사회경제적 지위가 정년에 의한 은퇴에 미치는 영향

현옥주 한국노년학회 2023 한국노년학 Vol.43 No.5

The main purpose of this study is to provide an empirical analysis of the specific social classes affected by the mandatory retirement age system while the retirement age extension policy is actively being discussed. The analytical model was divided into two main categories. The first model analyzed socioeconomic status, which is determined by a combination of income, assets, educational level, occupational status, and housing type. The second model analyzed the impact of each socioeconomic status component on whether individuals are retired by the mandatory retirement age or not. To this end, this study was carried out on the using data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), specifically from the 1st(2006) to 8th(2020) survey and using an independent T-test, Chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, individuals with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to retire under the mandatory retirement age system than those with lower socioeconomic status. Secondly, as a result of isolating the socioeconomic status components, it was found that individuals with higher income, greater assets, and more consistent work schedules have a greater likelihood of retiring under the mandatory retirement age system. The suggestions of this study, based on the analysis results, are as follows. First, it is suggested that the mandatory retirement age system be based on industry or occupation. Secondly, it is recommended to gradually implement efforts aimed at ensuring a guaranteed retirement age system for non-standard workers. Finally, it is suggested to introduce sickness benefits or a family care system in order to deter early retirement.

직장인의 노후생활 인식 및 재무설계상담이 재무적․비재무적 은퇴만족예측정도에 미치는 영향

조영순,박남태 한국FP학회 2023 Financial Planning Review Vol.16 No.3

This study analyzed the factors influencing the degree of prediction of financial and non-financial retirement satisfaction through the moderating effect of financial education experience and financial planning counseling of office workers on retirement. Individual retirement satisfaction can be a major factor in reducing social costs institutionally by the state. Therefore, this study aimed to provide policy and practical implications for settling retirement life awareness, financial planning counseling, and financial education through retirement satisfaction research. Two hundred and fifty questionnaires were distributed to general office workers aged between 20 and 65 across the country. Two hundred and twenty-four collected questionnaires, excluding missing values, were used for the study. The study results are as follows. First, among the perceptions of old age life, sustainable economic activities and financial asset management had a positive (+) effect on the predictive degree of financial and non-financial retirement satisfaction. Second, the level of experience during financial planning counseling did not have a significant effect on the predictive measure of financial and non-financial retirement satisfaction, but the level of quality fairness had a positive (+) effect on the predictive measure of non-financial retirement satisfaction. Third, there was no moderating effect between the perception of old age life, financial planning counseling, and retirement satisfaction predictive measures, which are the moderating variables. Regarding the implications of this study, office workers should be aware of retirement life to increase the predictability of retirement satisfaction. Second, policy authorities suggest the need for a system that enhances the effectiveness of financial education for efficient asset management of office workers. 본 연구는 은퇴에 대한 직장인들의 노후생활인식과 재무설계상담이 재무교육 경험여부의 조절효과를 통해 재무적․비재무적 은퇴만족 예측정도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하고자 하였다. 개인의 은퇴만족은 국가가 제도적으로 사회적 비용을 줄이는데 큰 요소가 될 수 있으므로 은퇴만족 연구를 통해 노후생활 인식, 재무설계 상담 및 재무교육의 정착을 위한 정책적․실무적 시사점을 제공하는데 본 연구 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 전국에 있는 20세 이상 65세 미만의 일반 직장인을 대상으로, 총 250부의 자료를 배포하였으며, 회수된 설문지 중 결측치를 제외한 최종 224부를 표본으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 노후생활인식 중 지속경제활동과 금융자산관리는 재무적․비재무적 은퇴만족 예측정도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 재무설계상담 중 경험수준은 재무적․ 비재무적 은퇴만족예측정도에 유의미하지 않았으나, 품질공정 수준은 비재무적 은퇴만족예측정도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 조절변수인 재무교육 경험여부의 노후생활인식과 재무설계상담, 은퇴만족예측정도 사이에서의 조절효과는 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 시사점으로 첫째, 직장인이 은퇴만족 예측정도를 높이기 위해 노후생활에관한 인식을 가져야 하며, 둘째, 정책당국은 직장인의 효율적 자산관리를 위해 재무교육실효성을 높이는 제도의 필요성을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

은퇴만족과 주관적 안녕감에 영향을 미치는 변인들에 관한 연구

정혜경,정영숙 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 2010 한국심리학회지 발달 Vol.23 No.3

Seventy-two retired men less than three years from their retirement participated this study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations of retirer's self-esteem, optimism, conditions of workforce exit and socio-demographic variables with their retirement satisfaction and subjective well-being. The results of multiple regression analysis show differential effects of predicted variables. Self-esteem, perceived economic status, and age in retirement were associated with retirement satisfaction, but optimism, perceived economic status, perceived health condition, education level, and voluntary choice of retirement were associated with subjective well-being. A noticeable finding was that self-esteem predicted retirement satisfaction but optimism predicted subjective well-being. The limitation and its implication of this study were discussed. 은퇴한 지 3년 미만인 50세 이상의 남성 72명을 대상으로 자기존중감과 낙관성, 은퇴환경 및 다양한 배경변인이 은퇴만족과 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 은퇴만족과 주관적 안녕감에 영향을 미치는 예측변인들의 중다회귀 분석 결과, 은퇴만족에 영향을 미치는 변인과 주관적 안녕감에 영향을 미치는 변인이 다른 것으로 나타났다. 자기존중감과 주관적 경제상태, 그리고 은퇴연령은 은퇴만족에 영향을 미치는 반면에, 낙관성, 주관적 경제상태, 주관적 건강상태, 교육수준, 그리고 은퇴선택은 주관적 안녕감에 영향을 미치는 변인으로 확인되었다. 주관적 경제상태는 은퇴만족과 주관적 안녕감 모두에 영향을 주는 변인으로 확인되었으나, 자기존중감은 은퇴만족에만 영향을 주며, 낙관성은 주관적 안녕감에만 영향을 주는 것으로 나타나 은퇴만족과 주관적 안녕감이 은퇴 적응의 지표로서 서로 보완적으로 사용될 수 있음을 보여주었다.

은퇴 및 비은틔 집단에 있어서 주관적 건강상태에 관한 연구

손용진 한국노인복지학회 2005 노인복지연구 Vol.0 No.30

This study was aimed at examining the effect of health-related behavior, social relation factors on self-rated health status between the retired and non-retired group. A sample of 1,392 individuals aged 60 and over was selected from the KLIPS(Korea Labor and Income Panel Study). The reasons for retirement were predominently made involuntarily: health(46.3%) or lay-off(14.5%). Relative to the non-retired group, the retired group rated their health status as poorer, and was more likely to be female, older, have lower life satisfaction, and more chronic health conditions. In both groups, the higher social relationships, being exercise, smoking and drinking led to higher self-rated health status. The results of this study suggested that the adequate income and health maintenance systems will be needed for the involuntary retired persons and the introduction of health-promotion program and the higher maintenance of social relationship will contribute to the quality of life for both the retired and nonretired elderly. 본 연구는 한국노동연구원이 조사한 KLIPS 자료에서 50세 이상 중고령자 중에서 990명의 은퇴집단과 1,392명의 비은퇴집단을 표본으로 하여 스스로 평가한 건강상태가 건강관련행위 및 사회적 관계와 어떠한 관련이 있는지에 대해 기술적으로 연구하였다. 은퇴집단의 구체적인 은퇴 사유가 매우 높은 비율로 비자발적인 이유, 즉 건강(46.3%) 또는 해고(14.5%) 등에 의해 주된 일자리를 그만 두었다. 은퇴집단이 사회인구학적으로 비은퇴집단과 비교하여 여성의 비율이 높았고, 연령이 높았으며, 스스로 하류층이라고 인식하는 비율이 높았고, 전반적인 삶의 만족도가 불만족/매우 불만족의 비율이 상대적으로 높았으며, 지난 2주 동안 하루라도 아파서 쉰 적이 있는 비율, 질병 및 장애로 주요활동에 지장을 받은 비율이 빈번했다. 은퇴집단에서 2년 전 자각 건강과 비교해서 건강이 나빠졌다고 한 비율이 2001년의 50.1%(496명)에서 55.6%(550명)로 증가했다. 이와 대조적으로 비은퇴집단에서는 건강하다고 한 비율(2001년과 2003년사이)이 약간 늘어났고, 건강이 나빠졌다고 한 비율은 줄어들었다. 주관적 건강상태와의 이변량 분석의 결과, 두 집단 모두에 있어서 경제적 수준과 사회적 지위가 높다고 인식할수록, 삶의 만족도가 높을수록, 기능장애가 없을 경우, 지병이 없을 경우 자각건강이 높았다. 두 집단 모두 사회적 관계가 높을수록, 운동을 할수록, 흡연과 음주를 할수록 주관적 건강상태가 높았다. 두 집단 모두에 있어서 사회적 관계변인 및 건강관련행위가 주관적 건강상태에 미치는 영향이 거의 같았다. 본 연구결과 은퇴가 비자발적으로 일어날 경우에 대비하여 적절한 소득과 건강보장제도의 재점검이 시급하며, 건강증진프로그램의 도입과 지역사회에서 사회적 지지망 확충이 노인기의 삶의 질 향상에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

과학기술자의 지위에 관한 법제의 현황과 개선방안

손경한(Kyung Han Sohn),박진아(Jina Park) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2013 성균관법학 Vol.25 No.4

The social status of scientists and engineers m Korea has been downgraded since the so called IMF Financial Crisis in 1997 despite the Korean Constitution has an explicit provision to protect the rights of scientists and engineers. The legislation to implement the relevant provision of the Constitution is minimal, if exists. It is very necessary to improve the social treatment and financial supports for scientists and engineers in order to attract talented teenagers to the area of science and technology. It is important to make the job of scientists and engineers worthwhile to pursue it for life-long. The authors' aim in this article, therefore, is to propose a new legislation for enhancing the socio-economic status of scientists and engineers in Korea by honoring them with social appreciation and supporting them with financial means. For this aim, the authors, firstly, address the present status of scientists and engineers in Korea under the current law. Secondly, we review the legislations for scientists and engineers of other countries such as the US, EU, Japan and China. Thirdly, based on the review of foreign legislative means, we consider new legal menas for promoting socio-economic status of scientists and engineers. For that purpose, the authors try to define the rights and duties of scientists and engineers under the Korean Constitution. Then, This article seeks the ways to improve the laws for (1) securing social treatment of scientists and engineers and (2) enhancing economic rewards for scientists and engineers. The authors put emphasis on, inter alia, job security for scientists and engineers so that they can work until they voluntarily retire. Also, it will be important to provide them with an opportunity to utilize their talents and experience even after retirement. In addition, monetary incentives such as research funds and compensation for their research results such as inventions and written works should be given justly and systematically. The authors also proposed various other ideas to reward for the contributions of scientists and engineers to our society. We expect this article be of assistance to provide a guide for improving present legal system in enhancing socio-economic status of scientists and engineers.

은퇴와 건강: 건강생활습관과 정신건강을 중심으로

이정택,김주연 한국보건사회학회 2018 보건과 사회과학 Vol.0 No.47

본 연구는 기대여명은 증가하고 있지만 정년은 기대여명의 증가 속도만큼 증가하지 못하고 있는상황에서, 국내의 선행연구에서 살펴보지 못했던 은퇴가 신체건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 건강생활습관(금연, 절주, 운동)에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 살펴본다. 뿐만 아니라 은퇴가 정신건강에 주는 영향과, 은퇴와 주관적인 건강상태의 관계를 분석한다. 본 연구는 고령화연구패널조사(KLoSA: Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing) 2006년에서 2014년까지의 자료를 이용하여 종속변수와 독립변수에 공통적으로 영향을 미치는 관찰할 수 없는 요인들을 통제하기 위해 고정효과 모형(fixed effect model)을 사용한다. 건강이 은퇴에 영향을 주는 역인과관계를 통제하기 위해서 은퇴당시 건강한 응답자와 은퇴하지 않은 응답자만을 고려하여 강건성 분석을 한다. 분석 결과 은퇴 직후 주 1회 이상정기적인 운동을 할 확률을 증가시켰고, 반면에 은퇴가 은퇴자의 정신건강에는 부정적인 영향을 끼쳤다. 또한 신체건강에 주는 건강생활습관의 향상에도 불구하고 정신건강의 악화로 은퇴자가 주관적으로 평가하는 건강상태는 은퇴이후 악화되었다. Given that an increase in the population of the elderly results in the increase in the cost of health for the elderly, in recent years, increasing attention has been paid to health care for the elderly. This paper investigates the impact of retirement on three dimensions of health, such as health behaviors(smoking, drinking, and physical activity), mental health, and subjective health status. Using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) for the sample period from 2006 to 2014, we employ a fixed effect model to control for the omitted variable bias. Moreover, to account for reverse causality (the reverse effect of health on retirement), the sample is stratified across individuals who has no major chronic illnesses at the waves of retirement. This study finds that retirement leads to an increase in the probability of having a physical activity at least once per week. On the other hand, the effect of retirement on mental health for retirees is negative. This study also finds that while retirees improves their health behaviors, subjective health is negatively affected by the deterioration in mental health.

지체장애인의 정신적 건강상태 영향요인

이은원,송지영 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2019 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.13 No.6

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting mental health status according to gender of persons with physical disabilities and to try their healthy life. Using the 6th Korean Retirement and Income Study, 333 persons with physical disabilities were included in the study. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and regression analysis were conducted to examine the general characteristics, instrumental activities of daily living, material support, and the effects on mental health status. There was no statistically significant difference in mental health status by gender, but there was a difference in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and life satisfaction. In the case of males, instrumental daily activities performance, material support, depression, and life satisfaction were found to be influential. In the case of females, spouse, depression, and life satisfaction were factors affecting mental health status. Based on the results of this study, we will be able to understand persons with physical disabilities and use them as a basis for developing mental health promotion programs.

은퇴가구의 경제상태 및 은퇴생활 만족도에 관한 연구

김기홍(Kihong Kim),양세정(Se-Jung Yang) 한국FP학회 2017 Financial Planning Review Vol.10 No.1

본 연구는 은퇴가구의 경제상태 만족도와 은퇴생활 만족도에 대해 재무적, 비재무적 요인에 따른 차이와 영향요인을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 국민연금연구원의 국민노후보장패널조사 5차년도(2013년) 자료를 활용하였으며, 동거하는 여타가구원이 없는 1인 또는 2인 은퇴가구만을 연구대상으로 하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 은퇴가구는 자산 중 부동산의 비율이 87.0%에 이르는 부동산 집중형 자산구조를 가지고 있었고, 소득의 경우 이전소득의 비중이 66.1%(공적이전소득 42.3%, 사적이전소득 23.8%)를 보였다. 둘째, 가구주가 여자인 경우보다 남자인 경우가, 배우자가 있는 경우가, 교육수준이 높을수록, 자가거주인 경우가 경제상태와 은퇴생활 만족도가 높았다. 셋째, 자산의 종류와 상관없이 자산을 보유한 가구가, 자산규모가 클수록 경제상태 만족도와 은퇴생활 만족도가 높았고, 소득의 경우에는 자산소득 보유가구가 미보유가구보다 경제상태 만족도와 은퇴생활 만족도가 높았으나, 공적이전 소득의 경우에는 미보유가구의 만족도가 높았다. 다만 소득규모를 상중하로 나누어 분석하였을 때 대부분 소득상위 집단의 만족도가 높게 나타났다. 다른 요인의 영향력을 통제한 상태에서의 각 변수들의 영향력을 살펴보면, 공적이전소득(β=.206)이 경제상태 만족도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 자산소득 보유여부, 금융자산, 부동산자산의 순이었다. 은퇴생활 만족도에 미치는 영향요인으로는 공적이전소득(β=.073)이 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 자산소득, 부동산자산 순으로 나타났다. 분석에 포함한 비재무적 요인 변수 모두가 은퇴생활 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤는데, 여가활동 만족도(β=.401)가 은퇴생활 만족도에 월등히 높은 영향력을 보였고, 다음으로 경제상태 만족도(β=.220), 건강상태 만족도(β=.155), 친구관계 만족도(β=.093), 가족관계 만족도(β=.079)의 순이었다. This study investigated financial status and life satisfaction of retired households and the factors on those. The sample included single retired and coupled retired households with no family member living with. For this, 2013 Survey of Korean Retirement and Income Study(KReIS) conducted by National Pension Research Institute was used. Various types of assets, income, expenditures were considered as financial status variables. Also some satisfaction variables were used as possible factors on life satisfaction of retired households. The main results were summarized as follows: 1) In retired-households, real estate property was a major part of total household assets(87.0%). Transfer income was almost 2/3 of total income. 42.4% of transfer income was from public side and 23.8% from private side. 2) Male-headed households had higher life satisfaction than female-headed households. Coupled households had higher than single households. Households with higher educated households were more satified with their life than others. Retirees living in their own home were also more likely to have higher life satisfaction than others. (3) The households with more assets on various types of assets tended to have more satisfaction on both economic status and life, and the households having real asset income and money income did to have more on both. On the other hand, the households with less transfer income appeared to have higher life satisfaction than others, which might be interpreted as poor households tended to be more dependent on transfer income. The life satisfaction of upper income group was generally higher than that of lower income groups. (4) With other factors to be constant, public transfer income had the biggest influence on economic satisfaction followed by income from property, real esate/total asset, real estate. Life satisfaction of retired households was associated with public transfer income, income from property, and real estate. Also Satisfactions with family relationship, friendship, leisure activities, and health were found to be crucial factors on life satisfaction.

은퇴준비인식이 경제적 은퇴준비상황에 미치는 영향 -재무교육의 조절효과를 중심으로-

김종모,박상범 한국리스크관리학회 2013 리스크 管理硏究 Vol.24 No.2

노후생활 및 은퇴준비와 관련한 학술연구의 대부분이 은퇴에 대한 인식이나 은퇴준비가 은퇴 후 노후생활의 삶의 질이나 삶의 만족과 관련되므로, 은퇴후 삶의 질과 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 발견하기 위한 것에 의미를 찾을 수 있으나 실행요인을 검증하지 못하였다는 데에 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 노후생활을 위한 경제적 은퇴준비 상황과 이러한 대책 방안으로 재무교육의 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구를 위한 문헌고찰과 선행연구논문 조사를 통해 노후생활에 대한 인식과 재무설계의 개념을 포괄하는 재무교육이 경제적 노후준비에 영향을 미치는 변인입이 확인되었고, 이에 재무교육의 중요성을 파악하기 위하여 노후생활인식 변인(경제적, 신체적, 사회적)을 독립변수로, 경제적 은퇴준비 변인(재정 및 주거, 경제활동)을 종속변수로, 재무교육(필요성, 경험수준, 실험적 결과품질, 감정적 과정품질)을 조절변수로 투입하여 회귀모형을 이용한 조절효과분석을 시행하였다. 분석결과, 노후생활인식과 경제적 은퇴준비 간에는 각 요인별로 재무교육이 조절효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 재무교육의 중요성을 확인함으로 인해 일반 직장인의 경제적인 은퇴준비도를 높이기 위해서는 재무교육의 필요성에 대한 인식을 높이고 재무교육의 품질을 높이는 노력을 기울여야 할 것이며, 특히 재무교육의 중요성을 알리는 홍보전략과 재무교육의 높이는 프로그램 개발은 물론 교육지원정책 개발이 절실히 요구된다는 시사점이 도출될 수 있었다. Most of studies on perception toward retirement or preparation for retirement have related to the quality of life or life satisfaction, which is meaningful to find factors influencing life satisfaction after retirement. There is, however, limitation that is lack of examination of the action factors. Thus this study is aiming at searching for the status quo of the financial preparation for the old age life and to verify the effectiveness of finance education as an option of the countermeasures for the issue. For this study, literature researches and advanced study researches are conducted to make sure that finance education covering perception toward the old age life as well as concept of financial design is the key factor affecting financial preparation for the old age life, and, in order to confirm importance of financial education, the moderating effect analysis is conducted, putting variable of perception toward old age life (in terms of financial, physical and social life) for independent variable, that of perception toward financial preparation for retirement (in terms of finance, residence and economic activity) for dependent variable and that of financial education (in terms of necessity, experience level, quality of experimental result and quality of emotional process) for moderating variable into regression model. As the result of this examination, it is found that each factor has a moderating effect between the perception toward old age life and financial preparation for retirement, and it suggests that there is yet a need to make an effort to enhance cognition of necessity of financial education and to improve the quality of financial educations so that the general employees can raise the level of their preparation for retirement up. From the result, particularly, it can be drawn that the development of policy to support the financial education as well as communication strategy to inform of importance of this education and programs to enhance the quality of the financial education is required.

Men’s Health Index: A Pragmatic Approach to Stratifying and Optimizing Men’s Health

Hui Meng Tan,Wei Phin Tan,Jun Hoe Wong,Christopher Chee Kong Ho,Chin Hai Teo,Chirk Jenn Ng 대한비뇨의학회 2014 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.55 No.11

Purpose: The proposed Men’s Health Index (MHI) aims to provide a practical and systematicframework for comprehensively assessing and stratifying older men with theintention of optimising their health and functional status. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed from 1980to 2012. We specifically looked for instruments which: assess men’s health, frailty andfitness; predict life expectancy, mortality and morbidities. The instruments were assessedby the researchers who then agreed on the tools to be included in the MHI. Whenthere was disagreements, the researchers discussed and reached a consensus guidedby the principle that the MHI could be used in the primary care setting targetting menaged 55-65 years. Results: The instruments chosen include the Charlson’s Combined Comorbidity-AgeIndex; the International Index of Erectile Function-5; the International ProstateSymptom Score; the Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male; the Survey of Health, Ageingand Retirement in Europe Frailty Instrument; the Sitting-Rising Test; the SeniorFitness Test; the Fitness Assessment Score; and the Depression Anxiety StressScale-21. A pilot test on eight men was carried out and showed that the men’s healthindex is viable. Conclusions: The concept of assessing, stratifying, and optimizing men’s health shouldbe incorporated into routine health care, and this can be implemented by using the MHI. This index is particularly useful to primary care physicians who are in a strategic positionto engage men at the peri-retirement age in a conversation about their life goalsbased on their current and predicted health status.