. In this case, patient was 62years old male. He had fracture of mandibular symphysis, right mandibular body, left mandibular high condyle. We treated the patient for mandibular symphysis and right mandibular body fracture area with surgical method. But left mandibular high condylar fracture area was difficult to treat with surgical method. So we selected a conservative functional method on left mandibular high condylar fracture area. We intended recovery of vertical dimension and stable occlusion with implantation of immediate provisional implant on maxillar and mandibular posterior teeth area, and temporary crown. And then patient did mandibular functional movement and his mandibular function was recoverd.

복합재료

목영일,장보영 ( Young Il Mok,Bo Young Jang ) 한국화학공학회 1978 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.16 No.2

This report is intended to provide the readers with a comprehensive look at the state of the art of composite materials technology, with particular attention on how to go about selecting right material for a given application and inversely finding new applications for a given composition. A rationale is presented herein which reaffirms needs of composite materials presently in use and of further search of better application methods and new and better materials. Much of the up-to-date information has been included in the form of tables and figures. In the course of fulfilling these aims, relevant concepts, methods and classifications are introduced wherever appropriate to relate theoretical aspects of the technology to practical applications.

해양스포츠산업 전시회 참가자의 추구편익과 서비스품질 및 행동의도와의 관계

조현익(Cho Hyun-Ik),장보영(Jang Bo-Young) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between behavioral intention, quality of service and benefit sought of marine sports industrial exhibition visitors. Through judgment sampling method, selected 289 questionnaires were used for final analysis from participants at 2011 Gyeonggi international boat show. With the data, stepwise regression analysis were performed by SPSSWIN Ver 18.0. The result of the analysis were summarized as follows. First, benefit sought influence on information usefulness, venue attraction, physical evidence, program excellence and human reciprocal action which are the sub factors of quality of service. Second, benefit sought also influence on participatory intention and oral intention which are the sub factors of behavioral intention. Third, quality of service influence on participatory intention and oral intention which are the sub factors of behavioral intention.

학교폭력 피해경험이 청소년의 자살생각에 미치는 영향: 위축의 매개효과를 중심으로

남석인 ( Seok In Nam ),남보영 ( Bo Young Nam ),장은혜 ( Eun Hye Jang ) 한국청소년복지학회 2014 청소년복지연구 Vol.16 No.4

청소년 자살은 한국 청소년의 정신건강이 위태로운 상태에 있음을 보여주는 단적인 예로, 청소년 자살에 영향을 주는 요인 파악 및 개입 방안 마련이 필요하다. 본 연구는 청소년의 학교폭력 피해경험이 자살생각에 미치는 영향을 파악하고 위축의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국복지패널 아동부가조사 7차년도에 응답한 청소년 496명을 최종 표본으로 추출하여 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 조사대상자 중 19.0%가 지난1년간 학교폭력 피해경험이 있었으며, 33.7%가 자살생각을 한 경험이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 학교폭력 피해경험은 위축을 완전매개하여 청소년자살생각에 영향을 미치는 것으로 검증되었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 학교폭력 피해경험으로 인한 위축에 주목함으로써 학교폭력 피해경험을 조기에 발 견하고 청소년의 위축에 적극적으로 개입하여 자살생각을 예방할 수 있는 방안을 제언하였다. Adolescent suicide is a clear example that shows the problematic state of Korean Adolescents’ mental health, so it is important to understand the risk factors of adolescent suicide, and appropriate intervention methods. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between victimization of school violence and suicidal ideation and the meditating effect of withdrawn. For the study, a total of 496 respondents who participated in the Korea Welfare Panel Study (7th wave) was analyzed by the logistic regression analysis. Of all respondents, 19.0% reported that they were victimized by school violence within a year, and about 33.7% thought about suicide. Withdrawn behavior is proved to fully mediate the relationship between school violence victimization and suicidal ideation. Focusing on the withdrawn originated from school violence experience, early detection of victimized experience and an intervention program for withdrawn behavior is suggested to prevent suicidal ideation and committing suicide among adolescent.

수상레저 활성화의 제약요인 및 발전방안에 대한 인식도 조사

조우정(Woo-Jeong Cho),장보영(Bo-Young Jang) 한국항해항만학회 2013 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.37 No.3

본 연구는 수상레저 활성화의 제약요인과 발전방안에 대한 인식도 차이를 비교분석하기 위해 전국 6개권역의 수상레저 활동자와 종사자에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였고 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다 첫째 I 선행연구를 통해 도출된 20개의 수상레저 제약요인 중 면허제도/ 활동제한 규정/ 출항신고규정 l 전담조직부재, 정보제공미흡/ 참여이벤트 부족 그리고 지원정책 제도 등 6개 요인에서 활동자들이 인식하는 제약수준이 종사자들보다 높은 것으로 나타났다 둘째/ 수상레저 활동의 제약요인으로는 출항신고규정/ 활동제한규정/ 면허제도/ 지원정책 부재/ 계류시설 그리고 전담조직 부재 등에 대한 우선순위가 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 셋째/ 수상레저 활성화 방안에 대한 인식도 차이에서는 활동자들은 면허 및 연수비용 지원/ 프로그램 다양화를 중요하게 인식하고 있었으며 반면 종사자들은 교육인력 배치와 대회유치홍보 요인을 중요하게 인식하고 있었다. 마지막으로 수상레저 발전방안으로는 무료체험활성화/ 마리나개발촉진/ 면허연수비지원/ 프로그램다양화 그리고 사업자지원 등의 요인에 대한 중요도가 높게 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 정부와 지자체가 수상레저 활성화를 위한 지원 정책을 수립/ 시행에 필요한 수상레저 활동자와 종사자들의 요구를 반영할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공한다는데 의미가 있다. The purpose of this study was to analyze perceptions to hindering factors and development factors for water leisure activation In order to accomplish the study purpose, this study employed a survey method with water leisure participants and employees from 6 regions(participants=205, employees- 117). The data were analyzed using independent t-tests at a=.05 and following findings were derived from current study. First, among 20 hindering factors, water leisure participants had higher levels of perceptions than employees in licence system, limited activation regulation, departure report regulation, absence of exclusive organization, lack of providing information, lack of participative events and support systems. Second, relatively highly perceived hindering factors included departure report regulation, limited activation regulation, licence system, lack of government support, lack of mooring facility and lack of exclusive charged organization, in order. Third, the important development factors perceived by participants included support for licence and education and diversified water leisure programs but those perceived by employees included placement of educated experts and related event host and publicity. Finally, relatively highly perceived development factors included activation of free experience, promotion of marina development, support for licence and education, diversified programs and support for water leisure business. Accordingly, the findings provided fundamental information that both central and regional government can utilize for further activating water leisure. In addition, several development strategies were discussed on financial support, facility support, human resource support, education support and event support perspectives.

심폐소생술금지 교육 및 임상 경험에 따른 윤리적 태도

계영애,이미연,박진숙,김효주,정태연,장보영,김윤정,구동회,Kae, Young Ae,Lee, Mi Yeon,Park, Jin Sook,Kim, Hyo Joo,Jung, Tae Youn,Jang, Bo Young,Kim, Yoon Jeong,Koo, Dong-Hoe 한국호스피스완화의료학회 2015 한국호스피스.완화의료학회지 Vol.18 No.3

목적: 본 연구는 심폐소생술 비시행(DNR)에 관해 간호사와 의사의 DNR에 대한 인식 및 태도가 DNR 관련 교육 및 임상경험 여부에 따른 차이가 있는지 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 연구대상은 단일대학병원에서 근무하는 간호사와 의사로서 총 310명이었으며, 자료수집 기간은 2013년 8월 19일부터 8월 30일까지였다. 연구도구는 DNR에 관해 간호사와 의사의 임상 경험과 윤리문제에 관한 인식 및 태도를 조사하기 위해 연구자들의 문헌고찰을 통해 30문항으로 구성된 설문지를 사용하였다. 결과: 본 연구의 참여자 중에 간호사는 238명(77%), 의사는 72명(23%)이었다. 대부분의 참가자들(99%)이 DNR의 필요성에 동의하였고 이유로는 환자의 편안하고 품위 있는 죽음(52%), 회복이 불가능한 의학적 상태(23%), 환자 본인의 죽음에 대한 선택(19%)의 순이었다. DNR 임상경험에 따른 차이는 DNR 필요성의 동의, DNR 시기 및 DNR 이후의 다른 치료의 허용에 대해서 차이를 보였다. 그러나 DNR 교육 여부에 따른 차이는 DNR 시기 이외에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 못하였다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 DNR에 대한 교육보다는 임상에서의 경험이 실제 DNR에 대한 인식 및 태도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것을 보여주었기에 효과적인 DNR 교육을 위하여는 실제 임상 실습을 통한 교육이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: Although a Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) order is widely in use, it is one of the challenging issues in end-of-life care. This study was conducted to investigate attitudes toward DNR according to education and clinical experience. Methods: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising 30 items in a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Results: Participants were 238 nurses and 72 physicians. Most participants (99%) agreed to the necessity of DNR for reasons such as dignified death (52%), irreversible medical condition (23%) and patients' autonomy in decision making (19%). Among all, 33% participants had received education about DNR and 87% had DNR experience. According to participants' clinical DNR experience, their attitudes toward DNR significantly differed in terms of the necessity of DNR, timing of the DNR consent and post-DNR treatments including antibiotics. However, when participants were grouped by the level of DNR education, no significant difference was observed except in the timing of the DNR consent. Conclusion: This study suggests that the attitudes toward DNR were more affected by clinical experience of DNR rather than education. Therefore, DNR education programs should involve clinical settings.

생태디자인 측면에서 고찰한 선유도 공원의 Renovation 특징에 관한 연구

김예진(Kim, Ye-Jin),박주희(Park, Ju-Hee),장보영(Jang, Bo-Young),이희원(Lee, Hee-Won) 한국산학기술학회 2010 한국산학기술학회 학술대회 Vol.- No.-

도시형성의 기본요소인 건축물은 눈에 보이는 형태만이 아니라, 그 건물의 역사, 장소성 등을 알 수 있다. 선유도공원은 물을 공급하던 정수장이었으며, 현재 서울 도심의 선유도공원 안에서 어떤 용도로 Renovaion이 되어 사용되고 있는지를 생태디자인 측면에서 고찰하였다.

최근 5년간 치성감염으로 인한 구강악안면부 근막간극에 발생한 농양환자의 임상 통계학적 검토

이원혁(Won-Hyuk Lee),안경미(Kyung-Mi Ahn),장보영(Bo-Young Jang),안미라(Mi-Ra Ahn),이중엽(Jung-Yub Lee),손동석(Dong-Suk Sohn) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2004 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.30 No.6

One of the most difficult problems to damage in dentistry is an odontogenic infection. These infections may range from low-grade, well-localized infections that require only minimal treatment to a severe, life-threatenig fascial space infection. Although the overwhelming majority of odontogenic infections are easily managed by minor surgical procedures and supportive medical therapy that includes antibiotic administration, the practitioner must constantly bear in mind that these infections may become severe in a very short time. We made an investigation was targeting on 78 male and 47 female patients (125 patients in total) who had been hospitalized because of the fascial space abscess on the oral and maxillofacial area and gained a complete recovery in Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery from January 1999 to December 2003. By tracing their charts, we could grasp the characteristics such as age, gender, the time of breakout and specific areas of the attacks, making a conclusive study of the statistical analysis and finally, we could reach conclusions. Now, we report the conclusion from the investigation with the literature. The proportion of males and females was approximately 3 to 2, and in age group, patients under 10 years old marked the highest, 22.4%. The patients between the age of 10 and 40 were only 14.4%, yet those who were between 40 and 80 marked 53.6% in contrast. In the monthly distribution, the order was Dec.(13.6%)-Sep.(12%)-Jan.(10.4%) and in seasonal distribution, it was winter(30.4%)-fall(28%)- summer(24.4%)- spring(19.2%). Considering the medical history, D.M. was the highest which was 30.3%, hypertension marked 24.4%, and the patients with both D.M. and hypertension were 9.0%. The major cause of infection of oral and maxillofacial areas was odontogenic infection, which marked about 96%, and especially the cases related to dental caries occurred most frequently, which was 51.2%. In the number of relaxed fascial space, single fascial space was 81.6%, and in the degree of relaxation of fascial space, the buccal space abscess marked 40.8%, following submandibular space abscess, which was 30.4%.

소화기 ; 담관암세포주에서 내인성 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 배위자인 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2의 항암 효과

정성훈 ( Sung Hoon Jung ),김병호 ( Byung Ho Kim ),김영일 ( Young Il Kim ),심재준 ( Jae Jun Shim ),황보영 ( Bo Young Hwang ),장재영 ( Jae Young Jang ),동석호 ( Seok Ho Dong ),김효종 ( Hyo Jong Kim ),장영운 ( Young Woon Chang ),장 대한내과학회 2010 대한내과학회지 Vol.78 No.1

목적: PPAR gamma 배위자의 항암 효과는 다양한 암세포에서 보고되었으나 담관암에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 한국인 간내담관암에서 확립한 암세포주를 대상으로 내인성 PPAR gamma 배위자인 15-deoxy-PGJ2의 항암 효과와 그 기전에 관하여 알아보았다. 방법: Cho-CK, Choi-CK, JCK, SCK의 네 가지 간내담관암 세포주를 사용하였다. RT-PCR 방법으로 PPAR gamma, bcl-2, bax 각 유전자의 mRNA 발현을 측정하였다. 세포증식 분석은 MTT assay, 세포주기 분석은 flow cytometry, 세포자 멸사 분석은 cell death detection ELISAplus kit를 사용하였다. 또한 Caspase 활성도 측정을 위해 caspase colorimetric assay kit를 사용하였고, MTT assay를 통해서 caspase 억제제가 15-deoxy-PGJ2의 암세포증식 억제를 차단하는지 알아보았다. 결과: 모든 담관암세포주에서 PPAR gamma mRNA가 발현 되었다. 15-deoxy-PGJ2를 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 mM 농도로 투여하여 72시간 배양하였을 때 모든 세포주에서 용량 및 시간 의존적으로 세포증식이 억제되었다. 세포주기 분석 결과 25 mM 15-deoxy-PGJ2 투여 48시간 후 모든 세포주에서 세포자멸사 분획이 증가하였으며 세포자멸사 유도 효과는 용량 의존적이었다. 25 mM 15-deoxy-PGJ2를 투여한 후 48시간까지 caspase 활성도를 측정하였는데, caspase 3 활성도는 모든 세포주에서 caspase 9 활성도는 JCK를 제외한 나머지 세포주에서 유의하게 증가하였으며 caspase 8 활성도는 별 변화가 없었다. Pancaspase 억제제인 Z-VAD-FMK와 caspase-3 억제제인 Z-DEVD-FMK를 투여한 경우 15-deoxy-PGJ2의 암세포증식 억제 효과가 48시간 이후 농도 의존적으로 차단되었으며, 이러한 효과는 모든 세포주에서 나타났다. 각 세포주에 15-deoxy-PGJ2를 투여 한 후 48시간까지 bcl-2 및 bax gene의 발현 유무를 관찰하였는데, bcl-2 mRNA는 Cho-CK, Choi-CK, SCK 세포 주에서 유의하게 감소하였으나 bax의 경우 모든 세포주에서 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 결론: 한국인 간내담관암세포주 모두에서 PPAR gamma mRNA가 발현됨을 알 수 있었고, 내인성 PPAR gamma 배위 자인 15-deoxy-PGJ2가 세포자멸사 유도를 통해 담관암세포 증식을 용량 및 시간 의존적으로 억제하였다. Background/Aims: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ ligand is known to inhibit the growth of several kinds of cancer cells, yet its effect on cholangiocarcinoma is indecisive. We investigated the effect of an endogenous ligand of PPAR-γ, 15-deoxy-δ (12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15-deoxy-PGJ2) on cholangiocarcinoma cells that were established from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissue of Korean patients. Methods: Four cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, Cho-CK, Choi-CK, JCK and SCK, were studied. The mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, bcl-2, and bax were examined by RT-PCR. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry, and apoptosis by cell death detection ELISA kit. Caspase activity was measured by colorimetric assay. The effect of caspase inhibitors on 15-deoxy-PGJ2-induced apoptosis was determined by measuring cell viability using the MTT assay. Results: PPAR-γ mRNA was expressed in all cholangiocarcinoma cells. 15-deoxy-PGJ2 inhibited proliferation of all cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. All cells treated with 15-deoxy-PGJ2 showed increased dose-dependent apoptosis. Caspase 3 was activated in all cells and caspase 9 was activated in all but JCK cells after 15-deoxy-PGJ2 treatment. Caspase 8 activity showed no significant change. The pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, and the caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, blocked 15-deoxy-PGJ2-induced apoptosis in all cells dose-dependently. The expression of bcl-2 was decreased in Cho-CK, Choi-CK and SCK cells, and bax expression was not changed significantly after 15-deoxy-PGJ2 treatment. Conclusions: PPAR-γ mRNA was expressed in all Korean cholangiocarcinoma cells. Our data suggest that 15-deoxy-PGJ2 exerts an antineoplastic effect against cholangiocarcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis through caspase activation. (Korean J Med 78:75-86, 2010)