중국어 인물지칭 신조어의 단어모형 분석 -2006~2014년 신조어를 중심으로-

이명아 ( Myung Ah Lee ),한용수(교신저자) ( Yong Su Han ) 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소(구 한양대학교 한국학연구소) 2016 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.65 No.-

일반적으로 호칭어는 사회적 구조와 문화를 반영하는 언어 체계로 화자와 청자의 상호적 관계를 나타내며, 이러한 호칭의 용법은 사회.문화적 차이로 나라에 따라 다를 수 있다. 인물지칭 신조어 중에는 기존의 사회적 구조와 문화 등과는 다른 현대 사회의 특징이 반영된 흥미로운 부분을 관찰할 수 있으며, 언어 사용의 변화 또한 관찰할 수 있다. 이러한 신조어는 현대중국 사회의 교류에도 자주 등장하여 자신 또는 타인을 지칭하는 경우를 볼 수 있어 현대 중국사회와의 소통을 위한 중국어 어휘 교육에서 간과할 수 없는 부분이다. 본 연구는 2006년~2014년 중국어 인물지칭 신조어 단어모형의 조어력, 의미.구조 관계, 연도별 분포 등의 분석을 통하여 다음과 같은 사실을 관찰할 수 있다. 첫째, 인물지칭 신조어에 사용된 단어모형은 출현빈도에 따라 ‘-族, -女, -哥, -男, -客, -奴, -二代, -人, 房-’ 등등의 순서로 나타나며 이는 단어모형의 조어력을 나타낸다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 단어모형의 조어력과 신조어 사용빈도가 모두 비례하는 것은 아니며, 일부사용빈도가 높은 신조어는 ‘XYY’ 등과 같은 단어모형을 만들어내는 것을 관찰할 수 있다. 둘째, 단어모형의 연도별 분포 비율은 사회적 이슈, 단어모형의 유행 등등과 관련된 대중들의 언어 사용 경향을 나타내며, 그중 매년 대체로 높은 비율을 차지하는 ‘-族’은 가장 안정적인 조어력을 갖는 단어모형으로 볼 수 있다. 분포 비율이 높지는 않지만 매년 꾸준하게 나타나는 ‘-男’, ‘-女’, ‘-客’, ‘-人’ 등등 또한 안정적인 단어모형으로 볼 수 있으며 ‘-奴, -哥,.-’ 등등은 분포 비율이 불균형적으로 나타나 주로 특정 시기에 유행한 것을 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 대립적 단어모형의 비대칭적 출현은 의미의 범주화 과정, 대중들의 다양한 감정 표현등과 관련이 있다. 의미의 범주화 과정은 처음에는 개인의 개별적 특성을 지칭하는 인물지칭신조어가 점차 관련 집단의 전형적인 구성원을 지칭하는 것으로 변화하는 것을 관찰할 수 있으며, 대중들의 감정 표현은 친근한 감정, 풍자적 태도 등등으로 다양하게 나타나고 있다. Generally, an Address Term represents a reciprocal relationship between a speaker and a listener as language often reflects the social structure and culture of a society. Such an Address Term may vary by country due to sociocultural differences. Among the newly coined Chinese terms, Address Terms, and Reference Terms, it is interesting to observe that the characteristics of modern society that are reflected by these terms are different from that of the existing social structure and culture. Additionally, since such newly coined terms are often used in modern Chinese society, one can observe how one’s self or others are referred to using these terms. The scope of this research is to analyze the set of new Chinese terms coined that refer to and designate individuals. The following changes among these new Chinese reference terms can be observed by conducting an analysis on factors such as the word-formation, definitions, and structure, as well as the yearly distribution ratio of the terms. First, the word-formation used in new Chinese reference terms appears in order of “-族, -女, -哥, -男, -客, -奴, -二代, -人, 房-” in accordance with the frequency of appearance. This represents the word-forming ability to create new Chinese reference terms. However, this word-forming ability of the word-formation and its frequency of usage are not proportional. For example, the wordforming ability of “XXY” is very low, but the words formed are frequently used and are the new popular words in Chinese. Second, the yearly distribution ratio of word-formations reflects the public’s language-use tendency relevant to societal issues, the trends of word-formation, etc. Among them, “-族” which generally occupies a high percentage every year, can be considered as the word-formation that has the most stable word-forming ability. Although its distribution ratio is not high, “-男, -女, -客, -人,” which consistently appears every year, may be considered as another stable wordformation. “-奴, -哥, 學-” prevailed usually in a certain period as its distribution ratio was disproportionate. Third, the asymmetric emergence of word-formations in opposition is related to the process of definition categorization, assignment of emotional significance to new individual references, etc. During definition categorization, there is a gradual transition from the definition exhibiting individual attributes to the definition displaying attributes typical of the relevant group. The public’s expression of emotional significance is displayed through diverse means such as familiar feelings, satirical definition, etc.

The Shape of Time

이명아 ( Lee Myung Ah ) 한국기초조형학회 2019 한국기초조형학회 작품집 Vol.2019 No.2

위암에서의 중합효소 연쇄반응에 의한 Epstein - Barr 바이러스의 검출과 LMP1 , p53 , CD44 의 발현

이명아(Myung Ah Lee),홍영선(Young Seon Hong),강진형(Jin Hyung Kang),이경식(Kyung Shik Lee),유진영(Jin Young Yoo),이교영(Kyo Young Lee) 대한내과학회 2002 대한내과학회지 Vol.63 No.3

N/A Background : Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various lymphoproliferative disorders and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Recently some of the tumor cells of gastric cancer were observed to contain EBV sequence. We detected EBV using PCR to determine the frequency of EBV associated gastric cancer, which is the most common cancer in Korea. We also performed immunohistochemical staining for the latent membrane protein (LMP1), p53 and CD44 to investigate the possible mechanism in EBV-associated gastric cancer. Methods : Eighty-seven formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks (40 gastric adenocarcinomas, 34 adjacent normal tissues, 13 metastatic lymph nodes) from 40 surgically resected gastric specimens were studied. All patients were diagnosed as having gastric cancer at the Kang-Nam St. Mary's Hospital during the period of April 1995 to April 1997. DNA was extracted from each paraffin block and then we performed PCR and immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44. We reviewed the patients' charts for clinical information. Results : EBV was detected in 4 cases (10%) by EBV-PCR among the 40 patients. It was also detected in a metastatic lymph node in 1 patient. The immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44 was negative in all the EBV-positive cancer patients. Of the patients having these cancers, 2 had a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a lymphoepithelioma-like morphology. Conclusion : The frequency of EBV-associated gastric cancer may be about 10% in Korea. Considering the negative result of the immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44, EBV-associated gastric cancer seems to have a different mechanism of tumorigenesis from ordinary gastric cancer or other EBV-associated cancers. This must be determined by further large scale studies. (Korean J Med 63:261-266, 2002)

중국어 성어에 나타난 색채어 표현 분석

이명아 ( Lee Myung-ah ),한용수 ( Han Yong-su ) 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소 2017 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.69 No.-

색채어는 언어문화권에 따라 의미장의 경계가 다르거나 문화적 특징을 지닌 독특한 비유 의미를 나타낸다. 이러한 언어표현은 중국어 성어 중 다양하게 볼 수 있는데, 본고는 색채어가 포함된 중국어 성어의 사전 수록 현황, 이에 나타난 수사법, 코퍼스에 나타난 관련 용례 등의 분석을 통하여 다음의 몇 가지 사실을 관찰할 수 있다. 첫째, 본고의 사전 수록 현황 분석에 따르면 색채어가 포함된 성어의 유형 빈도는 관련 색 채어에 따라 `白`, `紅`, `靑`, `黃`, `赤`, `黑`, `紫` 등등의 순서로 높게 나타나며, 코퍼스에 나타난 관련 용례의 출현 빈도는 `面紅耳赤`, `靑梅竹馬`, `白頭偕老` 등등의 순서로 높게 나타난다. 이로보아 현대 중국의 언어생활 중 사용빈도가 높은 어휘와 성어 중 생산성이 높은 색채어를 관찰할 수 있다. 둘째, 색채어가 포함된 성어 중 부정적 의미를 나타내는 색채어는 `黑`, `灰`, `靑` 등이 있으며, 긍정적 의미로는 `朱`, `丹`, `紅` 등이 있고, 긍정적 혹은 부정적 의미를 나타내는 색채 어는 `白`, `赤`, `紫` 등이 있다. 이로보아 중국어 색채어 표현에 나타난 의미 가치의 분포 경 향을 관찰할 수 있다. 셋째, `紅`, `赤` 등은 미인, 부부의 인연 등을 비유하는 단어를 구성하고, 수사법 중 대구 현상에 사용된 `紅`과 `白` 등등은 대립적 구도를 이룬다. 이는 중국의 문화적 특징을 관찰할 수 있는 색채어 표현이다. Color words and their semantic fields differ based on linguistic culture and reveal unique metaphorical meanings within the context of a culture. A variety of these language expressions can be seen in Chinese idioms. This paper analyzes the present state of the Chinese idiom dictionary, the color words and figures of speech it currently contains, and examples in the corpus, and presents the following observations. First, based on an analysis of the current state of the dictionary`s contents, the following color words appeared in idioms with the highest frequency, in this sequence: Bai (white), Hong (red), Qing (blue or green), Huang (yellow), Chi (red), Hei (black), and Zi (purple). There was also a high appearance frequency of related examples in the corpus including Mianhongerchi (面紅耳赤), Qingmeizhuma (靑梅竹 馬), and Baitouxielao (白頭偕老), in this order. From this, one can observe high~productivity color words among words and idioms that have a high usage frequency in China. Second, among the idioms that contain color words, Hei (black), Hui (gray), and Qing (blue or green) represent negative meanings, Zhu (red), Dan (red), and Hong (red) represent positive meanings, and Bai (white), Chi (red), and Zi (purple) can represent both negative or positive meanings. From this, one can observe a meaning distribution trend in Chinese color word expressions. Third, Hong (red) and Chi (red) are words used to signify a beautiful woman and conjugal ties. Hong (red) and Bai (white), which are used for contrast in figures of speech, form adversarial or opposing compositions. These color word expressions allow us to observe China`s cultural characteristics.

Afterimage20180526

이명아 ( Lee Myung Ah ) 한국기초조형학회 2018 한국기초조형학회 작품집 Vol.2018 No.1

중국 인물지칭 2014년 신조어의 수사 현상

이명아 ( Myung Ah Lee ),한용수 ( Yong Su Han ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.72

In this study, the following facts were identified on analyzing the characteristics and changes in the rhetorical aspects of these new Chinese words referring to people in 2014 and for the sociocultural characteristics reflected in them. The linguistic, social, and cultural characteristics of China reflected in the rhetorical aspects of new Chinese words referring to people are, for instance, the culture of the dialect in China and the emotional attitude of the general public reflected in it; the metaphorical meaning of animals representing the cultural characteristics of China; the classes that represent changes in the modern Chinese society and their characteristics, such as the Internet and the mobile phone culture; the face of the modern Chinese society that reflects the mounting rate of household debt; or the new jobs that have emerged. Among these words, the new rhetoric created by the modern Chinese can be observed pointing to the fact that the rhetorical aspects of modern China are being diversified.

중국어 ‘국민(國民)+X`형 인물지칭 신조어 분석과 한국어 신조어의 영향

이명아 ( Lee Myung-ah ),한용수 ( Han Yong Su ) 한국중국언어학회 2016 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.66

This study attempts to analyze the Chinese “國民(guomin)+X” type address terms as well as the relationship between newly coined Korean-Chinese words. The following facts can be observed through analysis of this research. The Chinese “國民(guomin)+X” type address terms exhibits different characteristics compared with contemporary Chinese. For example, the Chinese “國民(guomin)+X” type address terms, as a newly coined word, in part includes the meaning of “a person loved by the people.” According to a neology report by Korean and Chinese academics, Korean “국민(gukmin)+X” type address terms can be observed appearing prior to the “國民(guomin)+X” type address terms. Furthermore, according to Chinese annotations for “國民妹妹(guomin meimei),” “國民弟弟(guomin didi),” and other entries in China`s internet encyclopedia, these address terms` are typically associated with famous Korean celebrities. The usage of the Chinese “國民(guomin)+X” type address terms seems to have increased owing to Korean-celebrity related news articles, television programs, and media that have been translated into Chinese, as well as to the impact of the Korean Wave. During its initial appearance, the examples of Chinese “國民(guomin)+X” type address terms mainly referred to Korean celebrities. However, recently, it is common to find examples of the corresponding address terms used to reference celebrities from other countries, such as China and Japan. Furthermore, in addition to celebrities, examples referring to university professors, university students, businessmen and other people are shown, and thus, it can be observed that the types of people with which this terminology is used has expanded when compared to the Korean “국민(gukmin)+X” type address terms. The Chinese “國民(guomin)+X” type address terms, despite occurring due to the influence of newly coined Korean words, is changing by gradually coming to possess Chinese characteristics. According to related examples found in corpus data, when classifying “X,” which is combined with the “國民(guomin)” of the “國民(guomin)+X” type address terms, according to syllables, mainly two syllable words are found. In addition, when classifying the term according to definition categorization, it mainly refers to family members. Foreign letter parts are mostly confined to examples such as “MC, CP, couple, mm,” and thus, this usage is generally combined with Chinese characters.

암의 조기검진 ; 간암의 조기진단

이명아 ( Myung Ah Lee ) 대한내과학회 2010 대한내과학회지 Vol.79 No.3

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common cancer in Korea. Although HCC has been decreased recently, mortality rate is still high, especially in the 6th decades in men. While hepatitis B and C viral hepatitis is the most common cause of HCC, alcoholic hepatitis is being the major risk factor in Korea. For early detection of HCC, it is important to identify the risk group and to monitor with regular interval. Serum alpha fetoprotein and abdominal ultrasonography is mainstay for screening of HCC. Recently, new advanced techniques, including new biomarkers have been developed and introduced, but it is not certain for its usefulness as a screening method. The screening program suggested by National Cancer Center and associated society of liver disease is widely used in Korea. Based on screening programs, individual personalized surveillance program is needed for the high risk patients in practice. (Korean J Med 79:224-230, 2010)

중국어 신조어에 나타난 색채어 의미 분석 - 검은색, 흰색, 회색을 중심으로 -

이명아 ( Lee Myung-ah ),한용수 ( Han Yong-su ) 경희대학교 비교문화연구소 2017 비교문화연구 Vol.47 No.-

빠르게 변화하는 현대 중국 사회를 반영하는 수많은 신조어가 등장하여 사용되고 있으며, 이중에는 색채어와 관련된 다양한 단어의 출현을 볼 수 있다. 이러한 색채어 중에는 새로운 의미 또는 문화적 상징 의미 등을 나타내어 현대 중국어와는 다른 쓰임을 보이기도 한다. 본 연구는 중국어 신조어에 나타난 무채색 색채어를 분석하여 다음의 몇 가지 사실을 관찰할 수 있다. 첫째, 중국어 신조어에 나타난 무채색 색채어는 `黑, 白, 灰` 등이 있다. 신조어 색채어에 주로 사용되는 의미항은 현대 중국어 색채어의 의미항 중 일부만이 나타나는 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 중국어 신조어에 나타난 색채어 의미항의 사용빈도는 검은색과 흰색 색채어의 의미항 유형이 서로 상대적인 분포를 보인다. 신조어에 나타난 검은색 색채어는 확장의미가 가장 활발하게 사용되며, 그 다음은 기본의미의 사용이 높다. 그러나 흰색 색채어는 기본의미가 가장 활발하게 사용되며, 그 다음은 확장의미의 사용이 높게 나타난다. 셋째, 중국어 신조어에 나타난 무채색 색채어 중 `黑`, `灰`는 의미 확대 현상을 관찰할 수 있다. 예로, 신조어 중 `黑`은 `재난 지역의`, `사회적 차별을 받는` 등을 비유하며, `灰`는 `사교적인 방면`을 비유한다. A multitude of neologisms has entered the lexicon of modern Chinese society as a reflection of the changes modern Chinese society has undergone, and amid this trend, a variety of color terms has emerged. However, these neologisms of color terms in modern Chinese society are used somewhat differently from their roots. First, the achromatic color terms used in Chinese neologisms include black, white, and gray. The significance criteria generally used in these neologisms of color terms only partially express their meaning in the modern Chinese language. Second, the frequency usage of significant criteria of color terms that have emerged in Chinese neologisms reveals a relative distribution between color terms referring to black and white. The color term “black” is the most active neologism to connote its expanded meaning, followed by its basic meaning. However, the color term “white” is most actively used to connote its basic meaning, followed by its expanded meaning. Third, among the achromatic color terms used in Chinese neologisms, black and gray exhibit expansion of meaning. For example, in the context of neologisms, the color term “black” is used to symbolize “in disaster areas” and “socially discriminated against,” while “gray” is used to symbolize the “social aspect.”

증례 : 단백 상실성 장 질환을 동반한 성인 남성의 전신성 홍반성 루푸스 1예

이명열 ( Myung Ryul Lee ),이연아 ( Yeon Ah Lee ),이상훈 ( Sang Hoon Lee ),우두현 ( Doo Hyun Woo ),이향이 ( Hyang Yi Lee ),양형인 ( Hyung In Yang ) 대한내과학회 2006 대한내과학회지 Vol.71 No.1S