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DPC4 Expression in the Small Intestinal Adenocarcinomas
이선재,윤길숙,유은실,배영경,장기택,김준미,배한익,홍승모,The Korean Small Intestinal Cancer Study Group 대한병리학회 2012 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.46 No.5
Background: Small intestinal adenocarcinomas (SACs) are rare malignancies of the alimentary tract with uncertain carcinogenesis. Methods: We investigated the expression of deleted in pancreatic cancer 4 (DPC4) in 188 cases of surgically resected SACs, using tissue microarray technology. Results: Twenty-four of the 188 tumors showed complete loss of Smad4/DPC4 expression in cytoplasm (score, 0; 12.8%). Eighty-four and 31 cases were moderately and strongly positive, respectively (score, 2 and 3; 44.7% and 16.5%, respectively) and 49 cases were focally or weakly stained (score, 1; 29.1%). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the expression of Smad4/DPC4 was related to an increased risk of lymphatic invasion but not to other clinicopathological features of the tumors (tumor location, differentiation, growth pattern, T stage, direct invasion, vascular invasion, and nodal metastasis). There was no significant association between Smad4/DPC4 expression and patient survival. Conclusions: The present research is the first study to evaluate Smad4/DPC4 expression in a large sample of SACs with clinicopathologic correlation. Future studies should focus on the immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics of SACs to clarify their tumorigenesis.
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이선재,이일구,안예린,박소영,윤지희,정유진,최유림,윤선우,장다은 한국산업보안연구학회 2019 한국산업보안연구 Vol.9 No.1
최근 사이버 보안 사고는 핵심 기반 시설의 파괴, 기밀 정보 유출과 같이 특 수 목적으로 설계된 표적 맞춤형 악성 소프트웨어를 이용해 공략하는 지능형 지 속공격에 의해 발생하는 것으로 보고되었다. 지능형 지속공격은 공격 대상의 사 회공학적 취약점을 공략하기 때문에 기존의 정보보호체계로 방어할 수 없다. 그 러므로 방어 조직은 지능형 지속공격으로 사이버 방어가 실패할 수 있다는 사실 을 수용해, 지능형 지속공격에 대응할 수 있는 방어 체계를 구축하고 대책을 수 립해야 한다. 지능형 지속공격은 일련의 공격 절차에 따라 진행되고 공격이 성 공하려면 모든 단계가 성공해야 하므로 사이버 방어의 패러다임도 기존의 패턴 검출과 차단에서 공격 체인 분석과 연결 고리 단절로 발전해야 한다. 본 논문에 서는 국외 연구가 활발한 록히드 마틴의 사이버 킬체인 개념을 이용해 사이버 공격·방어를 모델링하고, 국내 유관기관의 사이버 보안 체계 226개를 분석하여 사이버 킬체인의 공격 및 방어 모델 기준으로 분류·통계 조사하여 각 단계별 보안 체계의 발달 분포를 분석했다. 이에 따라, 사이버 킬체인 방어 체계 중 특 히 무기화, 저하, 기만, 파괴 단계의 보안 체계에 대한 준비가 현저히 부족함을 파악하고 지능형 지속공격에 효과적으로 대응하기 위한 사이버 킬체인 지능형 방어체계 개선 방안을 제시한다. 기업의 상황적 요소와 예산을 고려한 산업기술보호활동을 체계적으로 정립하 고 산업기술보호활동에 대한 교육을 실시하는 등 기술보호를 위한 활동이 조직 문화로 자리를 잡을 수 있도록 하는 노력과 방안이 필요하겠다. As reported, recent cyber security incidents have been occurring due to vulnerabilities of core infrastructures and APT(Advanced Persistent Threat), especially designed for confidential information leakage. Conventional cyber security system cannot defend the attack since the target is exploited based on long term social engineering vulnerabilities. Therefore defense organizations should establish countermeasures and defense system which cope the attacks accepting the fact that defensive acts could fail due to attacks. APT attack proceeds in a series of attack procedures and all steps must be completed in order to succeed the attack. Accordingly the paradigm of cyber defense should alter from current pattern detection to analysis of the attack chain and disconnection of attack links. In this paper we model cyber attack and defense concept based on Lockheed Martin’s concept of cyber-kill-chain and analyzed the distribution of security system at each stage by statistical survey, classified 226 security systems of domestic related organizations based on the attack and defense criteria. As a result, we proposed an improvement of the cyber-kill-chain based defense system in order to effectively response to APT attacks due to the fact that there is a lack of preparations for the cyber security system especially in weaponization, degradation, deception and destruction phases.
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李善宰 淑明女子大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.30 No.-
Clothes reflect individual inner feelings and the spirit of the age. In addition, they also reflect the social position which the wearer holds and human desire to show off wealth which was the main cause to impose a ban on certain clothing. Although clothing bans were originally imposed in the purpose that people in power maintained their social position they provide us with information with which we can build a new clothing custom and an opportunity to understand the spirit of the past eras better. During Cho-Sun Era. Clothing bans were frequently implemented in order to secure the caste system and to keep the people from luxurious life style. Toadyism toward china was one of the most important factors to impose the clothing bans in the era. Therefore it is necessery to take a look at the influence of toadyism in the study of clothing history as well as thoughts of the era. This study focuses on the causes and aspects of the clothing bans in Cho-Sun Era by reviewing true records of the era and several codes of laws. First, Cho-Sun, a feudalistic country which worshipped Confucianism imposed a great many clothing bans. The causes are classified by three important factors. The ruling class used the clothing bans as a means to protect its social status and draw a clear line between the upper class and the lower, and between the noble and the untouchable. The rulers managed to keep the people from falling into luxurious life-style and the traditional customs from deteriorating. They also expressed their respect for foreign countries, especially for china and the goods made in those countries by imposing cloth-ing bans. Second, the several aspects of clothing bans of Yi-Dynasty were : a ban on certain colors, a ban on certain fabrics, a ban on certain type of clothes, a ban on wigs, and a ban on patterns and patterend silks. This study analyses the bans by relating them to the thoughts the times which are differentiated by the rulers. The ban on certain colors was most fleguently imposed to consolidate the caste system in the feualistic system like Cho-Sun. The ban on white clothes was imposed because there were not enough dyes available and the people believed in the principles of the positive and the negative. Another reason that white clothes were banned was they were supposed to be worn by mourners. Gold was banned in a way to express homage to China, red and purple were banned for their flamboyance which was dominated by the upper class. Gray was banned for it was considered unpleasant, and jade green for its similarity to white. The caste system, social and economical factors and toadyism toward china altogether brought abort the ban on colors. As for fabrics, silks, sable fur, and mouse fur were banned. silks were an extremely luxurious fabric, imported from China for wedding gowns. During the period of King Sung-Jong and Jung-Jong, it was banned from use in order to draw the clear line between the different social statuses and to keep the peple from consumption of luxurious goods. Since sable fur and mouse fur were produced in Cho-Sun in a very limited volume, they were banned from use during the period. As for the ban on certain types of clothes, different types of clothes were designated to represent different social statuses, The ladies'wigs were banned to restrain ladies from adopting luxurious hir style which had prevailed. There was no ban on patterns and patterned silks until the period of King Young-jo and chung-jo, patterned silks were banned to promote frugal life style instead of luxurious on among the upper class people. Patterns were banned from using by the classes other than the upper class in order to strictly sustain the caste system and cast off luxurious life style. I drew out a table of clothing bans according to the kings during Yi-Dynasty. As the result, I drew a conclusion that the number of clothing of clothing bans diminished in relatively stable period when institutions took a deep root in the society, Whereas the fleguency and the number of clothing bans were on the rise during the periods of King se-Jong, Sung-Jong, Tae-Jong, Jung-Jong, Young-cho, and Chung-jo when the kings tried to establish a new order, discarding decayed customs. Since people started raising the issue of wearing clothes in a practical way during the period of King Young-Jo and Chung-Jo, they had been willing to eradicate empty formalities and vanity from clothing customs. Some day that the bans on clothing hampered the development of arts and crafts and industries related to clothes. However, the issu requires more profound research before jumping into the conclusion. If the bans had encouraged the development of local products by prohibiting imports from china, it might rather contributed to the development of korean traditional clothing. We can take advantage of our ancestors wisdom shown in the clothing bans to cast off the excessive consumption and preference of luxurious imported goods, bringing frugality into our life.
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이선재,정선화,조병선,S.J. Lee,S.H. Jeong,B.S. Cho 한국전자통신연구원 2023 전자통신동향분석 Vol.38 No.4
The competition for technological supremacy is unfolding in the high-tech field, and quantum computing can be determinant for economic and security ripple effects. The United States and China, leaders in quantum computing, have developed this field through adequate policies. The United States has fostered quantum computing through government policies and competition among private companies, while China has secured world-class technology through large-scale government investment and attracting foreign talent. In quantum computing, securing talented people is essential to guarantee independent technology development regarding academic attributes and security. We analyze quantum computing policies in the United States and China on a timeline and determine their policy trends. In addition, the policies for securing talent in these countries are reviewed, and the policy effects are compared based on literature analysis. Through the analysis of policy cases between the United States and China, bilateral policy implications for Korea are delineated.
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