百濟 遷都 地名 ‘枳慕蜜地’와 俗地名 ‘모질매’

박종희 원광대학교 마한백제문화연구소 2018 馬韓, 百濟文化 Vol.32 No.-

‘枳慕蜜地’에서의 ‘枳(~支~只)’는 [*ki]~[*kʌ]~[*ko]의 변이 관계를 나타내고, ‘慕(~牟~馬)’는 [*mo]~[*ma]~[*mʌ]의 변이 관계를 나타내므로 ‘枳慕~支牟~只馬~古馬’ 등은 이표기임을 알 수 있다. 그런데 다음 기록은 ‘馬’를 ‘古馬’와 대응시키고 있다. 馬邑縣 本百濟古馬彌知縣 景德王改名 今遂寧縣(삼국사기 권36 잡지5 지리3). 위의 ‘馬’는 訓을 차용한 것이고, ‘古馬’는 音을 차용한 것이다. ‘馬邑’은 ‘大邑, 雄邑’을 의미하므로 ‘古馬’의 의미는 ‘大, 雄’과 같게 된다. 이로 미루어 ‘古馬~只馬~枳慕~支牟’ 등의 의미도 ‘大, 雄’으로 추론할 수 있다. 또한 중국측 사서에는 ‘固麻’를 ‘格們’의 전음으로 본다. ‘격문(格們)’이란 ‘도회지(대도시, 대처)’ 또는 ‘서울’ 즉 수도(首都)를 가리키는 것으로 ‘固麻’를 비롯해서 ‘枳慕~支牟~只馬~古馬’ 등은 ‘大’의 의미를 갖는다. ‘枳慕蜜地’의 후행 요소 ‘蜜(密)地’는 [*mʌlj-ti]로 재구할 수 있다. 이때 [lj]가 모음화하면 [*mʌj-ti]가 되므로 ‘蜜地’는 ‘彌知[*mʌj-ti]’와 동음성을 보인다. 이것은 고대국어 한자음에서 ‘未, 米, 彌’ 등의 한자음이 중세국어와 같은 [mi/미]가 아니라 [mʌj/ᄆᆡ], [mɨj/믜], [məj/메], [maj/매] 등에 가까운 音(김무림 2015: 116-8)이었다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. 또한 ‘知, 地, 遲, 至’의 고대국어 한자음은 모두 [ti/디]로 재구할 수 있다. [l/ㄹ]이 지닌 [+continuantclassic] 자질이 후행 모음의 자질과 이화를 일으키면 [t/ㄷ]으로 변해 ‘彌里[*mʌj-li/ᄆᆡ리]’는 ‘彌知[*mʌj-ti/ᄆᆡ디]’로 변하게 된다. 그리하여 ‘蜜(密)地~彌知~彌里~彌離’ 등은 이음동의어 관계를 이룬다. 아울러 현대국어의 潮水名에서 ‘한매-한물, 두매-두물, 세매-세물’(도수희 2005: 176) 등과 같이 북방인 어청도에서는 ‘-매’이고, 남방인 흑산도에서는 ‘-물’인 점도 ‘買, 未, 米, 彌’와 ‘勿, 蜜(密)’의 고대 음가 및 관련성을 보여주는 실례가 된다. 馬邑縣 本百濟古馬彌知縣에서 ‘彌知’가 ‘邑’으로 개칭되었음을 알 수 있다. 즉, ‘邑 = 彌知~蜜(密)地~彌里~彌離~密’이 된다. ‘彌里 鄕之小者’(遼史 卷116)라 한 것을 보면, ‘枳慕蜜地’의 일반적인 의미는 ‘大邑, 雄邑’이 된다. 시대에 따라 聚落의 규모가 커지거나 작아져 의미가 확장되면 首都, 城, 村(일어 mura), 要塞 등의 의미도 가지게 되었을 것이다. ‘枳慕蜜’과 속지명 ‘모질매’의 음운론적 관련성은 첫째, 어두 음절에서의 도치 현상을 들 수 있다. 왜냐하면 고지명 표기에서의 도치(臨津縣 本高句麗津臨城 景德王改名 今因之(三國史記 地理 二) 현상은 흔히 볼 수 있기 때문이다(도수희 1975: 61). 두 번째는 ‘-蜜(密)’과 ‘-매’의 음운론적 관련성이다. ‘-蜜(密)’의 고대 한자음은 [*mʌlj]([*ᄆᆞᆯ])~[*mʌj]([*ᄆᆡ])로 재구되며, 그 의미는 ‘邑’으로 추정되었다. 따라서 ‘枳慕+蜜/慕枳+蜜’의 구성을 이루어 ‘大+邑’의 의미를 갖는다. 세 번째는 k-구개음화와 관련된 것이다. 전설 고모음 앞의 연구개 파열음이 동일 환경의 경구개-치경 파찰음과 음향적으로 유사해서 청자들이 쉽게 혼동한다는 사실(Guion 1998)은 밝혀진 바 있다. 연구개음의 구개음화는 단일한 음 변화에 있어서 조음적 요인 및 음향적·인지적 요인이 모두 중요하다는 사실을 보여 준다(박종희‧권병로 2011). [ʧ]와 비슷한 스펙트럼 정점의 진동수를 가지는 전설 고모음 앞의 [k]는 인지적으로 [ʧ]와 ... ‘枳慕密地’ was the well known place name where the King Mu of Paek Je Dynasty had trnsferred the Capital from PuYeo. In this paper I would like to investigate the phonetic value of the several Chinese characters in the Old Korean relating with this place name. In general ‘枳(~只~支)’ represented the variants which had the phonetic value of [*ki~*kʌ~*ko] and 慕(~牟~馬) represented the variants which had the phonetic value of [*mo~*ma~*mʌ]. Therefore I would presume that ‘枳慕~支牟~只馬~古馬’ etc. had been used as a different transcriptions at the old times. Among these, ‘古馬彌知’ was correspondent with ‘馬邑’ in the place name reformed by the King Kyung Deok at the time of Unified Sylla Dynasty. In this case ‘馬’ represented the meaning of ‘big’ or ‘large’ which modified the following noun ‘邑’(town, city) and so ‘馬邑’ was intended to record for the meaning of a ‘big town’. According to this analysis I would like to interprete that ‘古馬彌知’ was used to represent ‘a big town/city’ or ‘a large community’. In the Chinese records ‘固麻’ was correspondent with Old Korean ‘古馬’ and then it referred to ‘格們’ in the Manchuria historical records. At the Keum Dynasty, ‘格們’ meaned to ‘a big town’. So I should ascertain that they all had the same meaning of ‘big’ or ‘large’. ‘密’ could be reconstructured as the [*mʌlj/*mɨlj/*ᄆᆞᆯ/*믈] which was the same as the phonetic value of ‘彌, 未, 米’ etc. Because [*mʌlj/ᄆᆞᆯ] had experienced a vocalization to [*mʌj/ᄆᆡ] and then it became to [mæ/매] by the monothongization. Vowel harmony variants [*mɨlj/믈] was changed to [*mɨ] by [j] deletion or [*mi] by [ɨ] deletion. ‘地, 知, 遲, 至’ etc. could be also reconstructured as [*ti/디] which was historically changed to [ci/지] by the palatalization in Modern Korean. The feature [+continuantclassic] of the [l/ㄹ] would be dissimilated with the following vowel feature [+continuant] and then [l/ㄹ] should become to [t/ㄷ] having a feature [+continuant]. Therefore ‘密地~彌知~彌里~彌離’ etc. could be composed of synonyms. These variants like [mʌj~mɨj~mɨ~mʌ~mi] and [mæ] were respectively distributed according to their regional and social situation. For example the name of tides was divided into two group depending on the location of South and North. In the South ‘한물, 두물, 세물, …’ were widely used on the other hand ‘한매, 두매, 세매, …’ were used in the North. The different forms of ‘물’ and ‘매’ were used at present. The ‘물’ was originated from the ‘密’ and ‘勿’ which had the same phonetic value as that of ‘水/water’. On the other hand the ‘매’ was originated from ‘彌, 未, 米, 買’ which had the same phonetic value [*mʌj]. These synonymous ‘密地, 彌知, 彌里, 彌離’ etc. had the same meaning as a ‘邑, 城, 村, 首都, 聚落’. The frequency of a velar and a palatal-alveolar was more similar before a front vowels other than back vowels. Moreover in the casual speech style the frequency of a [k] and [c] was appeared more similar before a front high vowel other than non-front high vowels. The acoustic similarities of [k] and [c] would be showed up their perceptive similarity. Consquently a hearer seemed to confuse [t] with [c] easily before a front high vowels. ‘枳慕[*kimo/기모]’ was frequently confused with the [*cimo] and would become to [*moci] by the syllable inversion of [*cimo] in Old Korean. The result of syllables movement still survive within the modern place name ‘모질매’ where the site of the Paek-Je Royal Palace was located at Ik-San.

知母 成分의 硏究 : 지모 성분의 연구

박종희 부산대학교 1978 論文集: 自然科學篇 Vol.26 No.-

2D 콘텐츠를 활용한 2.5D 디지로그 북 저작 도구

박종희,우운택 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2009 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 논문지 Vol.5 No.4

본 논문에서는 2D 콘텐츠를 활용한 2.5D 디지로그 북 저작 도구를 제안한다. 제안하는 저작 도구는 사용자가 2D 콘텐츠를 활용해 시각적으로 실감있는 디지로그 북을 저작하는 도구를 제공하는 것이 목표이다. 제안하는 저작도구는 소실점 기반 2D 모델링을 통해 상대적 깊이 정보를 획득하여 인쇄된 콘텐츠에 가상 콘텐츠를 자연스럽게 증강하고, 2.5D 애니메이션 저작이 가능하다. 저작 결과는 XML로 저장이 되며 이는 디지로그 북 뷰어에서 확인 가능하다. 제안한 저작 도구는 교육, 산업 등 여러 분야에서 응용될 것으로 기대된다.

국어의 비모음화(非母音化) 현상에 대하여

박종희 국어학회 1985 국어학 Vol.14 No.-

우리나라 輸出中小企業의 成長要因分析 : 衣類製造業體를 中心으로

朴琮熙 연세대학교 산업경영연구소 1981 산업과경영 Vol.5 No.1

일부 간호사들의 스트레스와 직무만족도 연구

박종희,이성수,이병국 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.1

There are high chances of getting stress among nurses compared to other occupation because nurses provided with not only nursing service toward patient but also teamwork between different, professional other type of occupation and large amount of work administratively. The purpose of this study is to examine job satisfaction and a degree of stress of clinical nurses to identify the main source of stress and analyse it in order to prevent, decrease, and draw up plan for better way of coping with stress. The subject were 304 nurses who were working in a university hospital in Cheon-An city and data was collected from April 10 to April 30, 2004 using the degree of job satisfaction, which was developed by Slavitt (1978) and corrected by Jung-hee Kim (1996). To measure the degree of stress, Psychosocial Well-being Index (PWI) was used. The statistical analysis, such as frequency, mean, percentage, t-test, Chi-square test, multiple regression, Pearson's correlation, was performed. The results collected were as follows; The age of nurses were distributed diversely 21-43 years, among them was mainly 24-27 years (32.5%). The most nurses have over 1-5 years clinical career (40.8%), and unmarried (68.4%). In case of position of work, acting marked the highest score (35.5%). The most nurses do night shift (74.3%), and shift work (83.9%). About eating breakfast, eat occasionally got the highest score. About the duration of sleep, take 7-8 hours a day marked the highest score. In case of no hobby marked 66.1 %. In case of accommodation, live with family marked the same score as live with friend (43.8%) and overtime work, less then one hour marked the highest score. The degree of job satisfaction of nurse, the professional status (2.42±0.43) was the highest among the factors of job satisfaction and then Interaction (2.26±0.4), autonomy (2.22±0.42), the relationship between nurse and doctor (1.89±0.52), the demand of organization (1.64±0.36), pay (1.54+0.45), and the demand of work (1.4±0.46) were followed. The mean of job satisfaction was 1.90±0.27. The degree of stress of nurse was normal(PWI ≤ 22 scores) 9 persons, low stress level (PWI = 22-62 scores) 219 persons, high stress level (PWI ≥ 63 scores) 76 persons. The mean stress level was 52.50± 16.67. In order to identify the factors that have influence on stress, multiple regression analysis was used. The most influential predictors of the stress scores was interaction (19.8%) among the degree of job satisfaction, and then the statue of profession (7.7%), the demand of work (5.6%), hobby (1.6%), autonomy (1.5%), age (1.4%), position (1.3%), body mass index (0.8%) were followed. Total determinant of coefficients of these 8 independent variables for the stress was 40.9%. This study shows that the job satisfaction was the most influential factor for predicting stress of clinical nurses.

白內障 手術時 血壓變動

김지한,김광희,송백란,박종희 순천향대학교 1981 논문집 Vol.4 No.3

The cataract Surgery is most common among the major eye operations and near almost has been performed under local anesthesia. We has teen considered that emotional condition of patient during operation and the B. P. is variab1e according to emotional condition. So, in order to evaluate the relationship of B.P. change during op. and complication ofcataract surgery. we began this survey. From Dec. 1979 to Dec. 1980, we had collected the 70 cases that were performed lensextraction under the local anesthesia (retrobulbar injection & akinesia with 2% lidocaine) at our dept. The 70 cases were observed in the respect of B.P. change before, during and after operation. 1. Of the 70 cases, 21 cased (30%) were resulted in increased B.P. 2. There are 4 cases (6%) that were increased B.P. over 20mmHg. 3. There was no complication due to increased B.P.

Kazan' 學派의 音韻分析論

朴鍾熙 圓光大學校 1978 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

In this paper, I discuss the phonologica analysis with Baudouin de Courtenay and Kruszewski especially as the central figures of Kazan' School. In phonetics, Baudouin's most outsatnding contrubution to the development of modern theories is the introduction of an abstract sound-unit. He distinguishes three subsections in phonetics : 1) acoustic phonetics. 2) physiological phonetics. 3) psychophonetics. This lastsection is to the carefully distinguised form acoustic and physiological phonet-ics which Budouin subsumes under the name of anthropophony and which deal with the acutal, uttered speechsounds. Psychophonetics, on the contrary, focusses on abstraction, i. e., the psychic impressions left by the speech sounds in the minds of speaking and listening, individuals. He designates psychical units as the term "Phoneme" Kruszewski distinguisches between two main types of sound alternances, acouustico-physiological or anthropophonic, and spontneous, psychical, or historical changes. In the first category of anthropophonic sound alternances he insisted on four characteristics. Kruszewski propose to call the phonetic unit "a phoneme", as opposed to the sound-anthropophonic unit and he develop his teacher, Baudouin de courtenay's idea of the boundary between anthropophonics. Baudouin de courtenay establish Kazan' School with a group of disciples and followers at Kazan' University and he hs no less than the Swiss de Saussure been one of the founders in modern linguistics which has become known as structualism. He is a pioneer in systematic phonology and also weighs the synchronic approach to langage study against the diachronic approach.

韓國民間藥의 生學學的 硏究 「九折草」에 관해서

朴鍾喜 부산대학교 신약개발연구소 1983 藥學硏究誌 Vol.17 No.1

Korean folk medicine "Gu-Jeol-Cho"(九折草) has been used as a remedy for common cold, cough, sterity, sun strocke, stomachic, pruritus, chronic gastritis, indigestion, abdominal pain, strengthing stamina, acute gastritis, tonic and female disease in Korea. Gu-Jeol-Cho is distributed in Japan(Kiushiu area), Korea(all area) and China(Chili, Shantung, Shansi, Kansu area). In Shen-nong-beng-cao-jing(神農本草經) and Ben-cao-gang-mu(本草綱木) mentioned the same species of Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum sinense(菊) and Chrysanthemum indicum L.(野菊). However, Pensao-shu(本草書) has not mentioned the origin of Gu-Jeol-Cho. To investigate the origin of Gu-Jeol-Cho, anatomical studies of Chrysanthemum spp. distributed in Japan and Korea were performed precisely. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of Gu-Jeol-Cho from Korea were compared with 14 kinds of Chrysanthemum spp. Therefore Gu-Jeol-Cho from Korea might be considered to be derived from Chrysanthemum zawadskii HERBICH var. lactilobum KITAMURA. Anatomical characteristics of all those materials are shown in Table 1.

한국산 놋젓가락나물의 해부학적 연구

박종희,장경환 부산대학교 신약개발연구소 1994 藥學硏究誌 Vol.28 No.2

The tuberous of a Korean aconite, Acontitum ciliare DC., was studied morphologically and anatomically. They have some prominent anatomical feature,e.g., large stone cells, endodermal cells and sclerenchyma cells among the vascular bundle are in the mother root. Chinese traditional crude drug named "Cho O(草烏)", which has been used as a remedy for apoplexy, dyspepsia, neuralgia and chronic rheumatis, was collected from several herb markets in korea and compared anatomically with the tuberous roots of aconitum ciliare. Some specimens from markets were identified to the Acontitum ciliare.