가미 태음조위탕과 저열량 식이를 병행한 체중 감량 프로그램에서 발생한 이상 반응 분석

윤나라(Na-Ra Yoon),유영재(Young-Jae Yoo),김민지(Min-ji Kim),김서영(Seo-Young Kim),임영우(Young-Woo Lim),임형호(Hyung Ho Lim),박영배(Young-Bae Park) 한방비만학회 2018 한방비만학회지 Vol.18 No.1

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the safety of Gamitaeeumjowee-tang by analyzing adverse events in weight loss program in combination with Gamitaeeumjoweetang and low-calorie diet. Methods: A retrospective review of adverse events in weight loss program in combination with Gamitaeeumjowee-tang and low-calorie diet from the electronic medical chart (n=124) between June 2015 and December 2016 was conducted. Three Korean Medicine Doctors (KMDs) reviewed adverse events for two times, during week 2 to 4 and at week 10, after starting weight loss program. Adverse events were evaluated in terms of causality, severity and system-organ classes. Also, agreement among the three KMDs was made through further discussion in case of disagreement after independent review. Results: The overall rate of adverse events was 37.1% during week 2 to 4 and 16.9% at week 10. For causality of adverse events using the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality categories, 52.2% were evaluated possible at week 2-4 and 57.1% were evaluated unlikely at week 10. All symptoms were evaluated as mild by LDS scale. Nausea (15, 12.1%) was the most frequent adverse event at week 2-4 and dizziness (6, 4.8%) was the most common at week 10. Conclusions: Adverse events decreased over time. There were no serious adverse events and none of the subjects were dropped due to adverse events. Continuous study is needed to prove the safety of Gamitaeeumjowee-tang for treating obesity.

알고리즘과 콘텐츠 창작에 관한 예술공학적 이해 : 〈월 드로잉 358번〉의 두 가지 버전을 중심으로

윤나라(Yoon, Na-Ra) 인문콘텐츠학회 2021 인문콘텐츠 Vol.- No.61

이 글은 정보기술과 예술이 분리 불가능할 정도로 서로 연관된 문화예술의 현재 상황을 반영한다. 정보기술에 기반을 둔 문화예술 콘텐츠 분야에서 기술에 관한 담론은 자주 오로지 실용적인 차원에서만, 혹은 반대로 오직 메타적인 층위에서만 이루어지곤 한다. 그러나 동시대 문화예술과 정보기술의 관계를 ‘작업 과정’을 중심으로 사유하다 보면, 콘텐츠를 창작하는 과정과 알고리즘적 사고 간에 현저한 유사점이 있음을 발견한다. 이를 조명하기 위해 이 글에서는 예술공학적 관점에서 알고리즘을 설명하고, 이것의 대표적 사례로서 솔 르윗의 〈월 드로잉 358번〉과 아티스트이자 프로그래머인 케이시 리아스에 의해 소프트웨어로 이식된 정보기술 버전의 〈358번〉을 비교분석한다. 이를 통해, 이 글은 예술의 창작 과정과 정보기술의 작업 과정이 알고리즘의 설계와 실행이라는 측면에서 대단히 유관함을 드러내 밝히고자 한다. This article aims to ponder the importance of information technology in the process of artistic creation with an emphasis on algorithmic thinking. Despite the inextricable link between the art and the information technology, discourses on information technology in relation to art is often conducted only at a merely practical level or, conversely, only at an overly metatheoretical level. However, if we rigorously consider the relationship between art and information technology, with a particular emphasis on the artistic creation "process", we can easily find that there are considerable similarities between the process of artistic creation and algorithmic thinking. To exemplify this, this article explains algorithm as well as algorithmic thinking from an art-tech point of view by taking two versions of 〈Wall Drawing #358〉 as representative examples: one by Sol LeWitt himself; another by Casey Reas implemented in software in 2004.

디지털 영상의 표현 층위 고도화와 기술 환경 - 90년대 초 고(高) 부동소수점 연산 성능의 보급과 CG/CGI 작업물의 관계를 중심으로

윤나라 ( Yoon¸ Na-ra ) 한국기호학회 2022 기호학연구 Vol.70 No.-

이 글은 융합적 담론의 저변 확대를 통해 인문학 연구자뿐만 아니라 콘텐츠 창작자와 기술 개발 당사자 모두가 공유할 수 있는 공통 기반의 수립에 기여함을 목표로 한다. 이를 위해, 이 글은 창작과 비평, 기술과 예술 모두에서 공히 빈번하게 다루어지는 컴퓨터 그래픽스(Computer graphics, CG) 및 컴퓨터 생성 이미지(Computer generated imagary, CGI) 분야와 이 분야에서 가장 중요한 지표 중 하나인 부동소수점 연산 성능을 중심으로 융합적 논의의 가능성을 타진한다. 디지털 영상 작업은 가장 바깥쪽의 시각적 층위 한 겹을 제외하면 표현식의 작성과 조작, 즉 수학적 데이터를 다루는 행위이며, 따라서 데이터의 정확도 및 정밀도와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 소수점이 유동(流動)하는 부동소수점 방식은 고정소수점 방식에 비해 더 적은 자릿수만으로도 더 넓은 범위의 수를 더 정확하고 더 정밀하게 표현할 수 있지만, 소수점의 유동성으로 인해 더 높은 연산 성능을 필요로 한다. 1990년대 초반 저비용 고성능의 범용 하드웨어의 등장과 보급은 새로운 기술 환경을 조성했고, 이는 곧 디지털 영상 작업물의 고도화뿐만 아니라 대중화도 함께 견인했다. 이 글은 당시의 상황을 기술과 예술의 융합적 관점을 통해 재조명하고자 한다. 이 과정에서, 이 글은 공학과 수학의 전문 용어를 사용하는 대신 ‘글(또는 말)로 풀어 설명하기’의 방식을 채택할 것이며, 그렇게 함으로써 인문학의 방식으로도 문화예술과 정보기술의 상호작용에 관한 실질적인 담론이 가능한지를 실험한다. This article aims to ponder the lack of competitiveness and the impracticality of interdisciplinary research on art as well as on information technologies. The concept of floating point system and FLOPS is important, because all VFX CG/CGI workflow except its surface or “most superficial layer” is fundamentally writing mathematical formulas and manipulating mathematical data. Although the floating point system offers more precision and accuracy, it requires more computing power than the fixed point system. In the early 1990s, low-cost and high-performance general-purpose hardware such as Intel’s Pentium™ processor offered significantly more FP performance or “FLOPS” than before. Such a leap in performance led not only to the advent of a renewed technological environment, but also to the sophistication of VFX CG/CGI workflows, and ultimately, to the declination of a company such as SGI. This article is an experimental attempt that tries to re-examine the then situation not through another traditional point of view, but through a contemporary interdisciplinary one.

인공지능의 탈신화화 - 다큐멘터리 <알파고>와 강/약 인공지능 개념을 중심으로

윤나라 ( Yoon Na-ra ) 한국기호학회 2020 기호학연구 Vol.64 No.-

이 글은 동시대 인공지능을 둘러싼 신화에 관해 사유하고 그것을 해체하는 데 목표를 둔다. 2016년 3월에 있었던 알파고와 이세돌의 대국은 바둑뿐만 아니라 인공지능 전반에 관한 관심이 크게 증대되는 계기가 되었다. 그러나 이 대국을 전함에 있어, 대 중 매체들은 ‘강 인공지능은 인간의 적이며 인간을 위협한다’는 메시지를 다양한 시청각적 기표들을 통해 매개함으로써 알파고로 대표되는 동시대 인공지능에 관한 신화를 증폭했다. 그로부터 대략 4년 반 가량이 지난 지금, 심층 인공 신경망에 기반한 동시대 인공지능은 국내·외를 막론하고 이미 우리의 일상에 밀접하게 융합되었다. 반면 인공지능을 둘러싼 신화는 더욱 공고해졌으며, 따라서 인공지능은 우리에게 여전히 모호하고 두려운 어떤 것인 채로 남아있다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 논문은 이세돌과 알파고의 대국을 다룬 다큐멘터리 <알파고>의 시청각적 기표들을 분석하고, 나아가 인지과학의 관점을 빌어 신화화된 인공지능에 담긴 해묵은 함의들을 털어냄으로써 그것을 탈신화화하고, 인공지능을 기술 그 자체로서, 나아가 또 다른 하나의 지능 그 자체로서 이해하는 것이 가능함을 드러내고자 한다. This article aims to ponder the myths surrounding the contemporary AI as well as to demythologize them. The match between AlphaGo and LEE Sedol in March 2016 greatly increased interest in the game of Go as well as in the AI. However, the mass media used various linguistic as well as non-linguistic signifiers to send the message to the public such as ‘the Strong AI like AlphaGo is the ultimate threat to humans and will become humans’ worst enemy’. In doing so, the mass media has successfully mythologized the contemporary AI. Today, about four and a half years later, the contemporary AI based on deep artificial neural networks has already been deeply integrated into our daily lives. But the mass media continued to reinforce the myths they created. The myth became so solid that AI remains still incomprehensible, vague and fearful something to the public. In this context, this paper tries to analyze semiotically the audiovisual signifiers of the award-winning 2017 documentary AlphaGo; to demythologize the contemporary AI which has been overly glorified and mythologized by the mass media with the help of the perspective of cognitive science; and to understand the contemporary AI as neutral as possible in order to embrace it as ‘another’ intelligence.

인공지능에 관한 예술공학적 이해 : 인공 신경망을 활용한 예술 콘텐츠의 ‘창의’를 중심으로

윤나라(YOON, Na-Ra) 인문콘텐츠학회 2020 인문콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.59

본 글은 심층 인공 신경망으로부터 구현된 동시대 인공지능과 이를 활용한 예술 콘텐츠에 주목하고, 인공지능 시대에 ‘창의’를 정의하는 문제에 있어 동시대적 이해의 가능성을 탐색하고자 한다. 인공 신경망/인공지능은 자연 신경망/자연지능의 작동 원리와 구조를 그대로 복제하는 방식으로 구현되지 않는다. 따라서 이를 자연 신경망/자연지능에 언어적으로 유비하거나 의인화(Anthropomorphization)하여 이해하려는 시도는 적절하지 않다. 오늘날 인공 신경망은 양적 · 질적 차원에서 급수적으로 발전하고 있으며, 이것으로부터 직 · 간접적으로 파생된 예술 콘텐츠 또한 양적·질적 차원에서 급수적으로 증가하고 있다. 이러한 콘텐츠들에 관한 논의는 전통적 · 관습적 접근 방식과 함께 기술에 관한, 특히 동시대 정보기술에 관한 심도 있는 이해 또한 요구한다. 예술공학 연구는 학제적 연구로서 통상 가장 인간적인 것으로 간주되는 예술 또는 작품 활동과, 반대 극점에 있는 것으로 간주되는 공학과 정보기술 그 중에서도 가장 첨단에 있는 인공 신경망/인공지능을 함께 이해하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이러한 맥락에서, 본 글은 첫째 지성과 창의에 관한 언어적 · 미학적 관점과 정보공학적 관점의 공약(Common measure)의 가능성을, 둘째 이 두 관점의 동등(Equal)하고 병렬적(Parallel)인 활용의 가능성을 모색하고자 한다. This article aims to explore the possibility of a contemporary understanding of AI and its creativity. Today, the advent, development and advancement of contemporary AI based on deep artificial neural networks is exponential in terms of both quantity and quality. At the same time, the amount of AI-made artistic productions is increasing exponentially, and its quality is also improving in an unprecedented way. However, there are still misunderstandings about AI derived from attempts to understand AI by analogizing it in a purely linguistic manner and/or sometimes by simply anthropomorphizing it. In fact, artificial neural networks/artificial intelligence is not implemented in a way to replicate or mimic their natural equivalents. They don’t even need to, as long as they can bring out intelligence. A contemporary AI is inseparable from the functioning of its artificial neural network. The art-tech as an interdisciplinary study aims to understand following two in a simultaneous as well as inclusive manner: art, creation and act of creation, traditionally conventionally considered to be the most ‘human’ thing; artificial neural network, AI and its functioning, traditionally considered to be the most technological or sometimes even the most ‘non-human’ thing. In this context, this article ponders to explore the following three possibilities. First, the possibility of having a ‘common measure’ between the two perspectives concerning intelligence and creativity: one based on conventional linguistics and traditional aesthetics; another based on information technology and engineering. high-tech. Second, the possibility of an equal and parallel use of these two perspectives. And third, the possibility of finding a ‘Degré zéro’ between the two perspectives.

급성 담낭염으로 발현한 Churg-Strauss 증후군 1예

이우주 ( Woo Joo Lee ),황지원 ( Ji Won Hwang ),김은 ( Eun Kim ),윤세효 ( Se Hyo Yune ),하정민 ( Jung Min Ha ),윤나라 ( Na Ra Yoon ),이병재 ( Byung Jae Lee ),최동철 ( Dong Chull Choi ) 대한천식알레르기학회(구 대한알레르기학회) 2013 Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease Vol.1 No.4

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare systemic vasculitis. It is characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, asthma, neuropathy, skin manifestation, and less frequently gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Here we report a case of CSS which is initially manifested as acute acalculous cholecystitis. A 67-year-old asthmatic woman visited Emergency Room because of acute abdominal pain. Computed tomography showed acalculous cholecystitis and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done. Pathology of gallbladder showed marked eosinophilic infiltration with necrotizing vasculitis and granuloma. On the basis of asthma, sinusitis, lung infiltration, combined peripheral eosinophilia and neuropathy, the patient was diagnosed as CSS. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pathologically proven eosinophilic cholecystitis in Korea.

급성 담낭염으로 발현한 Churg-Strauss 증후군 1예

이우주 ( Woo Joo Lee ),황지원 ( Ji Won Hwang ),김은 ( Eun Kim ),윤세효 ( Se Hyo Yune ),하정민 ( Jung Min Ha ),윤나라 ( Na Ra Yoon ),이병재 ( Byung Jae Lee ),최동철 ( Dong Chull Choi ) 대한소아알레르기호흡기학회(구 대한소아알레르기 및 호흡기학회) 1991 소아알레르기 및 호흡기학회지 Vol.1 No.4

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare systemic vasculitis. It is characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, asthma, neuropathy, skin manifestation, and less frequently gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Here we report a case of CSS which is initially manifested as acute acalculous cholecystitis. A 67-year-old asthmatic woman visited Emergency Room because of acute abdominal pain. Computed tomography showed acalculous cholecystitis and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done. Pathology of gallbladder showed marked eosinophilic infiltration with necrotizing vasculitis and granuloma. On the basis of asthma, sinusitis, lung infiltration, combined peripheral eosinophilia and neuropathy, the patient was diagnosed as CSS. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pathologically proven eosinophilic cholecystitis in Korea. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2013;1:388-390)

혈액투석 환자에게서 발생한 재생불량성 빈혈 1예

정지용,윤나라,강대웅,오종찬,장재현,선길홍,박경희,정종훈,김현리 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2005 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.30 No.1

Aplastic anemia is a disease characterized by pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and hypocellular bone marrow with the fatty infiltration. The causes of the acquired aplastic anemia were usually related to drugs and immune-related diseases. A 34-years old man was admitted due to general weakness. He has been going hemodialysis for 2 years because of end stage renal disease (ESRD) due to chronic glomerulonephritis. At admission, laboratory tests showed hemoglobin 6.2 g/dL, hematocrit 18.0 %, WBC 5,710mm (neutrophil 71.8%, lymphocyte 19.1%, monocyte 5.9%), reticulocyte 1.9%, platelet 93,000/mm, Fe 12.8 ug/dL, TIBC 204 ug/dL, ferritin 941.47 ng /ml, haptoglobin 0.72 g/L, vitamin B12 508.17 pmol/L, folate 24 ng/mL, total protein 6.54 g/dL, albumin 3.76 g/dL, Alk. pohsphatase 79 IU/L, AST 30.0 IU/L, ALT 39.7 IU/L, total bilirubin 0.57 mg/dl, BUN 79.4 mg/dl and creatinine 10.18 mg/dl. Peripheral blood smear showed the normocytic normochromic anemia with anisocytosis. Anemia was diagnosed but it was irresponsive to the recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) and blood transfusion. In the bone marrow aspiration smear were there the hypoplastic myeloid and erythroid precursors. The bone marrow biopsy section showed the hypoplasia of all components (10-20%) and the fatty infiltration. We have experienced one case of the idiopathic aplastic anemia in a patient going through hemodialysis and we just report it with documentary records. 저자들은 혈액 투석 중인 환자에서 약물, 면역계 이상등의 원인을 발견할 수 없었음에도 재생 불량성 빈혈이 발생한 1예를 경험하여 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

말기신부전 환자에서 혈액투석 전후의 QT간격분산 비교

강대웅,정지용,윤나라,안치용,김종오,신병철,정종훈,김현리 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2006 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.31 No.2

Background: Some cases of QT interval, corrected QT interval (QTc), QT dispersion (QTd) and corrected QT dispersion (QTcd) have been reported in ESRD, but these results are variable and the influence of a hemodialysis is still controversial, In this study, we investigated the effect of hemodialysis on QT and QTc interval and QT and QTc dispersion in patients with ESRD 15 min before and 15 minute after each hemodialysis. Methods: Sixty-seven patients with ESRD (men 33 & women 34) on three-times stable hemodialysis (>3 months) were randomly enrolled. Fifty control subjects with a similar age and normal renal function were enrolled from this hospital. Routine biochemical studies were measured pre- and post dialysis, at the time of the ECG. Plasma Na+, K+, BUN, creatinine, ionized calcium and phosphate were checked. Twelve-lead electrocardiographs were performed at 10㎜/mv and 50㎜/s using a HewIett-Packard Pagewriter 100, before and after a single hemodialysis session.The QT interval was measured from the onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. If the end of the T wave was not clear in a particular lead then it was excluded from analysis. When U waves were present, the end of the T wave was taken as the nadir between the T and U waves. Each QT interval was corrected for heart rate using Bazett's formula (QTc==QT/√(RR)) (ms). The difference between maximal and minimal QT interval duration was defined as QT dispersion (QTd) in each of the 12 leads. Result: This study demonstrates that QT, QTd, QTcd is higher in hemodialysis patients compared with control subjects, and QT and QTd rise postdialysis to levels comparable to those seen acutely following myocardial infarction, when patients are at greatly increased risk of potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias, Conclusions: QT interval and QT dispersion, markers of risk for arrhythmias and sudden death, are elevated in hemodialysis patients, and rise postdialysis. QT interval and QT dispersion is an easily obtainable, noninvasive, simple, inexpensive, and widely available method of risk stratification in uremic patients receiving chronic dialysis. Additional studies are needed to clarity whether increased postdialysis QT dispersion results in an increased occurrence of arrhythmias.

혈액투석중인 말기신부전 환자에서 Fludrocortisone acetate (FCA) 투여 후 혈청 칼륨 저하 효과

류봉관,강대웅,정지용,윤나라,신병철,박경희,정종훈,김현리 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2005 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.30 No.1

Background: Hyperkalemia is a commonly encountered problem in dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease. In this study we evaluated the effect of mineralocorticoid therapy (fludrocortisono acetate) on serum potassium level in the serum of hyperkalemic end-stage renal disease patients. Methods: Fourteen patients on hemodialysis receiving fludrocortisone acetate (FCA) 0.1 mg/day were observed for 2 months periods. Consecutive monthly biochemical profiles were compared for the druration of the pre-and post-treatment of FCA. Result: Fourteen patients with mean age (±SE) of 51.5 years (4 males and 10 females) and mean hemodialysis period of 51.9 months were studied. Mean serum potassium levels significantly fell (p<0.05) during the post-FCA period (5.2±0.66 mEq/L) compared with potassium levels during the pre-FCA (5.8±0.43 mEq/L) period. Pre-and post-FCA values were not different for sodium, chloride, protein, albumin, AST/ALT, glucose, blood nitrogen, creatinine, phosphate and calcium. Conclusions: FCA appears to decrease serum potassium value in patients with end-stage renal disease. These results suggested that FCA could be effective to treat hyperkalemia without any adverse effect in patients undergoing hemodialysis.