A Brief Examination of Zhi Qian's Terminology in the Fanzhi pin of the Faju jing

이혜빈,한재희 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2024 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.104

지겸은 중국의 삼국시대(220~280 CE) 오나라를 배경으로 활동했던 역경가다. 중앙아시아 월지(月支)국 출신으로, 중국 내에서 태어나 전통적인 한문 교육을 받았고, 후한의 수도 낙양에서 같은 월지국 출신 승려인 지량(支亮, fl. 2~3 CE)에게 사사하며 역경사로 성장했다. 이후 동탁의 폭정, 황건적의 난과 같은 사회적 혼란을 피해 강남 지역으로 이주했으며, 오나라 군주 손권(孫權, 182~52 CE)에 의해 등용되어 다수의 인도 불교 문헌들을 번역했다. 세련된 어휘와 고전 한문의 요소들을 적극적으로 사용한 그의 번역 스타일은, 후대 중국의 역경사뿐만 아니라 고전 한문 자체에도 적지 않은 영향을 주었다. 본 논문에서는, 법구경(法句經, T210) 범지품(梵志品)에 나타나는 네 가지 번역어, ‘도사(道士)’, ‘사(蛇)’, ‘외(畏)’, 그리고 ‘참(塹)’에 대한 분석을 통해, 그의 용어 선택 배경 및 번역 과정을 살펴보았다. ‘도사’의 경우, 단어가 가진 도교적 함의에도 불구하고, 초기 역경사들에 의해 인도종교전통의 수행자들을 가리키는 단어로 종종 사용되어왔다. 범지품의 시작 부분에 나타나는 ‘도사’ 역시 인도불교 개념에 익숙하지 않은 중국 독자들을 위한 지겸의 선택으로 볼 수 있다. 나머지 세 단어들의 경우, 지겸의 번역만이 다른 번역본들과 다르다는 점에서 그의 단순 오역, 혹은 과도하게 자유로운 의역으로 볼 여지가 있었다. 그러나 (1) 사(蛇)의 경우 ‘뱀’을 뜻하는 Skt. sarpa/P. sappa와 ‘겨자씨’를 뜻하는 Skt. sarṣapa/P. sāsapa 간의 혼동으로, (2) 외(畏)의 경우 ‘두려움’을 뜻하는 Skt/P. bhaya와 ‘양 쪽 모두’를 뜻하는 Skt/P. ubhaya 간의 혼동으로, 마지막으로 (3) 참(塹)의 경우 ‘도랑’을 뜻하는 Skt. parikhā와 ‘장애물’을 뜻하는 Skt. parigha 간의 혼동으로 볼 수 있으며, 더 나아가 그가 다른 곳에서 해당 단어들을 정확하게 번역하고 있음을 고려했을 때, 이 번역어들은 지겸의 오역이 아닌, 그가 당시 사용했던 필사본 자체에서 기인하거나, 사본의 전승 과정에서 발생한 문제 때문이라고 보는 것이 더 타당하다는 결론에 도달할 수 있었다. One of the crucial factors in the influx of Indian Buddhism into Chinese religious and intellectual traditions was the translation activities that began during the late Han dynasty. Among the many translators who contributed to the spread and development of Buddhism in China, the role of third-century translator Zhi Qian is particularly noteworthy. He made Indian Buddhist scriptures accessible to a Chinese audience, unfamiliar with Buddhist concepts, through the use of polished, or “sinicised” translation language. In this paper, we analyze Zhi Qian's use of language, by examining four specific terms—daoshi (道士, “Masters of the Way”), she (蛇, “snake”), wei (畏, “fear”), and qian (塹, “trench”), found in the Fanzhi pin (梵志品) in the Faju jing (法句經 T210). The term daoshi was frequently used in early Chinese Buddhist translations to denote Indian religious practitioners, including brāhmaṇas, despite its Daoist connotations. This adaptation by translators, including Zhi Qian, reflects an effort to integrate Buddhist teachings into the existing Classical Chinese context, making them more readable to the Chinese audience. The other three terms, she, wei, and qian, exemplify Zhi Qian's approach to translation. First, his choice of she “snake” instead of “mustard seed” could be due to phonetic similarities in Sanskrit, implying a deliberate choice based on the reading of the manuscript, or a possible error, though his correct usage in other texts shows his knowledge of the term. The use of wei “fear” might suggest a misinterpretation of the term for “both,” as used in other versions, or it could indicate manuscript corruption as Zhi Qian accurately translates similar terms in other parts of the text. Last, the term qian “trench”, may reflect either a deliberate adaptation to resonate with his audience or a misreading of the original terms, influenced by phonetic similarities or manuscript corruption.

이중 다류관 모델을 적용한 수직축 풍력발전기 공력해석코드 개발 및 검증

이혜빈,써니 쿠마르 포구루리,배윤혁 한국풍력에너지학회 2020 풍력에너지저널 Vol.11 No.3

This research developed an aerodynamic analysis code for a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) based on the structure of AeroDyn ver. 15, developed by the NREL. The aerodynamic analysis code used the double multiple streamtube model (DMSM) to describe aerodynamic characteristics, anticipating more accurate results and faster computation time. Tip-loss correction was adopted to increase the accuracy of the results. Validation was carried out by comparing the results from the developed code to the experimental and CFD analysis results. For the validation of aerodynamic characteristics computed by the developed code, power coefficient curves and rotor torque curves were chosen. The power coefficient curve predicted by the developed code showed good agreement with the experimental and CFD results. In the case of rotor torque, the developed code gave reasonable results compared to the CFD results. The differences in rotor torque were due to the secondary effects of the VAWT aerodynamics. Consequently, it was found that the developed aerodynamic analysis code can be used for the preliminary design of the VAWT, which requires fast and reasonable prediction.

제주 해역에 적합한 수평원기둥 파력발전장치의 연간 에너지 생산량 추정

이혜빈,조일형,배윤혁 한국에너지학회 2019 한국에너지공학회 학술발표회 Vol.2019 No.5

Structural Effects of Hard Segments for Urethane Bonds in Self-healing Polymers

이혜빈,이설희,이민재,안석훈 한국고분자학회 2019 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.44 No.1

어서 오성~ 멈칫제 홍성을 보성!!

이혜빈,최현영,김원영,심세원 한국관광레저학회 2019 한국관광레저학회 학술발표대회 Vol.2019 No.6

초대형 반잠수식 해양 구조물의 최적 감쇠 모델에 대한 고찰

이혜빈,배윤혁,김동은,박세완,김경환,홍기용 한국해양공학회 2018 韓國海洋工學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

In order to analyze the response of the offshore structure numerically, the linear potential theory is generally applied for simplicity, and only the radiation damping is considered among various damping forces. Therefore, the results of a numerical simulation can be different from the motion of the structure in a real environment. To reduce the differences between the simulation results and experimental results, the viscous damping, which affects the motion of the structure, is also taken into account. The appropriate damping model is essential for the numerical simulation in order to obtain precise responses of the offshore structure. In this study, various damping models such as linear or quadratic damping and the nonlinear drag force from numerous slender bodies were used to simulate the free decay motion of the platform, and its characteristics were confirmed. The optimized damping model was found by comparing the simulation results to the experimental results. The hydrodynamic forces and wave exciting forces of the structure were obtained using WAMIT, and the free decay test was simulated using OrcaFlex. A free decay test of the scale model was performed by KRISO.

중서부지역 신라 연화문수막새 연구

이혜빈 한국기와학회 2018 한국기와학회 학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2018 No.12

월명 시니어 도서관 : 어르신의 사랑방이자 지식의 샘터

이혜빈,유성은 한국실내디자인학회 2022 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.24 No.1

막걸리 식초 종초 제조에 적합한 초산균의 분리동정

이혜빈,오현화,박홍진,심상협,김영수 한국식품영양과학회 2016 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2016 No.10

The Features of the Gāndhārī language appeared in the Brāhmaṇa chapter of the Gāndhārī Dharmapada

이혜빈 보조사상연구원 2017 보조사상 Vol.49 No.-

Led by Richard Salomon, the so-called Kharoṣṭhī club has continued research on the Buddhist manuscripts, which were excavated in the region of Gāndhāra. The modern Peshawar of the northwest frontier province of Pakistan played an important role of the ancient region of Gāndhāra. Since it was one of the main cities of the Silk Road, Gāndhāra was geopolitically important. Abundant manuscripts from the region, written in its native language, namely Gāndhārī, are explicitly great clues to understand the Gāndhārī language, thought, and history. In this research, I have dealt with the Gāndhārī Dharmapada which was discovered by a French expedition in 1892, and have been studied by many scholars. Estimated to be compiled in the first or the second century CE, the manuscript might have belonged to the Kāśyapīyas or the Dharmaguptakas. In addition, since it is one of the scriptures which contain the teaching of early Buddhism, the Gāndhārī Dharmapada deserves in-depth research. Therefore, this study focuses on the characteristics of irregular usages of Gāndhārī in the Brāhmaṇa chapter. In other words, this research aims at looking for the peculiar examples which are different from the acknowledged knowledge about Gāndhārī in advanced research.