위험평가모형(TrophicTrace®)을 이용한 가상 해양오염퇴적물의 쥐노래미와 인체 영향 예비평가

양동범(Dong Beom Yang),홍기훈(Gi Hoon Hong),김경련(Kyung Ryon Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2011 대한환경공학회지 Vol.33 No.1

본고에서는 현재 시행중인 해양오염퇴적물질 관리용 유해화학물질 정화지수(CIHC)를 대상으로, CIHC은 동일하나 유해물질별 함량이 다른 해저퇴적물들이 같은 생물위험을 보이는가를 판단하려 하였다. 이를 위해 5개의 가상 오염퇴적물을 설정하고, 퇴적물 위험평가를 위한 트로픽트레이스 모형(TrophicTrace(R) model)을 이용하여, 이 가상 퇴적물이 쥐노래미(Hexagrammos otakii)에 대해 미치는 생물위험을 최대무작용량에 기반한 독성지수(NOAEL TQ)와 최소작용량에 기반한 독성지수(LOAEL TQ)로 평가하였다. 쥐노래미에 대한 NOAEL TQ의 합계는 5개 가상 오염퇴적물에서 0.69~1.54의 범위였고, LOAEL TQ의 합계는 0.111~0.261로 약 2배 이상의 차이가 났다. 이는 퇴적물 유해물질 환경기준이 해양저서무척추동물군집에 대한 영향만을 고려하고 사람으로 연결되는 식용의 쥐노래미에 대한 영향을 반영하지 않기 때문으로 사료된다. 인체에 대한 비발암위험지수(HI) 값은 PCB의 경우 9.8~47.1로 매우 위험한 것으로 나타났다. PCB의 발암위험도는 5개 퇴적물에서 39~190×10(-5)으로 높게나타났으며 As의 경우에도 8.1~18.0×10(-5)으로 높게 나타났다. 유해화학물질정화지수가 8로 동일한 5개 가상 오염퇴적물에서 비발암위험지수(HI) 및 발암위험도가 서로 매우 다르게 나타난 것은 각 오염물질별로 인체에 악영향을 미치는 정도가 다르기 때문이다. The sediment removal index derived from the chemical contaminants, CIHC, is currently in use to identify and define the spatial extent of the contaminated sediments in the sea. In order to analyze the sensitivity of the ecological and human risk associated with contaminated sediment, we evaluated five hypothetical contaminated sediments, whose CIHC values are identical but consisted of different contaminant contents, using TrophicTrace(R) model dedicated to evaluate sediment risk, against the resident greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) and humans by calculating No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level based Toxicity Quotient (NOAEL TQ) and Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level based Toxicity Quotient (LOAEL TQ), and cancer risks and hazard indices (HI), respectively, based on the site conceptual model and exposure assumptions of fish ingestion to human receptor populations. NOAEL and LOAEL TQ values varied as much as a factor of 2 among 5 hypothetical sediments. Chemical element specific contribution to the carcinogenic risk and HI varied also greatly in these sediments. The reason for this significant dissimilarity in ecological and human risk stems from the different risk of each contaminant to the resident fish and human receptor. When the conceptual food web model is constructed for the target biological species for a given site, the ecological and human risk analysis considering trophic transfer of contaminants will add a ecosystem based tool for the management of contaminated sediments.

1986년 하계 마산만의 각종 질소화합물분포와 산소소비율에 대한 연구

양동범,YANG, DONG-BEOM The Korean Society of Oceanography 1992 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.27 No.4

Studies on the distribution of nitrogenous compounds, and respiratory oxygen consumption rate were carried out in Masan Bay, Korea where large amount of industrial and domestic wastewaters are discharged. In August 1986 the surface layer was significantly influenced by freshwater input. Below the seasonal pycnocline, an oxygen-deficient condition developed in a large area of Masan Bay. Concentrations of DIN, DON and PN were 735.6, 1261.8 and 48.5 umol/l at the head, and 79.1, 73.0 and 39.5 umol/l at the mouth of the inner Masan Bay, respectively. Phytoplankton carbon production was 2,695 mgC/m$^2$/day at the mouth of inner Masan Bay. Dissolved oxygen contents were lower than 1 ml/l from 3 m depth in inner Masan Bay and from 10 m depth in the outer Masan Bay. The high concentration of ammonium and phosphate in the lower layer suggests the active degradation of organic materials in the bottom waters and leaching from sediments. The ERS activity was 232.1 ul O$_2$/l/h in the surface waters of the innermost part of Masan Bay and respiratory oxygen consumption is likely to proceed at a rate of 442 ml O$_2$/m$^2$/day in the bottom waters of this bay. Nitrate removal rate was estimated to be 0.25 umol/l/day via denitrification in the bottom waters of the Masan Waterway. It is estimated from the ETS activity that, at the mouth of inner Masan Bay, 9.3-10.5% of carbon fixed in the upper layer was decomposed below the themocline.

1983年 7月 鎭海灣의 海洋化學指數의 水質分布에 관하여

양동범,김석현,이광우,Yang, Dong-Beom,Kim, Suk-Hyun,Lee, Kwang Woo 한국해양학회 1984 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.19 No.1

Vertical and horizontal distributions of chemical oceanograthic parameters were measured in Jinhae Bay in July, 1983. On the Masan-Gadeog section, high amounts of dissolved nitrates, ammonia, chlorophylla-a, and particulate carbon and nitrogen were observed in waters with low salinity. In the inner Masan Bay, high concentrations of dissolved ammonia and phosphates were shown. The C/N ratio in the surface waters was higer in the outer bay. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphates in the surface waters seemed to be sufficient for red tides to occur.

Nutrients and Trace Metals in Permanently Well-Mixed Coastal Waters of Korea

흥기훈,양동범,이광우,Hong, Gi Hoon,Yang, Dong Beom,Lee, Kwang Woo The Korean Society of Oceanography 1989 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.23 No.4

Nutrients and trace metals of copper and nickel were investigated in the inner part of Deukryang Bay (southern coast of Korea) during 1980-81. This region is characterized as permanently well-mixed coastal waters. Because of this hydrographic condition, nutrients and trace metals showed interesting features in their seasonal cycles. The concentrations of dissolved nutrients and dissolved trace metals were higher in fall and winter than in spring and summer, while the concentrations of suspended particulates and particulate trace metals were much higher in winter than the rest of the year. Seasonal changes of nutrients suggest that the addition of nutrients via freshwater runoff during the late summer enhanced phytoplankton growth and subsequently caused phytoplankton blooms in winter. Depletion of nitrate seems to terminate phytoplankton bloom in this region, and copper and nickel appeared to be controlled by the in situ primary production.

On the primary productivity in the southern sea of korea

정창수,양동범,CHUNG, CHANG-SOO,YANG, DONG-BEOM The Korean Society of Oceanography 1991 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

Southern sea of Korea was investigated for primary productivity during four scientific cruises of Korea Ocean research and Development Institute. Frontal structure appeared to be an important physical characteristic in enhancing the phytoplankton production in the study area. Relatively high productivity was occurred near the front between Tsushima Warm Current Water and Coastal Waters of China continent in March 1990 and in November 1989, and near the front between Tsushima Warm Current Water and Korean coastal Water in April 1989. In August 1988 high productive zone was limited to the tidal front off the southwestern coast of Korea. Nutrient supply related to the frontal structure might play a dominant role in increasing the primary productivity but mechanisms of nutrient enrichment are not clear. Average column productivity showed its maximum in April 1989 (1727 mgC/m$^2$/day). In the costal Waters of the china Continent incident light may be an important factor in regulating the regulating the phytoplankton production because of low light penetration rate resulting from high turbidity.

2006년도 하계 아산만의 유기인계 농약의 분포 특성

최진영,이성규,양동범,홍기훈,신경훈,Choi, Jin-Young,Lee, Sung-Gyu,Yang, Dong-Beom,Hong, Gi-Hoon,Shin, Kyoung-Hoon 해양환경안전학회 2009 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.15 No.1

2006년 5월부터 9월까지 아산만의 유기인계 농약의 분포특성에 대해 조사하였다, 조사기간 중 표층수와 부유입자 시료에서 28개의 유기인계 농약이 검출되었다. 조사해역의 표층수에서 가장 많이 존재하는 유기인계 농약은 IBP와 DDVP로 각각 N.D.${\sim}$014.4, 3.2${\sim}$696.3 ng/L의 농도로 측정되었다. 유기인계 농약은 아산만에서 7월과 8월에 가장 높은 농도분포를 보였으며, 이는 농약의 사용 및 강수와 관계가 있었다. 조사 해역에서 유기인계 농약은 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 농도가 뚜렷이 감소하여 육상기원 잔류농약이 연안의 해양환경내로 유입된 후 분해 희석됨을 보여주었다. 조사기간 중의 아산만 해역의 유기인계 농약의 분포는 다른 지역에서 조사된 것 보다 높은 농도를 보였다, 검출된 유기인계 농약의 농도는 우리나라 해역의 수질기준 중 유기인계 농약의 잔류 허용치를 넘지 않았다. 분석된 유기인계 농약 중 DDVP, IBP, Diazinon, Phorate, Azinphos ethyl, Chlorfenvinfos는 부유입자에 흡착하는 성질이 다른 농약보다 큰 것으로 나타났고 흡착계수 $(K_d)$는 Log $K_ow$와 밀접한 관계가 있었다. Distribution characteristics of organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) were studied over the period from May to September, 2006 in Asan Bay, Korea. During the study period, 28 kinds of organophosphorous pesticides dissolved in surface water and adsorbed on suspended particle were measured. In the surface water, the dominant OPs were IBP and DDVP, and the concentration were in the ranges from not detected to 2014.4 ng/L for IBP and 3.2 to 696.3 ng/L for DDVP. The highest concentrations of OPs in the surface waters in Asan Bay appeared in July and August showing that seasonal distributions of OPs depend on application time and precipitation. The concentrations of OPs generally decreased with the increase of distance from the mouth of Asan Bay, implying progressive dilution of pesticides in the estuarine system. OPs residue in Asan Bay was relatively higher than in other area of Korea. The concentrations of the observed OPs concentrations did not exceed the seawater quality standard of Korea. DDVP, IBP, Diazinon, Phorate, Azinphos ethyl and Chlorfenvinfos had higher adsorption capacity onto suspended particle than the other OPs. In the study area, adsorption coefficients $(K_d)$ of OPs were closely related to the Log $K_ow$ of each compound.

1993년 4월말 황해 남부 해역의 질소 신생산(新生産)과 재생산(再生産)

양성렬,신경순,양동범,YANG, SUNG RYULL,SHIN, KYOUNG SOON,YANG, DONG-BEOM The Korean Society of Oceanography 1994 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.29 No.3

Nitrogenous new production and regenerated production were measured in the southern part of the Yellow Sea (Hwanghae) using a stable isotope /SUP 15/N nitrate and ammonia between April 25∼30, 1993. Nitrogen production varied between 155 and 688 mg N m/SUP -2/ d/SUP -1/, which belongs to meso to eutrophic area values. This is equivalent to 881∼3909 mg C m/SUP -2/ d/SUP -1/, assuming the Redfield ratio for C:N of 5.7:1 (by weight). the f0ratio which is the fraction of new production from primary production, varied between 0.12 and 0.26, indicating that 74 to 88% of primary production was supported by the regeneration of nutrients within the euphoric zone. This low f0ratio is the characteristics of the oligo- to mesotrophic area. Contrary to the expected, the ambient nutrient concentration was not an important factor for controlling productivity in this area during the study period. The difference in productivity among stations was mainly due to the variations in phytoplankton biomass in different water masses.

Distribution characteristics of organophosphorous pesticides in Asan Bay, Korea

최진영(Jin Young Choi),양동범(Dong Beom Yang),주효정(Hyo Jung Ju),김경태(Kyung Tae Kim),홍기훈(Gi Hoon Hong),신경훈(Kyoung Hoon Shin) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2006 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.9 No.3

해양오염의 진단을 위한 생화학적 오염지표에 관한 연구 V. 황해산 도다리 (Pleuronichthys cornutus)의 산소라디칼 및 제거효소의 변화

최진호,김동우,박청길,양동범,CHOI Jin-Ho,KIM Dong-Woo,PARK Chung-Kil,YANG Dong Beom 한국수산과학회 1997 한국수산과학회지 Vol.30 No.4

해양오염의 진단을 위한 생화학적 오염지표 설정의 기초연구의 일환으로서, 오염이 심각한 서해 (또는 황해)산 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)에 이어 서해산 도다리 (Pleuronichthys cornutus)의 혈액 및 뇌중의 활성산소종 및 그들의 제거효소의 활성을 동해안의 포항의 자연산 도다리를 대조군으로 하여 분석 평가하였다. 이들 넙치의 혈청중의 단백질의 함량은 해역이나 서식환경에 따라 뚜렷한 차이를 발견할 수 없었지만, 서해안 자연산 도다리의 뇌 및 근육중의 단백질의 함량은 동해안의 포항산 도다리 대비 뇌는 $15\~45\%$, 근육은 $35\~45\%$나 현저히 감소되고 있었다. 서해안의 자연산 도다리의 혈청중의 과산화지질 (MDA)의 함량은 포항의 자연산 도다리의 대조군 대비 $30\~70\%$나 현저히 높았다. 서해안의 자연산 도다리의 혈청중의 히드록시 라디칼의 생성이 동해안 포항의 자연산 도다리의 혈청중의 히드록시 라디칼의 생성 대비 $15\~90\%$ 정도나 유의적으로 높았다. 서해안의 자연산 도다리의 혈청중의 SOD의 활성은 동해안 포항의 자연산 도다리의 혈청중의 SOD의 활성 대비 $20\~40\%$나 SOD의 활성이 유의적으로 낮았을뿐만 아니라 서해안의 자연산 도다리의 뇌중의 GSHPx의 활성도 동해안 포항의 자연산 도다리의 뇌중의 GSHPx의 활성 $10\~60\%$정도나 유의적으로 낮았다. 이러한 사실도 도다리의 SOD의 활성과 마찬가지로 해양오염에 의해 활성산소의 제거효소로서 생체의 방어효소가 그 만큼 활성이 저하되고 있다는 사실을 입증하고 있다. 이상의 실험결과에서 볼 때 뇌나 근육중의 단백질 함량의 감소, 혈청중의 SOD 및 뇌중의 GSHPx 활성의 저하, 그리고 혈청중의 과산화지질의 함량이 서해안의 도다리가 동해안의 대조군 대비 유의적인 변화를 나타낸다는 사실은 생화학적 오염지표로서의 가능성을 검토할 가치가 있다고 판단된다. This study was designed to investigate the biochemical pollutant marker for diagnosis of marine pollutions by changes in oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes of the flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus) in the Yellow Sea of Korea Protein contents in brain and muscle of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were remarkably lower $(15\~45\%,\;and\;35\~45\%,\;respectively)$ than those of wild flounder in Pohang (control) of the East Sea. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in serum of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were Significantly higher $(30\~70\%)$ than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Hydroxyl radical formations in serum of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were significantly high $(15\~90\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in serum of wild flounders in the yellow Sea were significantly lower $(20\~40\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang, and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities in brain of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were also significanlty lower $(10\~60\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang. These results suggest that significantly decreases of protein contents in brain and muscle, remarkable in creases of malondialdehyde (LPD) in serum and decreases of SOD and GSHPx activities in serum and brain of wild flounders of the Yellow Sea may be used as a biochemical pollutant markers for diagnosis of marine pollutions.

부산 연근해의 해양오염퇴적물과 식용 어류 체내의 PCBs와 유기염소계 농약의 분포 및 잠재적인 인체 위해성평가

최진영(Jin Young Choi),양동범(Dong Beom Yang),홍기훈(Gi Hoon Hong),김석현(Suk Hyun Kim),정창수(Chang Soo Chung),김경련(Kyoung Rean Kim),조경덕(Kyung Duk Cho) 大韓環境工學會 2012 대한환경공학회지 Vol.34 No.12

용호부두 인근의 해저퇴적물과 4종의 식용어류인 넙치, 우럭, 쥐치, 밑달갱이체내의 폴리염화비페닐(polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs)및 유기염소계 농약(organochlorine pesticides or OCPs)의 오염수준과 공간적 분포현황을 규명하였고, 이를 토대로 지역주민의 어류섭취에 따른 PCBs 및 OCPs의 인체 노출을 파악하여 이로 인한 인체 건강에 미치는 위해성평가를 수행 하였다. 용호부두 인근해역의 퇴적물에 존재하는 42종의 ΣPCBs의 농도는 3.22∼197.65ng/g dw였다. ΣDDTs의 농도는1.77∼20.27ng/g dw이었다. 그리고 HCHs, endosulfan sulfate 등이 각각 1.42∼6.08, 0.56∼13.89ng/g dw수준이었다. 용호부두 인근해역의 퇴적물의 유기염소계 화합물함량의 미국 해양대기청(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)의 기준 중 악영향 기대수준인 PEL과 비교결과 0.1 ≤ mPELQ ≤ 0.5로 중간 정도의 오염도에 해당한다. 용호부두 인근해역에서 채취된 넙치, 우럭, 쥐치, 밑달갱이 근육 조직내의 PCBs의 평균함량은 67.37, 10.20, 48.26, 22.81ng/g lw이었다. 모든 어류시료에서 ΣDDTs와 ΣHCHs의 농도범위는 각각 4.53∼82.10, 2.94∼22.98ng/g이었으며, 다른 OCPs들도 모든 시료에서 미량으로 검출되었다. 용호 부두 해역에서 채취된 넙치, 우럭, 쥐치, 밑달갱이의 섭취로 인한 PCBs 및 OCPs오염도에 대한 정량적인 발암 및 비발암 위해도는 US EPA 기준으로 보면 단기 및 장기적 인체 위해도 모두 무시할 만한 것으로 판단된다. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contents in marine sediment and edible fish (4 species) from the estuary near the Yongho wharf in Busan were determined to assess their presence and their potential health risk to the local population through fish consumption was also assessed. Levels of ΣPCBs and ΣDDTs in marine sediment were 3.22∼197.65 and 1.77∼20.27ng/g dw, respectively. HCHs and endosulfan sulfate concentrations in bottom sediment were 1.42∼6.08, 0.56∼13.89ng/g dw, respectively. The bottom sediment in the offshore of the Yongho wharf may be characterized as semi-polluted status with potential adverse marine biological effects in terms of sediment quality guidelines of US NOAA. The mean concentrations of ΣPCBs in the tissues of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), file fish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer) and abbysal searobin (Lepidotrigla abyssalis) were 67.37, 10.20, 48.26, 22.81ng/g lw, respectively. DDTs and HCHs were also detected in all fish samples. Lifetime cancer risk and target hazard quotient to local residents due to those fish consumption were found to pose negligible cancer and non-cancer risk.