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Optogenetic and Chemogenetic Approaches for Studying Astrocytes and Gliotransmitters
이효상,방주원,김학영 한국뇌신경과학회 2016 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.25 No.5
The brain consists of heterogeneous populations of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The revelation of their connections and interactions is fundamental to understanding normal brain functions as well as abnormal changes in pathological conditions. Optogenetics and chemogenetics have been developed to allow functional manipulations both in vitro and in vivo to examine causal relationships between cellular changes and functional outcomes. These techniques are based on genetically encoded effector molecules that respond exclusively to exogenous stimuli, such as a certain wavelength of light or a synthetic ligand. Activation of effector molecules provokes diverse intracellular changes, such as an influx or efflux of ions, depolarization or hyperpolarization of membranes, and activation of intracellular signaling cascades. Optogenetics and chemogenetics have been applied mainly to the study of neuronal circuits, but their use in studying non-neuronal cells has been gradually increasing. Here we introduce recent studies that have employed optogenetics and chemogenetics to reveal the function of astrocytes and gliotransmitters.
Monte Carlo Simulation of MR Damper Landing Gear Taxiing Mode under Nonstationary Random Excitation
이효상,장대성,황재혁 항공우주시스템공학회 2020 항공우주시스템공학회지 Vol.14 No.4
When an aircraft is taxiing, excitation force is applied according to the shape of the road surface. The sprung mass acceleration caused by the excitation of the road surface negatively affects the boarding feeling. This paper addresses the verification process of the semi-active control method applied to improve the boarding feeling. The Magneto–Rheological damper landing gear model is employed alongside the control method. It is a pneumatic damper filled with a fluid having the characteristics of increasing yield stress when subjected to a magnetic field. The control method involves verifying Skyhook Control Type2 developed by Skyhook control. The Sinozuka white noise model that considers runway characteristics was employed for the road surface in the simulation. The runway road surface obtained through this model has stochastic characteristics, so the dynamic characteristics were analyzed by applying Monte-Carlo simulation. A dynamic analysis was conducted by co-simulating the landing gear model made by RecurDyn and the control method designed by Simulink. Simulation results show that the Skyhook Control Type2 method has the best control effect in the low speed range compared to the passive type (without control) and skyhook control.
이효상,윤희준,이영호,민원기,김태순,최종욱,윤병철,김재익,공일근 韓國受精卵移植學會 2004 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.19 No.2
본 연구는 호랑이 미성숙 난자의 체외 성숙의 가능성을 검토하였다. 1. 호랑이 난자의 직경 (176.5)은 소 난자의 직경 (150.7)보다 유의적으로 컷으며, 세포질 직경 (122.1) 은 소 난자의 직경 (118.7) 과 유의차가 없었다. 또한, 호랑이 난자의 투명대 두께 (20.4) 는 소 난자의 두께 (12) 보다 유의적으로 두꺼웠다(p<0.05). 2. 체외성숙 48시간째 제1극체의 출현율은 62.5%이며, 핵성숙은 GV 단계(12.5%)와 M The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of in vitro maturation of tiger oocytes. Immature oocytes were recovered from a pair of ovaries. A total of 78 oocytes was collected, of which forty three were classified as good oocytes with compact cumulus cells and uniform cytoplasm. Forty three COCs were in vitro matured at , 5% CO2 in air atmosphere for 48 h in a IVM medium (TCM-199 supplement with 10% FBS, 0.6 mM cysteine, 0.2 mM pyruvic acid and 10 IU/mL HMG). Experiment I: the morphologic evaluation was conducted by measuring the diameter of oocytes with or without ZP, the thickness of ZP and the diameter of cytoplasm by microeyepiece at the same magnification (100). Experiment II: the evaluation of meiotic development was conducted of the nuclear development stage of tiger oocytes. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The diameter of tiger oocytes with ZP was significantly (p<0.05) bigger than that of bovine oocytes The ZP thickness of tiger oocytes was significantly (p<0.05) bigger than that of bovine oocytes p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the diameter of cytoplasm (without ZP) between tiger and bovine oocytes 2. The rates of meiotic development of tiger oocytes were achieved GV (12.5 %) and MII (50.0%), respectively. These results indicated that tiger oocytes could be developed to MII in in vitro culture system.
연령에 따른 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 폐렴 발병의 최근 경향
이효상,최경민 대한소아감염학회 2008 Pediatric Infection and Vaccine Vol.15 No.2
Purpose : It has been previously reported that for patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia was previously recognized that overt illness is unusual under the age of three and the peak incidence of illness occurs in school-aged children. However, a higher incidence of this illness in younger children has been recently noted. Thus we investigated the incidence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Methods : The study subjects were 414 children who were diagnosed with M. pneumoniae pneumonia from January 2004 to December 2006 at Myong Ji Hospital were enrolled. The diagnostic criteria consisted of an anti-mycoplasma antibody (AMA) titer greater than 1: 320 or a four-fold rise in the titer at follow up. Results : The age distribution was as follows: before 2 years of age: 58 patients (14%), 2-4 years of age 157 patients (37.9%) and 5-15 years of age 199 patients (48.1%). The yearly incidence for the children before 5 years of age was 52 (44%), 49 (44.6%) and 114 (61.3%), respectively. The distribution according to the antibody titer was as follows; 1: 320 in 130 patients, 1:640 in 63 patients and greater than 1:1,280 in 221 patients. The hospital stay according to the antibody titer was not significant according to either age or the AMA titers. Conclusion : M. pneumoniae pneumonia showed a peak incidence in preschool children with a higher prevalence in children under the age of three than was previously recognized. The emergence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia as a cause of community acquired pneumonia in younger children calls for an epidemiologic study to investigate the changes of the pathogens in this age group and to recommend the proper treatment. (Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis 2008;15:162-166) Purpose : It has been previously reported that for patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia was previously recognized that overt illness is unusual under the age of three and the peak incidence of illness occurs in school-aged children. However, a higher incidence of this illness in younger children has been recently noted. Thus we investigated the incidence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Methods : The study subjects were 414 children who were diagnosed with M. pneumoniae pneumonia from January 2004 to December 2006 at Myong Ji Hospital were enrolled. The diagnostic criteria consisted of an anti-mycoplasma antibody (AMA) titer greater than 1: 320 or a four-fold rise in the titer at follow up. Results : The age distribution was as follows: before 2 years of age: 58 patients (14%), 2-4 years of age 157 patients (37.9%) and 5-15 years of age 199 patients (48.1%). The yearly incidence for the children before 5 years of age was 52 (44%), 49 (44.6%) and 114 (61.3%), respectively. The distribution according to the antibody titer was as follows; 1: 320 in 130 patients, 1:640 in 63 patients and greater than 1:1,280 in 221 patients. The hospital stay according to the antibody titer was not significant according to either age or the AMA titers. Conclusion : M. pneumoniae pneumonia showed a peak incidence in preschool children with a higher prevalence in children under the age of three than was previously recognized. The emergence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia as a cause of community acquired pneumonia in younger children calls for an epidemiologic study to investigate the changes of the pathogens in this age group and to recommend the proper treatment. (Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis 2008;15:162-166)