Development of stabilized somatic cell standard solutions for calibration of electronic instruments analyzing bovine raw milk

( Jin San Moon ),( Keum Chan Jang ),( Suk Chan Jung ),( Yi Seok Joo ),( Ji Ho Kim ),( Sung Hwan Wee ),( Hye Cheong Koo ),( Yong Ho Park ) 한국수의공중보건학회 2012 예방수의학회지 Vol.36 No.3

The current standard solutions for somatic cells used for calibration of electronic somatic cell counts as reference material in raw milk are preserved with bronopol, boric acid, sodium azide, or potassium dichromate, and have a shelf-life of only up to 6 days at 4 ± 2℃. In the present study, a set of somatic cell standard solutions (SCSS) with a stability of 5 months for calibration of electronic instruments was developed. Somatic cells collected from cow`s milk and stored in a bulk tank at a dairy plant were treated with 10% formaldehyde in order to improve stability, and then separated by centrifugation. The resulting somatic cell suspension was preserved with glycerin, thimerosal, and dimethyl sulfoxide, and diluted in 3% processed skim milk solution ranging from 200,000~250,000 (low level), 350,000~450,000 (medium level), and 550,000~650,000 (high level) cells/㎖. Each SCSS was verified by direct microscope somatic cell counting (DMSCC), C-reader, and commercial standard samples. The average somatic cell count determined by DMSCC was 248, 214, 226 × 103 cells/㎖, 436, 382, 420 × 103 cells/㎖, and 612, 595, 609 × 103 cells/㎖. The coefficient of variation representing the repeatability of DMSCC decreased as the number of cells increased, and was <10.0% in almost all SCSS samples (range 4.6~7.1%). No statistically significant difference in somatic cell concentration was observed after storage at refrigeration temperature (2~6℃) over a period of 22 weeks (5 months). The stabilized SCSS may be useful as a reference material for determination of somatic cell count and quality control in testing of bovine raw milk.

Post Milking Teat Dip Effect on Somatic Cell Count, Milk Production and Composition in Cows and Buffaloes

Shailja, Shailja,Singh, Mahendra Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.10

The effect of post milking teat dipping on somatic cell count (SCC) of milk was determined in 20 Crossbred cows and 20 Murrah buffaloes selected from institute's herd. The animals were divided into two groups of 10 each. Animals of Group I (control) were teat washed with water before the milking while Group II animals were applied teat dipping solution after the completion of milking. The cows were milked 3 times a day while buffaloes were milked twice a day. The milk samples were collected from control and treated animals on day 0, 5, 10, 15, respectively. The milk samples were analyzed for milk constituents like fat, protein, lactose, chloride, IgG, NEFA, pH and EC and total and differential somatic cell counts. The changes in milk composition and somatic cell counts were significantly different (p<0.01) between the animals and between the breeds. However SCC, chloride content (p<0.05) and epithelial cells (p<0.01) varied during different days of study. The alterations in SCC, epithelial cells, TLC, lymphocyte, neutrophil, IgG, and protein content were significantly different (p<0.01) between control and treated groups. The pH, EC, protein, SCC, epithelial cells, lymphocyte and neutrophil cells of milk declined significantly (p<0.05) after the application of teat dipping, the respective values were 6.5 vs 6.40, 2.28 vs 2.37 mhos, 3.33 vs 4.04%, 1.00 vs $0.87{\times}10^5cells/ml$, 0.39 vs 0$0.34{\times}10^5cells/ml$, 0.36 vs $0.31{\times}1,000cells/ml$ and 0.17 vs $0.14{\times}1,000cells/ml$ in cows. However in buffaloes, epithelial cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, EC and SCC declined (p<0.05) after application of teat dipping, the values being 0.37 vs $0.29{\times}10^5cells/ml$, 0.37 vs $0.25{\times}1,000cells/ml$, 0.14 vs $0.11{\times}1,000cells/ml$, 2.56 vs 2.37 mhos and 0.94 vs $0.73{\times}10^5cells/ml$, respectively. The study indicated that post milking teat dipping could be used as an effective method for the lowering of SCC in milk of crossbred cows and buffaloes.

Genetic Evaluation of Somatic Cell Counts of Holstein Cattle in Zimbabwe

Mangwiro, F.K.,Mhlanga, F.N.,Dzama, K.,Makuza, S.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.10

The objectives of the study were to examine non-genetic factors that influence somatic cell counts in dairy cattle and to estimate the genetic parameters of somatic cell counts. A total of 34, 097-test day somatic cell count records were obtained from the Zimbabwe Dairy Services Association (ZDSA). The data were from 5, 615 Holstein daughters of 390 sires and 2, 541 dams tested between May 1994 and December 1998. First lactation cows contributed 22, 147 records to the data set, while 11, 950 records were from second and later parity cows. The model for analysis included fixed effects of month of calving, year of calving, stage of lactation, calving interval and test date. Milk yield and age on test day were fitted in the model as covariates. The additive genetic effects pertaining to cows, sires and dams and the residual error were the random effects. The Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood algorithm was used for analysis. The heritability of somatic cell scores was low at $0.027{\pm}0.013$ for parity one cows and $0.087{\pm}0.031$ for parity two and above. Repeatability estimates were $0.22{\pm}0.01$ and $0.30{\pm}0.01$ for the two lactation groups, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between the somatic cell scores and test day milk production were small and negative. It seems that there is no genetic link between somatic cell counts and milk yield in Holstein cattle in Zimbabwe. The results also seem to indicate that somatic cell count is a trait that is mainly governed by environmental factors.

산양유의 체세포수 등급 설정에 관한 연구

신지혜,정석근,한기성,장애라,채현석,유영모,안종남,우광태,최석호,이완규,함준상,Shin, Ji-Hye,Jeong, Seok-Geun,Han, Gi-Sung,Jang, Ae-Ra,Chae, Hyun-Seok,Yoo, Young-Mo,Ahn, Chong-Nam,Woo, Kwang-Tae,Choi, Seok-Ho,Lee, Wan-Kyu,Ham, Jun-Sang 한국축산식품학회 2008 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.28 No.2

The aim of this work was to establish the standard for goat milk somatic cell counts. The data were obtained from MGEN, which were collected from Dec. 2006 to Nov. 2007. A total of three hundred and forty somatic cell counts from 12 goat milk farms were analyzed. A goat milk grading system by somatic cell count is proposed; less than 1,000,000/mL, 1,000,000-1,500,000/mL, 1,500,000-2,000,000/mL, 2,000,000/mL-2,500,000/mL, and over 2,500,000/mL. Under the grading system, the ratio of first grade goat milk would be 26.2%, and that of the fifth grade would be 11.8%. The first grade ratio is low and the fifth grade ratio is high compared to the cow milk grading system. It is expected that somatic cell counts of domestic goat milk will be improved by the proposed grading system.

유질개선(乳質改善)을 통한 락농가(酪農家) 소득증대(所得增大): SCC와 유방염(乳房炎)을 중심으로

손봉환 ( Bong Whan Sohn ),최진영 ( Gin Young Choi ),배도권 ( Do Kown Bae ),정충일 ( Chung Ill Chong ) 한국동물위생학회 1997 한국동물위생학회지 (KOJVS) Vol.20 No.3

The study for a effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was conduced for improvement of raw milk from Jan. to Dec. in 1996. Sampling the milk of 367 cows(1,406 quarters) from 5 herds in Inchon and were carried out California mastitis test(CMT), somatic cell count(SCC), isolation of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The results were summarized as follows, 1. The number of bovine mastitis was 177 cows(48.2%) and 371 quarters(26.4%); clinical mastitis: 25 cows(6.8%), 32 quarters(2.3%) and subclinicsl mastitis: 152 cows(41.4%), 339 quarters(24.1%). Incidence rate of mastitis by season were Summer 52.0%, Fall and Winter 48% and Spring 41%. Incidence rate of mastitis by quarters were Summer 30%, Fall 28%, Winter 25% and Spring 21%, respectively. 2. In the distribution of CMT degree by quarter, CMT positive(CMT±) of 1,406 quarters milk were 50.1%(704 quarters). The ratio of CMT positivity by quarter were left front quarter 55.8%, right front quarter 48.9%, right hind quarter 48.6% and left hind quarter 47%. The ratio of CMT positivity by season were Summer 54.1%, Fall 49.7%, Spring 48.5% and Winter 48%. 3. The highest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was “A” herd. Mean SCC (cell/ml) ofA herd were Summer 2,032,000cells/ml, Fall 1,109,000cells/ml, Winter 782,000cells/ml and Spring 577,000cells/ml. The lowest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was “E” herds. Mean SCC of E herd were Summer 1,064,000cells/ml, Spring 795,000cells/ml, Fall 429,000cells/ml and Winter 400,000cells/ml. Mean SCC of the other herds by season were little difference. 4. The milk samples of “A” herd were collected from 10 cows. In 3 seasons, mean 5CC of No. 2 and 3 cows were than 1,000,000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 8 cows were than 1,000,000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1,000,000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 4 cows, Winter 3 cows, Spring and Fall 1 cow respectively. The milk samples of “B” herd were collected from 14 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 1 cow was more than 1,000,000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 5,9 and 14 cows were more than 1,000,000cells/ml. In 1 season, No. 3,6 and 7 cows were more than 1,000,000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1,000,000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Fall and Winter 4 cows respectively, Summer 3 cows and Spring 1 cow. The milk samples of “C” herd were collected from 18 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 16 cow was more than 1,000,000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 6, 7, 13, 15 and 18 cows were more than 1,000,000cells/ml respectively. The more than mean SCC 1,000,000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 5 cows, Fall 3 cows, Spring 2 cows and Winter 1 cow. The milk sampes of “D” herd were collected 24 cows. In 3 season, mean SCC of No. 14 cow was more than 1,000,000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 14 and 18 cows were more than 1,000,000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 17, 19, 20 and 21 cows were more than 1,000,000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1,000,000cells/ml of cows were distributed Fall 15 cows, Spring and Winter 4 cows respectively and Summer 3 cows. The milk samples of “E” herd were collected from 27 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 21 cows were more than 1,000,000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16 and 23 cows were more than 1,000,000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1,000,000cells/ml of cows were distributed Spring and Fall 5 cows respectively, Summer and Winter 2 cows, respectively. 5. The rate of isolated pathogenic microorganisms from bovine mastitis were summarized as follows: Staphylococcus sp 168 strains(45.8%), Streptococcus sp 82 strains(22.3%), Gram(-) sp 45 strains(12.3%), Gram(+) sp 51 strains and the other sp 21 strains(5.7%). 6. The highest of antibiotic sensitivity test of each microorganism was summarized as follows: Staphyolcoccus sp-cephalosporin 76%, gentamicin 55%, Streptococcus sp-ampicillin 61%, cephalosporin 63%, Gram(-) sp-gentamicin 58%, Gram(+) sp-cephalosporin 63%, The other sp-cephalosporin 90%. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin.

Prevalence and Comparing of Some Microbiological Properties, Somatic Cell Count and Antibiotic Residue of Organic and Conventional Raw Milk Produced in Turkey

Bayram Urkek,Mustafa Sengul,Tuba Erkaya,Vecihi Aksakal 한국축산식품학회 2017 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.37 No.2

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of production systems and milk collection periods on the somatic cell count (SCC), some microbiological properties, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliform, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), yeast and mould) and antibiotic residue of milk; in Turkey. Milk samples were collected from 9 conventional farms and 9 organic farms during one year time, at six different months (December 2013 to October 2014), and all farms were selected from the same geographical locations. All organically managed farms had organic production certificates given by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The count of TAMB, coliform, and coagulase positive S. aureus were affected by production systems at the level of p<0.01; yeast and mold, and somatic cell count (SCC) were affected at the level of p<0.05. But, differences according to months were statistically significant only on TAMB (p<0.01) and coliform (p<0.05) counts. The general means of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould counts of the organic milk (OM) were significantly lower (p<0.05), while the general means of SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus count of the OM was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to conventional milk (CM). Antibiotic residue was determined in one of the CM sample and in two of the OM samples. Our study is the first research that compared conventional and organic milk in Turkey. This study indicated that the microbiological quality of OM was the higher in terms of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould, whereas was the lower in relation to SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus counts. But, the quality of both milk types should be improved.

2008년 국내 산양유 시료에서의 세균 및 체세포 수 조사

남향미 ( Hyang Mi Nam ),임숙경 ( Suk Kyung Lim ),김종만 ( Jong Man Kim ),장금찬 ( Geum Chan Jang ),정석찬 ( Suk Chan Jung ),위성환 ( Sung Hwan Wee ),한홍율 ( Hong Ryul Han ),이청산 ( Cheong San Lee ) 한국예방수의학회(구 한국수의공중보건학회) 2011 예방수의학회지 Vol.35 No.1

A total of 222 udder-half milk samples of lactating goats were collected from two herds in Korea during 2008 and all samples were subjected to bacteriological examination. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were also determined for all samples except for 13 (5.9%), which were collected from halves of udders with clinical mastitis. A total of 85 bacteria were isolated from 82 (36.9%) of 222 milk samples tested. Staphylococci were the predominant pathogens, accounting for almost 70% of the isolates: Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) and S. aureus constituted 55% (47/85) and 14.1% (12/85), respectively. Among 209 samples tested for SCC, bacteria were isolated from 36 of 115 (31.3%) samples with SCC of <1×106 cells/㎖and 38 of 94 (40.4%) samples that had SCC of ≥1×106 cells/㎖, respectively. All S. aureus were detected from samples with SCC of ≥1×106 cells/㎖, while 25 of 47 (61.0%) CNS were isolated from milk samples with SCC of <1×106 cells/㎖. Mean SCC of milk samples that harbored S. aureus and CNS was 4,787×103 cells/㎖and >1×106 cells/㎖, respectively. All S. aureus and CNS isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except for penicillin, to which 2 (16.6%) S. aureus and 12 (25.5%) CNS isolates showed resistance.

사료내 ${\beta}$-glucanase 활성 강화 고역가 복합효소제 첨가급여가 착유우의 유생산 및 체세포수 변화에 미치는 영향

주은정,정수진,윤병선,남기택,최일신,안종호,황성구,Joo, Eun-Jung,Jeong, Su-Jin,Yoon, Byung-Seon,Nam, Ki-Taek,Choi, Il-Shin,Ahn, Jong-Ho,Hwang, Seong-Gu 한국유기농업학회 2004 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.12 No.2

In recent years, many researches are actively undertaken for environmental-friendly animal production according to the increased understanding about food safety because of the outbreak of various diseases such as mad cow disease, Foot and mouth disease and Poultry Influenza virus. However, high quality(higher safety)- animal production may not be successful without increasing of disease resistance of animal and the improvement of feeding environment. To increase the disease resistance is able to be accomplished by stimulating the immune function. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of enzyme mixture reinforced with ${\beta}$-glucanase activity which degrade polysaccharide to release ${\beta}$-glucan known as stimulator of immune function on the change of milk production and somatic cell count. After 12weeks of experimental feeding, milk production tended to be increased and somatic cell count was decreased from average $227{\times}10^4$ to $37.1{\times}10^4$. Milk protein and solid-fat content were tended to increase but milk fat showed decreasing tendency by the feeding of enzyme mixture. All together, it has been suggest6d that the improvement of high quality milk production may be possible through the dietary addition of immune modulating enzyme mixture in lactating dairy cows.

사료내 β-glucanase활성 강화 고역가 복합효소제 첨가급여가 착유우의 유생산 및 체세포수 변화에 미치는 영향

주은정 ( Joo Eun-jung ),정수진,윤병선 ( Yoon Byung-seon ),남기택 ( Nam Ki-taek ),최일신 ( Choi Il-shin ),안종호 ( Ahn Jong-ho ),황성구 ( Hwang Seong-gu ) 한국유기농업학회 2004 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.12 No.2

In recent years, many researches are actively undertaken for environmental-friendly animal production according to the increased understanding about food safety because of the outbreak of various diseases such as mad cow disease, Foot and mouth disease and Poultry Influenza virus. However, high quality(higher safety)- animal production may not be successful without increasing of disease resistance of animal and the improvement of feeding environment. To increase the disease resistance is able to be accomplished by stimulating the immune function. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of enzyme mixture reinforced with β-glucanase activity which degrade polysaccharide to release β-glucan known as stimulator of immune function on the change of milk production and somatic cell count. After 12weeks of experimental feeding, milk production tended to be increased and somatic cell count was decreased from average 227×10⁴ to 37.1×10⁴. Milk protein and solid-fat content were tended to increase but milk fat showed decreasing tendency by the feeding of enzyme mixture. All together, it has been suggested that the improvement of high quality milk production may be possible through the dietary addition of immune modulating enzyme mixture in lactating dairy cows.

Somatic Cells Count and Its Genetic Association with Milk Yield in Dairy Cattle Raised under Thai Tropical Environmental Conditions

Jattawa, D.,Koonawootrittriron, S.,Elzo, M.A.,Suwanasopee, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.9

Somatic cells count (SCC), milk yield (MY) and pedigree information of 2,791 first lactation cows that calved between 1990 and 2010 on 259 Thai farms were used to estimate genetic parameters and trends for SCC and its genetic association with MY. The SCC were log-transformed (lnSCC) to make them normally distributed. An average information-restricted maximum likelihood procedure was used to estimate variance components. A bivariate animal model that considered herd-yr-season, calving age, and regression additive genetic group as fixed effects, and animal and residual as random effects was used for genetic evaluation. Heritability estimates were 0.12 (SE = 0.19) for lnSCC, and 0.31 (SE = 0.06) for MY. The genetic correlation estimate between lnSCC and MY was 0.26 (SE = 0.59). Mean yearly estimated breeding values during the last 20 years increased for SCC (49.02 cells/ml/yr, SE = 26.81 cells/ml/yr; p = 0.08), but not for MY (0.37 kg/yr, SE = 0.87 kg/yr; p = 0.68). Sire average breeding values for SCC and MY were higher than those of cows and dams (p<0.01). Heritability estimates for lnSCC and MY and their low but positive genetic correlation suggested that selection for low SCC may be feasible in this population as it is in other populations of dairy cows. Thus, selection for high MY and low SCC should be encouraged in Thai dairy improvement programs to increase profitability by improving both cow health and milk yield.