생활용수 실적자료와 기후 변수를 활용한 충청권역 생활용수 이용량 패턴 분석

김민지,박성민,이경주,소병진,김태웅 한국수자원학회 2024 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.57 No.1

우리나라는 기후변화의 영향으로 지속되는 가뭄으로 인해 물 부족 문제가 심화되고 있다. 제1차 국가물관리기본계획에 따르면, 생활 및 공업용수 부족량은 과거 최대 가뭄빈도(50년) 기준으로 0.07억 m3/년으로 전망되고 있다. 이러한 물 부족 문제에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해서는 장기적인 용수 수요 전망이 필수적이다. 공업용수의 경우 월별 사용량이 비교적 일정하지만, 생활용수의 경우 월별 패턴이 뚜렷하기 때문에 연단위 분석이 아닌 월단위 분석을 수행해야 한다. 본 연구는 충청권역을 대상으로 2017~2021년의 월별 용수 이용량 자료에 대해 패턴을 분석하고, 기후 변수와의 상관성을 이용하여 용수 분배 비율을 계산하였다. 그 결과 월별 생활용수 이용량을 연 이용량으로 나눈 월별 용수 이용률을 다시 평균기온으로 나누는 분법으로 계산한 경우가 절대오차가 가장 작게 산정되었으며, 이를 활용하여 충청권역의 월별 분배 비율을 산정하였다. 또한 충청권역의 월별 분배 비율에 SSP5-8.5 시나리오의 평균기온을 곱해 충청권역의 미래 월별 용수 이용률을 전망하였다. 그 결과, 최댓값의 평균은 1.16에서 1.29로 증가하고 최솟값의 평균은 0.86에서 0.84로 감소하였으며, 1사분위수는 0.95에서 0.93으로 감소하고 3사분위수는 1.04에서 1.06으로 증가하였다. 따라서 미래에는 현재와 비슷한 패턴을 유지할 것으로 보이지만, 월별 용수 이용률의 변동성은 커질 것으로 예상된다. Persistent droughts due to climate change will intensify water shortage problems in Korea. According to the 1st National Water Management Plan, the shortage of domestic and industrial waters is projected to be 0.07 billion m³/year under a 50-year drought event. A long-term prediction of water demand is essential for effectively responding to water shortage problems. Unlike industrial water, which has a relatively constant monthly usage, domestic water is analyzed on monthly basis due to apparent monthly usage patterns. We analyzed monthly water usage patterns using water usage data from 2017 to 2021 in Chungcheong, South Korea. The monthly water usage rate was calculated by dividing monthly water usage by annual water usage. We also calculated the water distribution rate considering correlations between water usage rate and climate variables. The division method that divided the monthly water usage rate by monthly average temperature resulted in the smallest absolute error. Using the division method with average temperature, we calculated the water distribution rates for the Chungcheong region. Then we predicted future water usage rates in the Chungcheong region by multiplying the average temperature of the SSP5-8.5 scenario and the water distribution rate. As a result, the average of the maximum water usage rate increased from 1.16 to 1.29 and the average of the minimum water usage rate decreased from 0.86 to 0.84, and the first quartile decreased from 0.95 to 0.93 and the third quartile increased from 1.04 to 1.06. Therefore, it is expected that the variability in monthly water usage rates will increase in the future.

Analysis of evolutionary and genetic patterns in structural genes of primate lentiviruses

Cho Myeongji,Min Xianglan,Son Hyeon S. 한국유전학회 2022 Genes & Genomics Vol.44 No.7

Background: Primate lentiviruses (HIV1, HIV2, and Simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV]) cause immune deficiency, encephalitis, and infectious anemia in mammals such as cattle, cat, goat, sheep, horse, and puma. Objective: This study was designed and conducted with the main purpose of confirming the overall codon usage pattern of primate lentiviruses and exploring the evolutionary and genetic characteristics commonly or specifically expressed in HIV1, HIV2, and SIV. Methods: The gag, pol, and env gene sequences of HIV1, HIV2, and SIV were analyzed to determine their evolutionary relationships, nucleotide compositions, codon usage patterns, neutrality, selection pressure (influence of mutational pressure and natural selection), and viral adaptation to human codon usage. Results: A strong 'A' bias was confirmed in all three structural genes, consistent with previous findings regarding HIV. Notably, the ENC-GC3s plot and neutral evolution analysis showed that all primate lentiviruses were more affected by selection pressure than by mutation caused by the GC composition of the gene, consistent with prior reports regarding HIV1. The overall codon usage bias of pol was highest among the structural genes, while the codon usage bias of env was lowest. The virus groups showing high codon bias in all three genes were HIV1 and SIVcolobus. The codon adaptation index (CAI) and similarity D(A, B) values indicated that although there was a high degree of similarity to human codon usage in all three structural genes of HIV, this similarity was not caused by translation pressure. In addition, compared with HIV1, the codon usage of HIV2 is more similar to the human codon usage, but the overall codon usage bias is lower. Conclusion: The origin viruses of HIV (SIVcpz_gor and SIVsmm) exhibit greater similarity to human codon usage in the gag gene, confirming their robust adaptability to human codon usage. Therefore, HIV1 and HIV2 may have evolved to avoid human codon usage by selection pressure in the gag gene after interspecies transmission from SIV hosts to humans. By overcoming safety and stability issues, information from codon usage analysis will be useful for attenuated HIV1 vaccine development. A recoded HIV1 variant can be used as a vaccine vector or in immunotherapy to induce specific innate immune responses. Further research regarding HIV1 dinucleotide usage and codon pair usage will facilitate new approaches to the treatment of AIDS.

스마트폰의 소비가치와 소비만족도에 관한 연구

한성희 ( Sung Hee Han ) 한국소비자학회 2011 소비자학연구 Vol.22 No.3

본 연구는 20~40대 남녀소비자를 대상으로 스마트폰의 소비행태 및 소비가치와 소비만족도를 분석하였다. 스마트폰의 소비만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 사회인구학적 요인, 스마트폰 소비행태, 소비가치 등을 선정하여 집단별 차이를 검증하고 관련요인들의 상대적 영향력을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스마트폰 구매결정시 구매정보원으로 가장 많이 사용하는 것은 인터넷이었으며 매장판매원과 신문기사 및 잡지에 대한 이용률을 현저히 낮게 나타났다. 스마트폰의 이용장소는 50%이상이 교통수단 및 길거리였으며 스마트폰 이용기능은 정보검색과 오락기능에 대한 것이 높게 나타났다. 스마트폰 월평균 이용금액은 71,500원이었다. 둘째, 스마트폰 소비가치는 요인분석을 통해 2개의 요인(쾌락적 가치, 차별화·상징가치)이 추출되었다. 스마트폰의 사용가치는 사회인구학적 요인과 스마트폰 소비행태에 따라 집단별 차이를 보였다. 차별화·상징가치는 40대, 기혼자, 전문직인 경우 높게 나타났고 쾌락적 가치는 기혼자인 경우와 스마트폰의 이용기능이 의사소통에 해당하는 경우 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 스마트폰 구매결정시 가장 중요하게 고려하는 사항은 사후관리(AS), 제품, 기능의 순으로 나타났다. 중요도는 사회인구학적 요인에 따라 집단별 차이를 보였다. 사후관리에 대한 중요도는 여성소비자의 경우, 기능의 중요도는 대학생/대학원생인 경우 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 스마트폰의 소비만족도는 중요도의 가중치를 이용하여 산출하였다. 스마트폰의 디자인과 기능에 대한 만족도가 높았고 가격과 사후관리에 대한 만족도는 낮게 나타났다. 이는 스마트폰 구매결정시 나타난 중요도에 대한 결과와 상반된 결과로 중요도에 따라 소비만족도가 상이할 수 있음을 의미한다. 스마트폰의 소비만족도에 가장 큰 영향력을 갖는 요인은 스마트폰의 쾌락적 소비가치였으며 스마트폰의 이용기간과 가격, 기능의 중요도 또한 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 이로써, 스마트폰의 소비행태 및 소비가치, 중요도가 사회인구학적 요인에 따라 차이가 있음이 입증되었으며 스마트폰의 소비가치, 소비행태, 그리고 중요도가 스마트폰의 소비만족도에 영향을 미치는 결정적인 요인임을 밝혔다. 향후 스마트폰에 대한 소비자 특성별 요구도를 세분화하여 소비자 니즈를 충족시킬 수 있는 정보를 생성하고 전달할 수 있는 채널을 확보할 수 있는 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다. This study analyses the usage pattern and the consumption satisfaction and usage value of the smart phone users of the age of 20~40s. The socio-demographic factor, the usage pattern and the usage value of smart phone were selected as the elements affecting consumer satisfaction factors on smart phones. The difference between groups and its relative influences were analyzed with those elements. The results of this study were as follows; First, internet was the most favorite information source of purchasing of smart phones, and the information usage from the sales clerks and the articles on magazine or newspapers were ranked low. The information from the internet is filled with diverse information from commercial usage such as PR or advertising to comments from smart phone users. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the internet sites that consumers use and to analyze the specific contents of the information. Compared to receiving detailed information from other sources, consumers relatively rely lower on the information given from sales clerks. It means consumers need to receive useful product information and not just information that has commercial related intentions from product sellers. An in-depth analysis of the product information given to consumers before purchasing smart phones could contribute to consumers being more effectively informed and receiving detailed product information they wish to learn more about from different information sources. The 50% or more of smart phone users used their phones in the transportation or along/on the streets. The surfing web-site or searching information and entertainments were measured as the main functions of the smart phone usage. Consumers who use smart phones on average of two hours or less per day is the highest ranked which is about 36%. And also, consumers who use smart phones three hours or more show to be about 17%. A monthly average of the phone charge was 71,500. Second, A factor analysis results of smart phone usage extracted two factors of the enjoyment value and differentiate/symbolic value. The usage value of the smart phone showed difference between groups according to socio-demographic factors and usage patterns. The differentiate/ symbolic value was measured high with the 40s, the married and the professional practices. The enjoyment value was high with the married and the smart phone usage case of communication. Considering the short time of release for smart phones and the 93% of smart phone users within one year, the different consumer values with owning a smart phone such as a differentiate/symbolic value to an enjoyment value or another value needed to be examined. According to the usage period of smart phones, the consumption values and evaluation that may change over time is recognized by consumers. In other words, consumers who have a differentiate/symbolic value are more likely to recognize the enjoyment value while they use their smart phone and as they increase their usage period over time. Conversely, consumers who recognized the enjoyment value by using various smart phone applications may change to the differential value over increasing usage periods. Because the usage of smart phones and functions from applications changes their daily life, it comes to be unconsciously a part of their life. Third, the most important details when purchasing of smart phones were found to be A/S (After service), the products and the function. The importance was varied with groups. The women users ranked high with the A/S and the university/graduate students recognized high with the functions. A/S service (After Service being warranties or product replacement provided to consumers) is the most important purchasing factor for consumers when making a decision to buy a smart phone. It means that consumers know the poor A/S service as a risk factor which can reduce the benefits and satisfaction of using a smart phone. Consumer`s dissatisfaction comes from the psychological or economical inconvenience of the current inadequate A/S service. Therefore, it would be necessary to develop a more efficient A/S service and should notify consumers where they can receive this in the future. Forth, when consumption satisfaction analyses of smart phones were done with weight factor of the importance, the design and the function were highly satisfied, and the satisfaction of the price and the A/S were low. There were two contrasting views between the results of purchasing decision and the results of the consumer satisfaction of smart phones. This showed the consumption satisfaction would vary with the importance. The most important influential factor on the consumer satisfaction was enjoyment value, and the usage time, price and functional importance were significantly influenced on the satisfaction. Thus, it is verified that there are differences in usage patterns, values, and importance depending on socio-demographic factors. And also, these three decisive factors impact consumer satisfaction regarding smart phones.

TV 가이드 영역에서의 음성기반 멀티모달 사용 유형 분석

김지영,이경님,홍기형,Kim Ji-Young,Lee Kyong-Nim,Hong Ki-Hyung 대한음성학회 2006 말소리 Vol.58 No.-

The development of efficient multimodal interfaces and fusion algorithms requires knowledge of usage patterns that show how people use multiple modalities. We analyzed multimodal usage patterns for TV-guide application scenarios (or tasks). In order to collect usage patterns, we implemented a multimodal usage pattern collection system having two input modalities: speech and touch-gesture. Fifty-four subjects participated in our study. Analysis of the collected usage patterns shows a positive correlation between the task type and multimodal usage patterns. In addition, we analyzed the timing between speech-utterances and their corresponding touch-gestures that shows the touch-gesture occurring time interval relative to the duration of speech utterance. We believe that, for developing efficient multimodal fusion algorithms on an application, the multimodal usage pattern analysis for the given application, similar to our work for TV guide application, have to be done in advance.

유료방송 및 SVOD/AVOD 이용이 스마트TV 이용에 미치는 영향

이선미 한국콘텐츠학회 2023 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.23 No.6

The smart TV market has rapidly grown by providing OTT and FAST services. This study explores how payTV subscription and OTT usage have simultaneously impacts smart TV usage, using the Mediapanel dataset, especially focusing on the interaction effects between payTV and OTT(dividing into SVOD and AVOD) on smart TV usage in addition to demographic factors. The results found that the interaction effect between IPTV-SVOD, IPTV-AVOD, cable-SVOD, cable-AVOD variables, respectively, have associated with smart TV usage. Smart TV usage can be affected by IPTV/cable, simultaneously with OTT usage. For demographic factors, age(-), gender(+), and income(+) factors have associated with smart TV usage. This study examined the relationship among multiple media usage and characterized specific media usage groups, which contributes to expand the arena of smart TV studies. 스마트TV가 OTT 및 FAST로 콘텐츠 경쟁력을 강화하면서 급성장하고 있다. 이에 이 연구는 유료방송과 OTT 이용이 스마트TV 이용에 어떤 영향을 주는지 탐색했다. 한국미디어패널데이터를 활용하여 유료방송과 유료OTT, 유료방송과 무료OTT의 상호작용 효과와 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 스마트TV 이용행태를 분석했다. 연구결과 IPTV-유료OTT, IPTV-무료OTT, 케이블-유료OTT, 케이블-무료OTT 간 상호작용 효과가 스마트TV에 미치는 영향이 통계적으로 유의미했다. 유료방송 플랫폼에 따라 OTT를 이용할 경우 스마트TV 이용에 미치는 영향이 증폭되거나 축소되었다. 인구사회학적 특성의 경우 연령이 낮을수록, 소득이 높을수록, 여성일수록 스마트TV 이용확률이 컸다. 이 연구는 복수의 미디어 이용이 종합적으로 스마트TV에 미치는 영향을 최초로 탐색하고 이용행태별 특징을 규명하여 학문적 시사점을 제공했다.

웹 사용 정보 마이닝 기반의 동적 사용자 프로파일 생성

안계순(Kye Sun An),고세진(Se Jin Go),정준(Jun Jiong),이필규(Phill Kyu Rhee) 한국정보처리학회 2002 정보처리학회논문지B Vol.9 No.4

It is important that acquire information about if customer has some habit in electronic commerce application of internet base that led in recommendation service for customer in dynamic web contents supply. Collaborative filtering that has been used as a standard approach to Web personalization can not get rapidly user's preference change due to static user profiles and has shortcomings such as reliance on user ratings, lack of scalability, and poor performance in the high-dimensional data. In order to overcome this drawbacks, Web usage mining has been prevalent. Web usage mining is a technique that discovers patterns from We usage data logged to server. Specially, a technique that discovers Web usage patterns and clusters patterns is used. However, the discovery of patterns using Apriori algorithm creates many useless patterns. In this paper, the enhanced method for the construction of dynamic user profiles using validated Web usage patterns is proposed. First, to discover patterns Apriori is used and in order to create clusters for user profiles, ARHP algorithm is chosen. Before creating clusters using discovered patterns, validation that removes useless patterns by Dempster-Shafer theory is performed. And user profiles are created dynamically based on current user sessions for Web personalization.

Copula 함수를 이용한 HEMS 내 전력소비자의 부하 사용패턴 모델링 및 그 적용에 관한 연구

신제석(Je-Seok Shin),김진오(Jin-O Kim) 대한전기학회 2016 전기학회논문지 Vol.65 No.1

This paper addresses the load usage scheduling in the HEMS for residential power consumers. The HEMS would lead the residential users to change their power usage, so as to minimize the cost in response to external information such as a time-varying electricity price, the outside temperature. However, there may be a consumer’s inconvenience in the change of the power usage. In order to improve this, it is required to understand the pattern of load usage according to the external information. Therefore, this paper suggests a methodology to model the load usage pattern, which classifies home appliances according to external information affecting the load usage and models the usage pattern for each appliance based on a copula function representing the correlation between variables. The modeled pattern would be reflected as a constraint condition for an optimal load usage scheduling problem in HEMS. To explain an application of the methodology, a case study is performed on an electrical water heater (EWH) and an optimal load usage scheduling for EHW is performed based on the branch-and-bound method. From the case study, it is shown that the load usage pattern can contribute to an efficient power consumption.

‘학습 도구 어휘’의 교과서 용법 연구 -개정 <한국어(KSL) 교육과정> 초등학교 3~4학년군 어휘의 국어 교과서 출현 용례를 중심으로-

손희연 한국국어교육학회 2019 새국어교육 Vol.0 No.118

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to analyze how the ‘Learning Tool Vocabulary’ of the revised <Korean as a Second Language Curriculum>(2017, Ministry of Education) is used in the elementary school textbooks. This is to reveal what the actual form of vocabulary usage associated with subject learning is and to explore how to organize the content of vocabulary education based on this usage information. Methods:The analysis is focused on the vocabulary for elementary 3rd and 4th grade and their usage examples in data made up by Korean elementary textbooks. ‘Learning Tool Vocabulary’ in the Korean elementary textbooks has been analyzed from the point of view of ‘usage pattern’, in particular, ‘textbook usage’ correlated with a learning context. Results:As a result of the analysis, distribution and frequency of ‘Learning Tool Vocabulary’ in Korean elementary textbooks are confirmed, larger units of these vocabularies like ‘expression patterns(grammatical and lexical usage patterns)’ and ‘routines(context based chunking patterns)’ are then reveled. Conclusion:Based on the analysis so far, this study suggested educational method and principles needed for construction of usage-centered contents and vocabulary learning activities. 목적:이 연구는 개정 <한국어(KSL) 교육과정>(2017, 교육부)에서 새롭게 제시된 ‘학습 도구 어휘’ 항목의 교과서 용법을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이는 교과 학습에 실제적으로 결부된 어휘 사용의 양상이 어떠한지를 밝히고 이러한 어휘 사용 정보를 바탕으로 하는 어휘 교육의 내용 구성 방안을 탐색하려는 것이다. 방법:이 연구에서 어휘 용법의 분석은 <한국어(KSL) 교육과정> 초등학교 3~4학년군 학습 도구 어휘 목록에 한정하여 진행되었으며, 이들의 국어 교과서 출현 용례가 주요한 분석 대상이 되었다. 용례 분석은 어휘의 출현 빈도 분석 및 어휘의 기능적, 문법적 사용 양상을 유형적으로 기술하는 ‘사용패턴’ 분석의 측면에서 수행되었다. 결과:교과서의 학습 맥락에 따른 어휘 사용이 문법 형태소 결합을 기반으로 하는 ‘표현패턴’, 맥락에 따라 연어적 구성이 관습화되는 ‘상용표현’, 두 측면의 용법을 드러내고 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 결론:이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 용법 중심의 어휘 학습 활동을 구성할 수 있는 원리와 방안을 제안하였다.

문화 : 전통 떡류에 나타난 대학생들의 문화의식에 관한 연구

이미옥 ( Mi Ock Lee ) 영산대학교 동양문화연구원 2015 동양문화연구 Vol.21 No.-

전통떡류에 나타난 대학생들의 문화의식을 연구하고자, 대학생들의 성별과 가계소득수준에 따라 전통떡류에 대한 소비패턴 즉, 인지도, 활용도, 편의도 및 선호도에 차이가 있는지의 여부를 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 부산지역 대학생 200명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 분석결과 전통떡류에 대한 인지도, 활용도, 편의도 및 선호도는 Likert-type 7점 척도에서 4.0 ~ 6.0으로 매우 높게 나타났다. 구체적으로 살펴보면 인지도가 가장 높았고, 활용도는 다소 낮았다. 전통떡류에 대한 인지도,활용도, 편의도 및 선호도가 대학생들의 성별과 가계소득수준에 따라차이가 있는지의 여부를 검정하기 위하여 t-Test를 하였다. 분석결과 인지도, 활용도, 편의도 및 선호도 모두 대학생들의 성별과 가계소득수준에 따라 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 설정한 가설은 채택되었다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of consumption patterns-degree of recognition, usage, convenience and preference for traditional Korean rice cake between university students`` sex and household income level. Self administration questionnaires were collected from 200 university students inBusan area. The findings showed that consumption patterns-degree of recognition, usage, convenience and preference for traditional Korean rice cake was 4.0 ~ 6.0 by Likert-type 7-point scale. It was high score. The consumption patterns-degree of recognition for traditional Korean rice cake was high, but usage is lower than recognition. The t-Test is used to test difference of consumption patterns-degree of recognition, usage, convenience and preference for traditional Korean rice cake between university students`` sex and household income level. The results of the study revealed that consumption patterns-degree of recognition, usage, convenience and preference for traditional Korean rice cake between university students`` sex and household income level was significantly difference. So, the hypothesis was accepted.

스마트폰 사용 행태와 사용성에 관한 탐색적 연구

이옥기(Ok-Ki Lee),백선기(Seon-Gi Baek) 부산울산경남언론학회 2011 지역과 커뮤니케이션 Vol.15 No.2

스마트폰은 휴대전화의 스마트화를 넘어서 미디어의 이용행태를 근본적으로 변화시킬 수 있다. 스마트폰의 사용의 편리성은 사용자 관점에서 스마트폰의 사용여부를 결정하는 주요한 요인이 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 스마트폰의 이용행태, 특히 매체환경에 따른 사용의 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 한국인 대학생과 중국인 유학생들을 중심으로 사용자들이 인식하는 사용성 요인은 어떠한 것이 있는지, 그리고 사용자의 만족도는 어떠한지를 규명하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 스마트폰을 이용하는 한국인 대학생과 중국인 유학생의 이용행태는 사용영향과 사용의도 그리고 사용이유에 있어서 유사점과 차이점을 보이고 있었으며, 둘째, 사용성의 요인은 학습성과 편리성 그리고 작동성과 단순성의 요인이 추출되었는데, 스마트폰을 사용하는 데 있어서 편리함을 제공하고 있는가에 따라 프로그램 만족도에도 영향을 주고 있는 것으로 나타났다. Smart phones can basically change the usage patterns of media, which surpasses their primary role making mobile phones smart. Convenience in using smart phones is a factor for consumers to decide whether they use smart phone or not. Accordingly, the present study investigates whether there exist differences in smart phone usage patterns which are caused by specific media circumstances. With this purpose, the present study focuses main causes of smart phone usage and the satisfaction level of smart phone usage by conducting a survey targeting Chinese and Korean college students. The results indicate the next two following. First, there both exist similarity and difference in influence, intention, and reason of usage when investigating usage patterns between Chinese and Korean college students. Second, learnability, convenience, and easiness of operation, and simplicity are extracted as main causes of smart phone usage. The satisfaction level of programs depends on whether convenience is guaranteed in using smart phones.