國樂 音階의 考察

張昌煥 서울 敎育大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

연안구조물 기술 동향 - 소파블록을 중심으로

장창환,고철승,Jang, Chang-Hwan,Go, Cheol-Seung 한국수자원학회 2018 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.51 No.8

쇄파와 흐름장에 의한 와동점성계수의 변화

장창환,강인철 국민대학교 2002 北岳論叢 Vol.19 No.-

The effect of wave breaking and current on eddy viscosity was described by using a 1DV numerical model with one-equation turbulence closure. The turbulent kinetic energy generated from the wave breaking was supplied at the water surface, and was diffused down into the whole water column. While the breaking-induced turbulence are diffused in the water column, the vertical diffusion coefficient was modified by the additional turbulent kinetic energy. The model was applied to six wave flow cases and two wave and current flow cases to assess the effect of the wave breaking and the current. The eddy viscosity or vertical diffusion coefficient was obtained from a simple relationship between the eddy viscosity and the mixing length and the turbulent kinetic energy. The model results on the horizontal velocity profile, the turbulent kinetic energy profile, and the diffusion coefficient profile were compared with laboratory measurements, and showed reasonable agreement. The diffusion coefficient was significantly enhanced by about 40000 % at the middle of wave boundary layer due to wave-breaking for CASE 1, while it was enhanced by about 200 % due to a current for CASE 1-2.

베타 아밀로이드 형성에 관여하는 효소와 그를 응용한 알츠하이머병 치료법 개발 동향

장창환,정민환,묵인희 한국뇌학회 2001 한국뇌학회지 Vol.1 No.1

알츠하이머병(Alzheimer's disease: AD)은 퇴행성 신경질환으로서 80세 이상 노인의 50% 정도가 고통을 받고 있는 병이다. 그 증상으로는 기억력 및 인지기능의 상실이 서서히 진행되어 나타나며 아직 정확한 병인이나 치료법은 알려지지 않고 있는 실정이다. AD의 병리학적 특징으로는 노인반점(senile plaques), 신경섬유덩어리(neurofibrilary tangles), 그리고 신경세포의 손실(neuronal loss)을 대표적으로 들 수 있다 하겠다. 노인반점의 대부분을 차지하고 있는 응집된 베타아밀로이드 단백질은 여러 가지 실험적 증거들에 의하여 AD의 주요 병인으로 생각되어지고 있다. AD는 크게 젊은 나이에 발병하는 유전성 AD(familial AD)와 원인을 알 수 없는 산발성 AD(sporadic AD)로 나눌 수 있다. 유전성 AD의 경우는 presenilin 1(PS1), presenilin 2(PS2) 혹은 아밀로이드 전구단백질(amyloid precursor protein, APP) 유전인자에 돌연변이가 일어났을 경우 100% AD로 발병하게 된다. 산발성 AD의 경우는 아포지단백질 E(apolipoprotein E)나 α-2 macroglobulin에 돌연변이가 일어났을 때 AD로 진전할 확률이 높아지는 위험인자는 밝혀져 있으나 발병의 정확한 원인은 알려진 것이 없다. 특이한 사항은 산발성이나 유전성 AD 모두 베타아밀로이드 단백질의 과다 침착이 공통적으로 일어난다는 것으로 베타아밀로이드의 AD의 병인으로서의 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 베타아밀로이드가 형성되어지는 대사경로를 설명하고 그 중 베타아밀로이드 생성에 관여하는 β-, γ-secretases에 관하여 최근의 연구결과들을 중점적으로 설명할 것이다. 또한 베타아밀로이드의 생성을 저해하는 α-secretase의 후보물질들에 관한 설명과 이러한 secretases들의 조절 및 이를 이용한 치매치료법에 관한 최근 동향을 설명하고자 한다. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common senile dementia in elderly population. It is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Almost 50% of over 80 years old individuals suffer the problems with AD. Memory deficit which is resulted from degenerated neurons followed by synaptic loss is the major symptom of AD. The pathological hallmarks of AD are (1) extracellular deposit of senile plaques, (2) intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and (3) severe neuronal loss in the brain. Senile plaques consist of a central core of insoluble fibrillary amyloid β-protein (Aβ) surrounded by a halo of dystrophic neurites. Most of AD is sporadic form and less than 10% in AD is familial form. The mutations on the gene of amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) have been found on early-onset familial AD (FAD). Apolipoprotein E is known as a risk factor on late-onset sporadic AD (SAD). Since high level of Aβ deposit is appeared in the patient brains of both FAD and SAD, it is considered that Aβ might be the major cause of AD. Because Aβ is generated from a larger precursor protein, designated APP, understanding APP processing is important. APP is processed through at least two different pathways. The α-secretory pathway involves α- and γ-secretases, generating two secreted protein fragments, sAPP αand p3. Alternatively, the secreted fragments sAPPβ and Aβ are generated out of the β-secretory pathway by the actions of β- and γ-secretases. In this review, mechanism of A βgeneration is discussed with focus on three secretases such as α-, β- and γ-secretases. Also, possible therapeutic approaches is discussed based on the information about basic research results of secretases.

소아 만성B형간염 환아에 대한 Interferon-alfa의 용량 차이 및 재치료에 따른 치료 효과 비교

장창환 대한소아소화기영양학회 2003 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.6 No.2

교육대학교 음악교육과 기악실기지도의 개선방안 연구

장창환 한국음악교육학회 1993 음악교육연구 Vol.12 No.-

한 . 일 양국의 전통예술의 전승과 음악 . 미술교육

장창환,박철준,류덕희,이홍수,이미화,십홍(□弘),궁목영행(宮木英幸),수야신남(水野信男),령목실(鈴木實),앵정농정(櫻井農正) 한국음악교육학회 1990 음악교육연구 Vol.9 No.-

A great number of educators in the world believe that they should lead future generations to understand their native cultural heritage which has developed throughout a history of their nation and to see the cultures in cosmopolitan perspective, respecting ones from the other countries. The purpose of this project was to examine the problems regarding to the traditional music and fine arts which commonly exist in two countries, Korea and Japan, and then to find the way appropriate to solve the problems through music and fine arts education. Ten participators, music and fine arts educators from Korea and Japan, reviwed related literature, discussed, and investigated(answeres: 144Korean teachers and 105 Japaneses)to identify: (1) are there any differences between educators` opinions on the traditional arts education in their own country? (2) how have been their traditional arts and culture transmitted from generation to generation? (3) What do educators think of current musical contents, curricular, textbooks, and teaching techniques concerning with traditional arts education? The main conclusions from the investigation are as follows: first, music and fine arts educators from Korea and Japan commonly recognize the significance of transmitting their traditional music, fine arts, and play, particularly in a time of rapid change. However, there are somewhat differences between their approachs. While Korean theachers strongly define that traditional arts should be tought, Japanese teachers expect the playing and interesting-centered spontaneous approach to local materials. Second, in both countries, educators and local governers currently take the tasks of transmitting traditional arts and cultrue, because the connection between generations became gradually thin. The educators hope, however, that craftsmen from each local should take those tasks. Third, educators in two countries estimate themselves that in general, school teachers lack of performing skills of traditional musical instruments and lack of ability for teaching appreciation of works. They want to have a broad perspective in order to explain the meanings of works of their traditional music. But, interestingly there are a few differences between teachers` opinions in two countries on the teaching ability of traditional fine art appreciation. While thirtysix percent of Korean answerers hope that they can systematically explain works of their traditional fine arts and crafts, fifteen percent of Japaneses answerers want to explain cultural assets of their region, seventeen percent of Korean answeres expect to do it. Ten participators of this project agreed to the conclusion that although a few differences between opinions on definitions and educators` role for traditional arts and crafts exist among educators in two countries, their educational practice has something common in many aspects and needs simillar studies in a more detail manner.

국민학교 음악과 신구(新舊) 교육과정의 비교분석

張昌煥 서울 敎育大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

In this analysis, comparison in made between new and old curriculum of the primary school music especially with a view to establish new curriculum under which the teaching method should well reflect the basic idea of the People's Educational Charter the main objective of the reorganization of music curriculum in the study of new music and teaching grneral object, grade object, singing, instrument, composition and appreciation in education. Besides, this analysis seek all the difference between two curriculums with respect to items whether or not the fundamental studies are appropriately organized to give best selected and systematic knowledge to the students to its maximum efficiency. In the subject of general object and grade object we could see that all the problems related with the Idea of the People's Edcational Charter are thoroughly delt with. In education of singing, emphasis are placed on fundamental subjects with well composed systemate knowledge. Also, based on Idea of the People's Educational Charter, national subjectivity and succession of traditional music, national music, national subjctivity and succession of traditional music as well as harmonious reformation are stressed in education of instrument and appreciation while development of keen insight and inventive ability rather than more memorizing melodies, themes and music formality are pursued. Lastly, in order to successfully achieve our above goods, it gives numerous problems; firstly, how educational contents and selection scope(?) are made in view of that their exist remarkable differences among the schools and students throughout the country, secondly, is there possibilityto accomplish new music studies under the present old school systems, present teachers capability, and music facilities. And how can the subjects of taditional music study be suitably selected in light of its high esteem for the harmonious reformation from the traditional stage to modern one. The above problems remain to be as our further subjects of study.

국민학교 어린이들이 애창하는 동요 및 일반 노래의 분석 연구

장창환 한국음악교육학회 1973 음악교육연구 Vol.1 No.-

A. The Purpose of the Study: Through the necessary musical experience in daily life, we want to make the purpose of music education as the performing the gentle emotion and perfect personality, and in the other hand, editing the curriculum of the primary school music subject. The children in recent days, leaving the standard school music (Children Songs), would like to enjoy the popular songs or CM songs through Television or Radio and we should make some confirm plan for improving such mis-lead musical tendency for the good education of the primary school children. To make the standard curriculum of the music subject, we should make some policy to prevent the children from the harm of Television or Radio, and also we should edit good songs for the children. B. The Problem of the Study: 1. The tendency for the population of Children Songs and general and popular songs should be classified into some type of favorite. 2. To inspect the tendency of appreciation for music in the children who receives private music teaching (or lesson), and in the children who don`t take such special lessons. 3. To inspect the popularity for the children songs and other regular songs which was taught at school. 4. To inspect the popularity according to the taste with 50 songs each in children songs and general and popular songs. C. The Objects and Method of the Study: 1. To make broad examine on the musical tendency of our country, I took the High standard-level primary school in Seoul-(A), and middle-level primary school-(B), and a low-level primary school in countryside-(C), as the standard sample of this study, and each school selected some boys and girls, totally 1,460 boys and girls were examined as samples of this study. 2. Using the questionnaires, have selected most popular songs of 15, that were chosen by the children under free selection, and also I checked the taste of musical appreciation of the children and the circumstances of their living level. 3. With the collected samples, I classified the popularity, and the number of melody, using the percentage in accordance with the condition of life, difference of grade of the children. D. Findings and Conclusions: 1. The number of children songs which is favorite for the children is approximately 1/5 of the general and popular songs, and the frequency of children songs is 2/5 of the general and popular songs. Concerning to the circumstances of the children, in sample A, the number of the children who likes general and popular songs than children songs has shown 2/3 of the whole, but in sample C, most children liked the children songs than general and popular songs. 2. The classification of the children songs are spread to the whole music text-books of the primary school. And the general and popular songs, wore consisted of popular songs, CM songs and National songs, in turn. 3. The tendency of taste of music appreciation among the children are almost same degree in samples A, B, and C, and especially the children who receive the special teachings shown more good taste in music appreciation. 4. The places where the children learnt the children songs were school class-room, but the high-level school children songs were school class-room, but the high-level school children has shown the strong affection of the music, and they said it was at their home to have the good taste of music appreciation, due to the Television and Radio at their homes. 5. The person who taught the children songs was mostly school teachers, and the next, their sisters and brothers at home had taught them songs, As for the popularity of general and popular songs in A and B school, they said they could learn the songs through Television or Radio, but in C school, the children said they learn the songs from their teachers. 6. The place where the children sing songs is at home alone shown most frequently, and the next was at school recreation hour , and the tendency of general songs appreciation is incr

退溪 哲學에서 理發의 本體論的 含意

장창환 한국공자학회 2011 孔子學 Vol.20 No.-

Many researchers refuse to admit the Li issues of the Toigye, while they are admitting that there are the great meaning. Things generally indicate the meaning of the Li issues are that Toigye secured an absolute superiority of the ultimate moral law about the greed by ethical summons, while he was renouncing the theoretical consistency, he was affirmative about the autonomy and the spontaneity of morality, and required the transcendent presence for becoming a sage. Furthermore, even a few researchers, who are affirmative about the Li issues restrict the meaning to the problem of the moral practice. Whether affirmative or denial to the Li issues, it is difficult to understand that appraises of the Li issues are all alike. The writer concludes that the reason the researchers indicate the meaning similar while they have different opinions about the Li issues is that they research the meaning of the Li issues only in the area of the theory of human nature and the of cultivation. Thus, it will be difficult to determine the meaning of Li issues properly by the approach. In order to explain the meaning of the Li issues, the writer start to research from determining the characteristics that the confucian ontology should have. the Zhu Xi’s neoconfucianism establish the theory of human nature and the theory of cultivation on the foundation of the ontology. Thus, without clarifying the ontology, it is hard to explain the separation matter between the moral and the normal emotions. The writer introduces the view of the tĭ yòng èr(體用不二) of the xióng shí lì(熊十力) to explain the problem and the characteristic of the confucian ontology. According to him, the ontology of confucianism is the concept that combines the jí tĭ jí yòng(卽體卽用) for approving the real world itself with jí yòng jí tĭ(卽用卽體) for approving the effort of independent human being Two propositions, that human nature is the Ultimate Law(性卽理) and that the Ultimate Law is granted to all being(理一分殊), are revealed in Zhu Xi’s neoconfucianism. However, there are internal contradictions in these two propositions. The writer concludes that resolving internal contradictions of Zhu Xi’s neoconfucian ontology is the ultimate meaning of the Li issues in the Toigye. 다수의 연구자들은 退溪의 理發說을 인정하지 않으면서도 거기에는 중대한 意義가 있다고 인정한다. 일반적으로 理發說의 意義로 지목되는 것들은 대략 이러한 것들이다. 退溪는 이론상의 정합성을 포기하고서 윤리적 소명으로 人慾에 대한 天理의 절대적 우위를 확보하려 했다거나 도덕성의 자율성 및 자발성을 긍정하려 했다거나 聖人이 되기 위하여서는 초월적 존재가 요청된다고 한 것들이다. 뿐만 아니라 理發說을 긍정하는 소수의 연구자들조차 그 意義를 늘 도덕실천의 문제로 제한시키고 있다. 이를 보자면 理發을 긍정하거나 부정하거나 간에 理發에 대한 평가가 유사한 점은 역시 납득하기 어렵다. 논자는 理發에 대한 입장 차이에도 불구하고 연구자들이 그 意義를 유사하게 지목하는 까닭은 理發의 의미를 심성론 및 공부론의 범위에서만 탐색했기 때문이라 판단한다. 그래서 이러한 접근으로는 理發의 의미를 제대로 밝혀내기 어렵다고 본다. 理發의 意義를 해명하기 위해서 논자는 儒學的 本體論이 가져야할 특성을 밝히는 것으로부터 연구를 시작하려 한다. 宋代 理學家들의 지상과제는 道佛을 상대할 本體論을 건립하는 것이었다. 그 일차적인 집대성이 바로 性理學이다. 이 性理學의 本體論의 기초 위에 心性論 및 工夫論이 성립된다. 따라서 本體論의 해명 없이는 四端七情의 분립 문제를 제대로 해명하기 어렵다. 논자는 儒學 本體論의 과제와 그 특성을 해명하기 위하여 熊十力의 體用不二의 관점을 도입하였다. 그에 의하면 儒學의 本體論은 세계를 현실 그대로 긍정하기 위한 卽體卽用의 논리와 인간의 주체적인 노력을 긍정하기 위한 卽用卽體의 논리가 결합된 것이다. 性理學에서는 性卽理 및 理一分殊의 두 명제로 드러난다. 그런데 이 두 논리에는 내재적 모순이 있다. 논자는 退溪哲學에서 理發이 갖는 최대의 意義가 性理學 本體論이 가진 내재적 모순을 해결하는데 있다고 판단한다.