정신분열병 외래 환자가 경험하는 낙인에 미치는 요인

강승기,김철권 대한신경정신의학회 2011 신경정신의학 Vol.50 No.4

Objectives To identify various factors that might affect stigmas affecting outpatients with schizophrenia, and to further clarify the effects of both factors affected by the treatment and other factors on stigmas in a clinical setting. Methods Of patients who had been receiving outpatient treatments at the Donga University Hospital Department of Psychiatry and those who had been attending the community mental health center and community psychiatric rehabilitation center, 178 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia with stable symptoms were enrolled in this study. In these patients, through an interview or self-reporting, we assessed stigmas (the Korean version of Mental Health Consumers’ Experience of Stigmas), psychiatric symptoms (the Korean version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), social functions (the Korean version of the Social Functioning Scale), insight (the Self-Appraisal of Illness Questionnaire), empowerment (a Consumer-Constructed Empowerment Scale), and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). In more detail, we performed an ANOVA in consideration of 11 factors (age, gender, the level of education, economic status, the duration of disease, the frequency of hospitalization, symptoms, insight, self-esteem, empowerment, and social functions) as explanatory variables for stigmas. Results On a multiple regression analysis using backward elimination, the following five factors were found to be significant explanatory variables for stigmas that are experienced by outpatients with schizophrenia : the disease of duration, self-esteem, insight, age, and gender. The coefficient of determination for these five explanatory variables was 0.44. Conclusion In conclusion, our results showed that five factors were found to be significant explanatory variables for stigmas that are experienced by outpatients with schizophrenia. These five factors were the duration of the disease, self-esteem, insight, age, and gender. Because these five variables accounted for only 44% of total stigmas, however, further studies in a larger group of patients are warranted to identify other factors that might affect stigmas. Objectives To identify various factors that might affect stigmas affecting outpatients with schizophrenia, and to further clarify the effects of both factors affected by the treatment and other factors on stigmas in a clinical setting. Methods Of patients who had been receiving outpatient treatments at the Donga University Hospital Department of Psychiatry and those who had been attending the community mental health center and community psychiatric rehabilitation center, 178 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia with stable symptoms were enrolled in this study. In these patients, through an interview or self-reporting, we assessed stigmas (the Korean version of Mental Health Consumers’ Experience of Stigmas), psychiatric symptoms (the Korean version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), social functions (the Korean version of the Social Functioning Scale), insight (the Self-Appraisal of Illness Questionnaire), empowerment (a Consumer-Constructed Empowerment Scale), and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). In more detail, we performed an ANOVA in consideration of 11 factors (age, gender, the level of education, economic status, the duration of disease, the frequency of hospitalization, symptoms, insight, self-esteem, empowerment, and social functions) as explanatory variables for stigmas. Results On a multiple regression analysis using backward elimination, the following five factors were found to be significant explanatory variables for stigmas that are experienced by outpatients with schizophrenia : the disease of duration, self-esteem, insight, age, and gender. The coefficient of determination for these five explanatory variables was 0.44. Conclusion In conclusion, our results showed that five factors were found to be significant explanatory variables for stigmas that are experienced by outpatients with schizophrenia. These five factors were the duration of the disease, self-esteem, insight, age, and gender. Because these five variables accounted for only 44% of total stigmas, however, further studies in a larger group of patients are warranted to identify other factors that might affect stigmas.

표고골목 해균인 주홍꼬리버섯을 방제하기 위한 저항성 표고균주 선발

이봉훈,박원철,가강현,윤갑희,박현,차병진 한국버섯학회 2005 한국버섯학회지 Vol.3 No.3

Attempts were made to control Diatrype stigma occurred on the bed-log of shiitake by resistant shiitake strains. In selection test of resistant shiitake strains, 67 out of 77 strains tested were proved to be resistant to D. stigma. Among them, 13 strains including KFRI 5 were effective to inhibit the access of D. stigma, and 7 strains including KFRI 180 remarkably invaded the territory of D. stigma. Among 31 shiitake strains made by hybridization of resistant strains for D. stigma, 8 strains including KFRI 537 inhibited the access of D. stigma, and 4 strains including KFRI 545 invaded the territory of D. stigma. The effects of temperatures and inoculation orders to the resistance were confirmed in PDA plates and test tubes filled with sawdust of Quercus acutissima. Four kinds of temperature treatments as follows were tested: ① continuous incubation at 14℃, ② continuous incubation at 25℃, ③ changing of incubation temperature from 14℃ to 25 ℃ as soon as mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together, ④ changing of incubation temperature from 25℃ to 14 ℃ as soon as mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together. Three kinds of inoculation procedure were tested: ① inoculation of shiitake 3 days ahead of D. stigma inoculation, ② inoculation of D. stigma 3 days ahead of shiitake inoculation, ③ simultaneous inoculation of both fungi. In PDA plate test, the strain KFRI 137 showed outstanding ability to inhibit mycelial growth of D. stigma and the strain KFRI 180 invaded into the territory of D. stigma in most of treatments. Hybrid strains, KFRI 545, 546, and 547 were more resistant than their parent strains, KFRI 488 and 405. In test tube examinations, all the strains of shiitake showed high resistance at the treatment of change in temperature from 14℃ to 25℃ when mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together. On the other hand, resistance of all the strains growing at 25℃ decreased when the temperature was changed into 14℃ after mycelia of both fungi. In these cases, the resistance reached to 7∼20% of the highest resistance. The strain KFRI 259 invaded the territory of D. stigma, contrary to PDA plate test. Among the strains, KFRI 393 strain was the most resistant under the continuous incubation at 25℃.

The Influence of Knowledge Gap on Personal and Attributed AIDS Stigma

Byoungkwan Lee,Hyun Jung Oh,Seyeon Keum,Younjae Lee,이병관,오현정,금세연,이윤재 한국헬스커뮤니케이션학회 2012 헬스커뮤니케이션연구 Vol.6 No.-

현재 에이즈 낙인 관련 연구는 그 감염 및 발병률이 높은 저개발 도상국가를 중심으로 진행되어, 한국과 같이 감염인의 숫자가 상대적으로 적은 선진국에서 어떻게 에이즈를 낙인화 하는 가에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 에이즈 지식 수준의 차이가 한국인들의 에이즈 낙인 (개인적 낙인과 사회적 낙인) 수준에 미치는 영향을 설명하 기 위한 모델을 제안 및 검증하였다. 본 연구는 또한 감염에 대한 두려움을 에이즈 지식과 에이즈 낙인을 연결하는 매개변인으로 설정하고, 세 변인 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 2008년 에이 즈 공익 캠페인 효과조사를 위해 745명을 대상으로 한 전화 조사 데이터를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선, 에이즈 지식은 감염에 대한 두려움 및 개인적 낙인에 부정적 영향을 주는 부적 예측 변인이었으며, 감염에 대한 두려움은 개인적 낙인 및 사회적 낙인의 부적 예측 변인으 로 나타났다. 성별과 연령 역시 감염에 대한 두려움과 유의미한 상관관계가 있었으며, 교육 수준의 경우 에이즈 지식 및 개인적 낙인에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. Although AIDS stigma has been widely studied in developing countries where the prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection is high, less is known about how people living in countries where HIV-infected people are scarce perceive and manifest AIDS stigma in their society. To fill this gap, this study tested a comprehensive model that explicates the influence of AIDS knowledge gap on personal and attributed stigma among people living in Korea. The study considered fear of contagion as a mediator between AIDS knowledge gap and AIDS stigma. With the data (N = 745) collected to evaluate the impact of 2008 Korean AIDS campaign, a structural equation model was utilized to test the hypothesized relationships between AIDS knowledge gap, fear of contagion, personal stigma, and attributed stigma. The findings indicate that AIDS knowledge is negatively associated with fear of contagion and personal stigma. Fear of contagion is also negatively associated with both personal and attributed stigma. Sex and age significantly predicted fear of contagion and education level was positively associated with AIDS knowledge and personal stigma.

한국 성인의 가족 형태에 따른 낙인 경험과 주관적 건강상태의 연관성

김란영,주승섭,엄윤정,류도향 전남대학교 인문학연구원 2024 가족과 커뮤니티 Vol.0 No.9

This study assessed the distribution of stigma based on family structure and examined their association with self-rated health among adults aged 25-55 in South Korea. After age 19, they experienced family structures other than legally married couples. Also, we investigated the association between stigma experiences based on family structure and self-rated health. We analyzed a nationwide cross-sectional online survey of 1,278 Korean adults. Stigma experience based on family structure was measured with 8 items, such as ‘I heard disparaging or bad about my family,’ and ‘I was qualified to apply for a job, but I gave up.’ If the participants never experienced stigma, they were classified as ‘never experienced,’ and if they experienced more than one type of stigma, they were classified as ‘experienced.’ Self-rated health is classified as ‘good’ and ‘poor’. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to examine the association between stigma based on family structure and self-rated health. As a result of this study, 56.2% experienced stigma based on family structure. Participants’ three most common family structures after age 19 were single-person households, cohabitation, and single-parent families. Among the types of stigma experiences, the most prevalent type of stigma was ‘I tend to be careful not to hide or reveal the family situation.’ After adjusting for potential confounders, participants who experienced stigma based on family structure were 1.47 times (95% Confidence Intervals: 1.07-2.02) more likely to have poor self-rated health than those who never experienced stigma based on family structure. Considering the results, policy interventions are needed to reduce stigma based on family structure and remove family stigma.

표고골목 해균인 주홍꼬리버섯을 방제하기 위한 저항성 표고균주 선발

이봉훈 외 한국버섯학회 2005 한국버섯학회지 Vol.3 No.3

Attempts were made to control Diatrype stigma occurred on the bed-log of shiitake by resistant shiitake strains. In selection test of resistant shiitake strains, 67 out of 77 strains tested were proved to be resistant to D. stigma. Among them, 13 strains including KFRI 5 were effective to inhibit the access of D. stigma, and 7 strains including KFRI 180 remarkably invaded the territory of D. stigma. Among 31 shiitake strains made by hybridization of resistant strains for D. stigma, 8 strains including KFRI 537 inhibited the access of D. stigma, and 4 strains including KFRI 545 invaded the territory of D. stigma. The effects of temperatures and inoculation orders to the resistance were confirmed in PDA plates and test tubes filled with sawdust of Quercus acutissima. Four kinds of temperature treatments as follows were tested: ① continuous incubation at 14℃, ② continuous incubation at 25℃, ③ changing of incubation temperature from 14℃ to 25 ℃ as soon as mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together, ④ changing of incubation temperature from 25℃ to 14 ℃ as soon as mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together. Three kinds of inoculation procedure were tested: ① inoculation of shiitake 3 days ahead of D. stigma inoculation, ② inoculation of D. stigma 3 days ahead of shiitake inoculation, ③ simultaneous inoculation of both fungi. In PDA plate test, the strain KFRI 137 showed outstanding ability to inhibit mycelial growth of D. stigma and the strain KFRI 180 invaded into the territory of D. stigma in most of treatments. Hybrid strains, KFRI 545, 546, and 547 were more resistant than their parent strains, KFRI 488 and 405. In test tube examinations, all the strains of shiitake showed high resistance at the treatment of change in temperature from 14℃ to 25℃ when mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together. On the other hand, resistance of all the strains growing at 25℃ decreased when the temperature was changed into 14℃ after mycelia of both fungi. In these cases, the resistance reached to 7∼20% of the highest resistance. The strain KFRI 259 invaded the territory of D. stigma, contrary to PDA plate test. Among the strains, KFRI 393 strain was the most resistant under the continuous incubation at 25℃. 표고골목 해균인 주홍꼬리버섯을 방제하기 위해 저항성 표고균주 선발을 시도하였다. 저항성 표고균주 선발 시험에서, 사용된 77개 균주 중 67개 균주가 저항력을 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 이들 67개 균주 중 KFRI 5를 포함한 13개 균주가 주홍꼬리버섯균의 접근을 막는데 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤고 KFRI 180을 포함한 7개 균주가 주홍꼬리버섯의 영역으로 가장 많이 침범했다. 교잡을 통해 만든 31개 균주 중 KFRI 537을 포함한 8개 균주가 주홍꼬리버섯균의 접근을 막는데 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤고 KFRI 545를 포함한 4개 균주가 주홍꼬리버섯의 영역으로 가장 많이 침범했다. 온도와 접종순서의 변화에 따른 각 균주의 저항력 차이를 확인하기 위해 PDA 평판배지와 상수리나무톱밥을 넣은 시험관배지를 사용했다. PDA 평판배지 시험결과, 대부분의 처리구에서 KFRI 137은 주홍꼬리버섯에 대해 뛰어난 접근 억제력을 보였고 KFRI 180은 뛰어난 침범력을 보였다. 교잡균인 KFRI 545, 546, 547은 모균주들인 KFRI 488과 405에 비해 높은 저항력을 보였다. 시험관배지 시험결과, 표고균과 주홍꼬리버섯균이 대치를 하는 시점부터 25℃에 두었을 때 모든 균주가 높은 저항력을 나타냈다. KFRI 393은 25℃에서 지속 배양할 때 다른 균주에 비해 높은 저항력을 나타냈다. 또한 모든 균주들에서, 25℃ 배양 후 두 균이 대치를 할 시기에 14℃로 옮겨 배양한 처리구는 다른 처리구들에 비해 낮은 저항력을 보였다. 이 때의 저항력 정도는 각 균주 최고치의 7-20%에 불과했다. 또한 KFRI 259는 PDA 평판배지에서와 달리, 주홍꼬리버섯의 영역을 침범했다.

정신장애인의 스티그마가 자아존중감에 미치는 영향

김성용(Kim, Sungyong) 한국정신건강사회복지학회 2014 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol.42 No.3

전통이론에 따르면 정신장애인의 스티그마는 자아존중감에 부정적인 영향을 준다. 그러나 최근 연구결과들은 이러한 스티그마와 자존감의 부적 관계를 항상 지지하지는 않는다. 이러한 연구들은 스티그마와 자아존중감 간의 정적관계도 있을 수 있다는 것을 보여주면서, 이러한 현상을 스티그마에 대한 자기보호적 속성이라고 명명하였다. 하지만 정신장애인들도 스티그마에 대한 자기보호적 속성을 나타내는지에 대해서는 알려진 바가 없다. 본 연구는 이러한 스티그마에 대한 자기보호적 속성이 정신장애인들 사이에서도 나타나는지 살펴보고, 정신장애인의 스티그마가 자존감에 미치는 영향이 정신질환 원인 귀인 방식에 따라 차이가 있는지 검증하였다. 이를 위해 정신요양시설 입소자 1,742명을 대상으로 구조방정식 모형을 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 인구사회학적 변인과 임상적 특성 변인을 통제한 상태에서 (1) 스티그마 수준이 높을수록 자기비하 수준도 높아서 전통 스티그마 이론을 지지하였고, (2) 스티그마 수준이 높을수록 자기존중 수준도 높아서 스티그마에 대한 자기보호적 속성도 지지하였다. (3) 스티그마가 자기존중에 미치는 영향은 생활스트레스 귀인에 의해 매개되었고, 스티그마가 자기비하에 미치는 영향은 초자연적 귀인에 의해 매개되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 정신장애인의 스티그마 적응에 관련한 실천적 함의를 논의하였다. According to traditional stigma theories, stigma has effects on self-esteem with mental illness(MI). The results of recent studies, however, do not always support the negative relationship between stigma and self-esteem. Recent studies paradoxically showed positive relationships between stigma and self-esteem, which is called self-protective properties of stigma. However, very little is known about whether self-protective functions of stigma can be replicated among individuals with mental illness. This study aims to examine self-protective properties of stigma can be replicated among individuals with MI and examine whether the effects of stigma on self-esteem differ depending on causal attributions of MI. Structural equation modeling was done involving 1,742 individuals with MI residing in long-term care mental institutions. Controlling for socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, (1) individuals with higher levels of stigma presented higher levels of self-deprecation, supporting traditional stigma theory and (2) they also presented higher levels of self-worth, supporting the self-protective properties of stigma. (3) The effects of stigma on self-worth were mediated by attributions for stressful life events, whereas the effects of stigma on self-deprecation were mediated by attributions for supernatural causes. Based on these findings, practical implications for coping stigma among individual with MI are discussed.

Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Related Stigma: Portuguese Patients Experiences

( Ana Alfaiate ),( Rita Rodrigues ),( Ana Aguiar ),( Raquel Duarte ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2023 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.86 No.3

Background: Tuberculosis (TB)-related stigma has been well-documented. Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), different organizations have been alerted to the fact that stigma could arise again. Due to stigma’s negative effects, this qualitative study aimed to explore the stigma felt by patients by evaluating the following: COVID-19 stigma and its temporal progression through the pandemic; stigma perceived by different patients with TB before and during COVID-19 pandemic; and difference perceived by individuals who contracted both diseases. Methods: A semi-structured interview was developed according to the available literature on the theme. It was performed individually in 2022 upon receiving signed informed consent. Participants were recruited with a purposive sampling approach by searching medical records. Those who currently or previously had pulmonary TB and/ or COVID-19 were included. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Nine patients were interviewed, including six (66.7%) females. The median age of patients was 51±14.7 years. Four participants (44.4%) had completed high school and four (44.4%) were never smokers. Three had both TB and COVID-19. Four only had TB and two only had COVID-19. Interviews identified eight main themes: knowledge and beliefs, with several misconceptions identified; attitudes towards the disease, varying from social support to exclusion; knowledge and education, assumed as of extreme importance; internalized stigma, with self-rejection; experienced stigma, with discrimination episodes; anticipated stigma, modifying actions for avoiding stigma; perceived stigma, with judgment by others prevailed; and temporal evolution of stigma. Conclusion: Individuals expressed strong stigma for both diseases. De-stigmatization of respiratory infectious diseases is crucial for limiting stigma’s negative impact.

탈북 청소년의 낙인 현상과 대응

이현숙 ( Hyun Sook Lee ),유해숙 ( Hea Sook Lee ) 한국민족연구원 2015 민족연구 Vol.0 No.62

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenomenon and the response of the stigma of North Korean youth refugees. Focus group interview was used for the study. This study interviewed North Korean youth refugees who live in In-Chun city. According to this study, they experienced the stigma phenomenon such as ‘public stigma’, ‘courtesy stigma’, and ‘self stigma’. They felt ‘public stigma’ in the entrance of the Korean institutions for North Korea refugees. Moreover, They experienced ‘courtesy stigma’ from their South Korean friends and teachers. Courtesy stigma includes prejudice and discrimination. Those ‘public stigma’ and ‘courtesy stigma’ influenced that they stigmatized themselves. ‘Self stigma’ resulted devaluation, low self-estimate and degradation of themselves. In order to escape from the stigma, they hide their homeland and tried to speak standard Korean language. They also denied their identity. Familiarity with North Korean youth refugees will decrease stigma. Furthermore, public awareness of them need to be improved. To achieve accomplish this, the government have to provide education programme which reduce the prejudice and discrimination for the people.

사회적 낙인과 정신요양시설 종사자의 연관낙인에 대한 연구: 시설운영방식의 조절효과를 중심으로

김성용 한국사회복지연구회 2023 사회복지연구 Vol.54 No.3

상징적 상호작용주의에서는 사회적 상호작용에 따라 낙인받는 대상과 밀접한 관계가 있는 사람들이 낙인을 경험할 수 있다고 보고 이를 연관낙인으로 개념화한다. 입소생활인 및 정신요양시설에 부여된 속성 때문에 정신요양시설의 종사자도 연관낙인을 경험할 수 있는데 아직 알려진 바 없다. 이에 본 연구는 정신요양시설 종사자가 연관낙인을 경험하는지 살펴보고, 사회적 낙인과 시설운영방식이 연관낙인에 영향을 미치는지 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 59개 정신요양시설의 종사자 874명에 대한 설문조사 자료를 활용하여 다중회귀분석 및 조절효과 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 종사자의 지각한 사회적 낙인이 클수록 연관낙인은 증가하고, 시설운영방식을 긍정적으로 평가할수록 연관낙인은 감소하였다. 또한 시설운영방식은 사회적 낙인과 연관낙인의 정적관계를 완충하는 조절효과가 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 종사자의 연관낙인 완화 및 정신요양시설 운영방식 개선을 위한 실천적 함의를 논의하였다. Symbolic interactionism describes associative stigma as stigma experienced by people who are closely related to the stigmatized through social interaction. Because of the attributes attached to individuals with mental illnesses(MI) residing in long-term care mental institutions(LCMI), mental health professionals(MHP) may also experience associative stigma, but little is known about this. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether MHP in LCMI experience associative stigma, and to determine whether social stigma and management style affect stigma. For this purpose, multiple regression analysis and moderation effect analysis were conducted using survey data of 874 MHP in 59 LCMI. The results showed that the greater the perceived social stigma, the higher the associative stigma, and the more positive the evaluation of the management style, the lower the associative stigma. In addition, the moderating effect of the management style was found to buffer the positive relationship between social stigma and associative stigma. Based on these findings, practical implications for reducing associative stigma of MHP and improving the management style of the LCMI were discussed.

초등학생의 낙인 형성 유형과 그 특성 : 자아존중감과 스트레스를 중심으로

이회성,유순화 한국초등교육학회 2023 초등교육연구 Vol.36 No.1

This study attempted to typify the stigma using the stigma scale for elementary school students. The stigma scale consists of two areas: ‘public stigma’ and ‘self-stigma’. Using these two areas of scores, clustering analysis was conducted to typify the stigma of elementary school students and identify the characteristics of each group. The survey was conducted on 1,020 students in the 4th to 6th grades of elementary school, and according to the results of clustering analysis, four groups were derived Group 1 is a “inclusive group” with low public stigma and low self-stigma, while Group 2 is an “high risk group” with high public stigma and high self-stigma. In addition, group 3 is classified as a "risk group” because both public stigma and self-stigma were high, but lower than “risk group”, and group 4 is an “exclusive group” with high public stigma and low self-stigma. Next, we conducted one-way Anova to identify differences in self-esteem and stress level. First, the "high risk group” and "risk group”, had the characteristics of those who were stigmatization. Especially, "high risk group” had the lowest self-esteem and the highest stress. Next, self-stigma of the “inclusive group” and “exclusive group” was significantly low, but there was a difference in public stigma between them. The stress perceived by "inclusive group” was the lowest, but there was no significant difference in self-esteem between "inclusive group” and “exclusive group”. These research results can be used as basic data to understand the formation of the stigma of elementary school students. 이 연구는 초등학생용 낙인 척도를 활용하여, 낙인의 차원인 대중적 낙인과 자기 낙인을 기준으로 초등학생의 낙인 형성을 유형화하고, 유형별 특성을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 초등학교 4~6학년 학생 1,020명을 대상으로, 대중적 낙인과 자기 낙인을 형성하고 있는 정도에 따라 군집분석을 실시한 결과, 4개의 군집이 도출되었다. 군집 1은 ‘수용군(대중적 낙인 저-자기 낙인 저)’, 군집 2는 ‘고위기군(대중적 낙인 고-자기 낙인 고)’, 군집 3은 ‘위기군(대중적 낙인 중-자기 낙인 중)’, 군집 4는 ‘배타군(대중적 낙인 고-자기 낙인 저)’으로 명명하였다. 일원분산분석을 실시하여 낙인 및 자아존중감, 스트레스 수준 차이를 확인한 결과, 군집 간에 차이가 있었다. 먼저, 자기 낙인이 높은 집단인 ‘고위기군’과 ‘위기군’은 낙인을 받는 차원에 있는 이들이 보이는 특성을 갖고 있었다. 자기 낙인을 가장 높게 형성하고 있는 ‘고위기군’은 자아존중감이 가장 낮았고, 스트레스가 가장 높았다. ‘고위기군’다음으로 자기 낙인을 높게 형성하고 있는‘위기군’도 자아존중감이 낮고 스트레스는 높은 편이었다. 다음으로 자기 낙인이 현저히 낮은 ‘수용군’과 ‘배타군’은 대중적 낙인에서 차이가 있었다. ‘수용군’은 대중적 낙인을 가장 낮게 형성하고 있었으며,‘배타군’은 대중적 낙인을 가장 높게 형성하고 있었다. ‘수용군’이 지각하고 있는 스트레스는 가장 낮았으며,‘배타군’이 지각하고 있는 스트레스는 ‘수용군’보다 높았다. ‘배타군’과 ‘수용군’의 자아존중감은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이러한 연구결과는 초등학생의 낙인 형성을 이해하는 데 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.