전시체제기 죠반(常磐)탄전 관련 명부자료를 통해 본 조선인 노무자의 사망실태

정혜경 한국민족운동사학회 2009 한국민족운동사연구 Vol.0 No.59

죠반(常磐)탄전이란 일본 후쿠시마(福島)현의 후타바(双葉), 이와키(石城) 탄전과 이바라키(茨城)현의 이바라키(茨城) 탄전을 총칭하는 명칭이다. 일본 본토에는 홋카이도(北海道)탄전이 가장 많은 석탄 매장량을 기록하고 있고, 이어서 규슈탄전이 뒤를 잇는다. 이에 비해 죠반탄전은 일본 3대 탄전이기는 하지만, 1930〜1945년간 생산량이나 광부 인원수에서 전국 대비 7% 정도인 소규모 탄전이었다. 이 지역에는 1939년 이후에 약 2만명이 넘는 조선인이 탄광노무자로 동원되었다. 현재 국내에 알려진 죠반탄전에 동원된 조선인 노무자 관련 명부는 7종이고, 그 가운데 4종은 사망자 명부이다. 이 글은 필자가 다른 논문을 통해 제시한 명부분석 연구방법론에 의거해 죠반탄전에 동원된 조선인 노무자의 사망 실태를 살펴보고자 하는 사례연구이다. 이를 위해 국내 소장 죠반탄전 관련 명부에 대한 기록학적 방법을 통한 미시적 분석을 실시하고, 이 가운데 「戰時下常磐炭田朝鮮人鑛夫殉職者名簿(長澤秀 정리)」를 중심으로 필자가 검증한 「常磐탄전조선인사망자명부(鄭惠瓊 정리. 305명)」를 대상으로 사망 실태를 분석했다. 이를 통해 305명의 본적지 및 사망연도별 실태, 사망원인별 실태, 입산시기별 실태, 사망 당시 연령별 실태 등을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 1944년과 1945년에 가장 많은 수의 조선인이 입산을 했고, 이 기간에 입산한 조선인의 사망률이 가장 높으며, 가장 많은 수의 조선인이 입산한 후 1년 이내에 사망했음을 알 수 있었다. 이들의 대부분이 작업과 관련하여 목숨을 잃었고, 사망원인은 작업 교육의 미비와 무리한 작업장 투입, 유년 노동력의 동원으로 판단된다. 그러나 이 글을 통해 죠반탄전에 동원되었다가 사망한 조선인들의 전반적인 사망실태를 제시할 수는 없다. 다만 명부자료에 대해 기록학적인 분석방법은 어떠한 것이며, 명부자료를 역사학적으로 분석하는 방법은 어떠한 것인가 하는 사례를 제시할 뿐이다. 죠반탄전의 사망자 명부자료를 통해 관심을 기울여야 하는 대상은 바로 명부에 나타나지 않는 빙산의 실체이다. 사망자 명부에 남아 있지 않으나 발생한 것으로 추정(이바라키현 소재 탄광의 사망자 현황이나 공습으로 인한 사망자, 1944년 10월 이후 입산자 가운데 사망자)되는 사망자의 실태이다. 기록에 남아 있지는 않지만, 결코 잊어서는 안 되는 ‘이름 없는 죠반 탄전 조선인 사망자’의 실태를 규명하는 것은 여전히 남은 우리의 과제이다. When you call Joban (常磐) coal field, it comprehensively includes the area such as Hutaba (双葉) and Iwaki(石城) field of Hukushima (福島) Prefecture, and Ibaraki (茨城) of Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan. Following two major coal fields, Hotkaido field of Hotkaido Prefecture and Kushu field, Joban coal field was the third big coal field in Japan; but it was comparatively quite smaller than two major ones in its coal reserves. It occupies only 7 percentage of the mine laborers population during 1930 to 1945 in Japan. Since 1939 more than twenty thousands of Korean people was moved to this field to provide human power. To the present there have been found seven forms of registers of the Korean workers in the Joban coal field among which four were the death rolls. This paper is a case study of the death rolls of three hundreds and five of people based on the analytical approach to the rolls with which the writer already dealt in a previous paper. As a result, the writer attained the detailed facts of the deceased; their legal domicile, the distribution of the years and ages in which they died and what caused them to die were unveiled. According to the findings, during the year 1944 to 1945 the number of Korean workers who were moved to the field was the biggest and the death rate also hit the highest record in the field. The main death causes include the early involvement in the filed work without enough training, and abuse of child labor. It is not possible for the writer to reveal the whole picture of the dead persons with analytic approach to the archives, but she still has another job to identify the dead persons who are believed to have been dead by the air attack, or other reasons in the Joban coal filed during the War.

『전후 세계사 1945-1995』 하마바야시ㆍ기무라ㆍ사사키 외, 김인덕ㆍ정혜경 옮김, 역사교양사, 1999년

정혜경 한국민족운동사학회 2000 한국민족운동사연구 Vol.24 No.-

전문도서관 서비스의 경제적 가치평가를 위한 분석모형 개발

정혜경 한국정보관리학회 2005 정보관리학회지 Vol.22 No.3

This study aims to suggest a new approach to economic valuation of the special library, in response to the necessity of economic justification of the special library operated by firms and research institutes. Benefit measurement elements and analysis methods to be used in the studywere derived through feasibility evaluation on models in previous studies, and objectivity and applicability were the criteria for feasibility evaluation. Depending on which type of resources are used in providing service, different benefit measurement elements and methods were applied. Based on this, calculation formula for service valuation of special library was presented. The development of analysis model for economic valuation of special library made it possible to objectively prove the value of the special library, and is considered to provide an opportunity to publicize the real value of the special library. 기업이나 연구소 등에서 운영하는 전문도서관의 경제적 가치 평가에 대한 필요성이 제기됨에 따라 본 연구는 전문도서관 주요 서비스의 가치평가에 대한 새로운 접근방법을 제시하였다. 선행연구의 이론과 보편타당성과 적용가능성을 기준으로 삼았다. 서비스에 어떤 유형의 자원(물적 자원 또는 인적 자원)이 사용되었는지에 따라 측정요소와 방법론을 달리 적용하였으며, 이를 토대로 전문도서관 주요 서비스의 가치평가를 위한 산출식을 제시하였다. 전문도서관 서비스의 경제적 가치평가를 위한 분석모형 개발은 서비스의 가치에 대한 객관적 입증이 가능해져서 전문도서관의 진정한 가치를 알릴 수 있는 계기가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

기억에서 역사로 : 일제 말기 일본제철(주)에 끌려간 조선인 노동자

정혜경 한국민족운동사학회 2004 한국민족운동사연구 Vol.41 No.-

일제 말기 ‘남양군도’의 조선인 노동자

정혜경 한국민족운동사학회 2005 한국민족운동사연구 Vol.44 No.-

아동 복지시설의 급식 운영 실태 조사

정혜경,김종연 한국식생활문화학회 1997 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current foodservice management practices of children care social welfare facilities. Questionnaire were sent to the directors of all 275 children welfare facilities in Korea and 107 returned facilities in korea and 107 returned the complete answers. These questionnaire were answered by manager. Equipments were evaluated by investigators using the evaluation form, staffing structure revealed that most of the facilities had a director, a secretary, nurse, but only 15% of the system hired a dietitian. It showed the shortage of nurse, physical therapists, and dietitian. Therefore, food purchasing, menu planning, food delivery, and the other food service management processes are handled by non-professionals, such as director, secretary, or cooks. Food purchasing money of total budget is 10∼20%. Food purchasing place in most facilities was market place. Foodstuffs were almost purchased 2∼3 per weeks. 90% of the welfare facilities were used the menu. Modified food frequency questionnaire were used to get the frequencies of each food items used in menu. The results showed relatively satisfactory in food frequencies, however, this was about what was used in menu, not what was eaten by the residents. Conditions of most equipments in the kitchen were defective specially in dishwashing and sterilization step.

초점화의 변이 양상 연구

정혜경 현대문학이론학회 2004 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.22

In this paper, I examined diverse variations of focalization by analyzing the way of focalization in "The Red Room" of Im Cho^l-woo, in "Busoksa" of Sin Kyong-suk and in "The River" of So^ Jo^ng-in. "The Red Room" is adapting an alternative focalization which is parallel in form and meaning. There are two first-person narrators in this novel: Oh Ki-so^p and Choi Dal-sik. Both of the two write himself as 'I' and see facts from his own perspectives. The two 'I' are standing against to each other, and there is no possibility for them to communicate. This way of narration not only embosses two focalized interiors but also rouses the historical reality conduced to such situation. "Busoksa" uses an alternation and union of focalization. The narrator of this novel focalizes on 'her' in the first chapter and on 'him' in the second chapter. In addition, this narrator doesn't know better than any of the focalized persons. However, in the third chapter, the narrator embraces the two subjects and call him and her together as 'them' while still maintaining the focalization of the earlier chapters available. This way of narration is giving a shape to a life that is seeking the possibility for solitary individuals to communicate and to coexist. "The River" is composed of a dispersion of focalization. The focalization of this novel is 'dispersed' in that this novel adapts a discontinuous narration, in which a bundle of dialogue is cut out into several and is placed between paragraphs without an appropriate relationship, or a focalized narration is severed by another focalized one and continues later. The contents of a focalized narration has no relation with others, and each content of the focalized narrations is no better than an imagination without any causality or just a fancy. Moreover, the reason of focalization itself is very contingent in this novel. Thus, a fragmental being of human is revealed by the discontinuous narration and the dispersion of focalization. The above ways of focalization, the parallel alternation, the alternation and union, and the dispersion, can be called a variation of the basic principle of focalization. When the variations are closely examined and analyses of the variations are accumulated, we can search the way to typify the specific narration and its focalizations of modern Korean fictions.

김천해와 김태엽의 기록을 통해 본 재일 한인 노동운동

정혜경 한국민족운동사학회 2021 한국민족운동사연구 Vol.- No.109

Kim Chun-hai and Kim Tae-yeop are leaders who are mentioned as representative figures in the history of the Korean labor movement in Japan during the Japanese colonial period. Kim Moon-joon and Park Kwang-hae, who represent the history of the Korean labor movement in Japan at the time, also worked in Japan. However, the reason for analyzing the two of the leaders of the Korean labor movement in Japan is that they left records of their activities. Most were unable to leave their own records due to torture or unexpected accidents obtained from imprisonment. Kim Cheon-hae and Kim Tae-yeop left memoirs and records (unpublished). The two records are very important data for examining not only the history of the Korean labor movement in Japan but also the history of Koreans in Japan during the Japanese colonial period. In particular, since both records were centered on writing in the 1920s, the proportion of Korean-American research in Japan in the 1920s is not small. Kim Cheon-hae and Kim Tae-yeop worked in the same space at the same time, but the direction of their activities was different after the Tokyo Chosun Labor Union. Therefore, if the two records are used together, the history of Koreans in Japan in the 1920s can be grasped abundantly. However, since the two records are informal records, they require cross-analysis with related data. The record of Kim Cheon-hae is believed to have been written after being released from prison in 1945. It was written for the purpose of publication, but it was not published. The evaluation of the Japanese colonial period is relatively objective as the difference between the time of writing and the time of activities of Gimcheonhae is not large. However, only part of the data was excavated, and the contents of the activities after 1940 are unknown. Also, the background of writing is unknown. Kim Tae-yeop's memoir is characterized by being a product of organizing the end of his life. In the headings of the memoir, Struggle and Testimony, Kim Tae-yeop wrote that he wanted to convey at least the names and hometowns of his comrades to juniors in the labor movement as the background of his writing. This memoir is a record written by Kim Tae-yeop in his old age, and he died five years after publishing the book. As such, there is a difference between the time of preparation and the time of target, and it is based on one's own "evaluation" rather than "fact", so it is more necessary to cross-analysis with related data. There are many points of evaluating the Japanese colonial period from a contemporary point of view, and the evaluation of contemporary activists is subjective and inconsistent. This is something that researchers should pay attention to in future research. Korean leaders who led the Korean-American movement in Japan during the Japanese colonial rule. The records they left show how they overcame difficulties in the land of colonial Japan in a dark reality. This paper attempted to examine the Korean labor movement in Japan during the Japanese colonial period through two cases that left records among many Korean labor activists. Recognizing the limitations of the memoirs, we hope to see various aspects of Korean history in Japan through the records left by the two leaders. 김천해와 김태엽은 일제시기 일본지역 한인노동운동사에서 대표적 인물로 거론되는 지도자이다. 이들을 비롯해 당시 일본지역 한인노동운동사를 대표하는 김문준, 박광해 등도 일본에서 활동했다. 그러나 많은 일본지역 한인 노동운동 지도자 가운데 두 사람을 분석하는 이유는 자신들의 활동 기록을 남겼기 때문이다. 대부분은 투옥생활에서 얻은 고문이나 불의의 사고 등으로 자신의 기록을 남길 수 없었다. 김천해와 김태엽은 회고록과 기록(미발표)을 남겼다. 두 기록은 일본지역 한인노동운동사 뿐만 아니라 일제시기 재일 한인의 역사를 살펴보는 데 매우 중요한 자료이다. 특히 두 기록 모두 집필의 중심 시기가 1920년대이므로 1920년대 일본지역 한인 연구에서 차지하는 비중은 적지 않다. 김천해와 김태엽은 같은 시기에 같은 공간에서 활동했으나 도쿄조선노동동맹회 이후에는 활동의 방향이 달랐다. 그러므로 두 기록을 함께 활용한다면 1920년대 일본지역 한인의 역사를 풍부하게 파악할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 두 기록 비공식 기록이므로 관련 자료와 교차 분석이 필요한 자료이다. 김천해의 기록은 1945년 출옥 이후에 집필한 것으로 추정된다. 출간할 목적으로 작성했으나 출판하지 못했다. 김천해의 기록은 작성 시기와 활동 시기의 차이가 크지 않으므로 일제시기에 대한 평가도 비교적 객관적이다. 그러나 자료의 일부만 발굴했으며 1940년 이후의 활동 내용은 알 수 없다. 또한 집필한 배경에 대해서도 알 수 없다. 김태엽의 회고록은 인생의 마지막을 정리하는 과정에서 나온 산물이라는 특징이 있다. 회고록인 투쟁과 증언 의 머리말에서 김태엽은 집필 배경으로 ‘노동운동에 나서는 후배들에게 동지들의 이름과 고향’이라도 전하고자 한다고 썼다. 이 회고록은 김태엽이 노령에 집필한 기록인데, 책을 출간한 후 5년만에 사망했다. 이같이 작성 시기와 대상 시기가 차이가 있고, ‘사실’보다는 본인의 ‘평가’를 토대로 하고 있으므로 관련 자료와 교차 분석이 더 많이 필요한 자료이다. 당대적 관점에서 일제시기를 평가한 점이 적지 않고, 동시기 활동가들에 대한 평가도 주관적이며 일관되지 않은 부분도 보인다. 향후 연구에서 주목해야 할 부분이다. 일제 식민통치 시절, 일본지역 한인 운동을 이끈 한인 지도자들. 그들이 남긴 기록은 그들이 어떻게 암담한 현실에서 식민지 본국인 일본 땅에서 난관을 헤쳐나갔는지 보여준다. 이 논문은 많은 한인 노동운동가 가운데 기록을 남긴 두 사례를 통해 일제시기 일본지역 한인 노동운동을 살펴보고자 했다. 회고록이 가진 한계를 인식하며 두 지도자가 남긴 기록을 통해 일본지역 한인 역사의 다양한 면을 볼 수 있게 되기를 기대한다.

정신박약아동의 장애요인에 관한 부모의 인식조사 : 일부 특수학교 재학 정신박약아을 대상으로 With the Mentally Retarded Children Attending the Special Schools

정혜경,김정근 한국보건통계학회 1982 한국보건정보통계학회지 Vol.7 No.1

In order to find out the awareness of parents on the causes of their mentally retarded children, a survey with questionnaire was carried out with 487 parents whose children are attending 7 special schools, from September 1st to 30th, 1982. The following results were obtained. Ⅰ. Of 487 children studied, male was 310 and female was 177. Ⅱ. I.Q of the children studied were classified as; custodial 4.7%, trainable 38.4%, educable 40.8% and unknown or unmeasurable 16.2% respectively. Ⅲ. Parity distribution of the 487 children studied were first 34.7%, second 25.3%, third 17.7% and over 4th 22.4% respectively. Ⅳ.Onset periods of mental retardation responded by parents studied were: hereditary 12.7%, fetal age 10.3%, at delivery 24.2%, infant age 21.4%, child age 11.0% and unknown 20.4% respectively. Ⅴ.Of 487 children studied, Down's syndrome was 12.7%. Relative risk of Down's syndrome was increased by age: 15-19 age group 0.00, 20-24 age group 0.20. 25-29 age group 0.61, 30-40 age group 0.82 and over-35 age group 2.75 respectively. Ⅵ. Of 487 parents studied, 10.3% responded that their children's mental retardation was occured in fetal age and the causes they responded were: medication 36.0%, eclamsia 28.0%, CO poisoning 8.0%, cardiac disease 8.0%, fainting 8.0%, infection 2.0%, others 10.0% respectively. Ⅶ. Of 487 parents studied, 24.2% responded that their children's mental retardation was occured at delivery. Under-weight baby was 7.0% and the baby delivered by disturbed delivery was 17.2%. Ⅷ. Of 487 parents studied, 21.4% responded that the causes of their children's mental retardation was occured in infant age and the causes they responded were: convulsion 34.6%, febrile disease 25.0%, meningitis 10.6%, measles 10.6%, jaundice 4.8%, medication 3.8%, brain under-development 3.8%, encephalitis 1.9%, Co poisoning 1.9% and others 2.9% respectively. Ⅸ. Of 487 parents studied, 11.0% responded that the causes of their children's mental retardation was occurred in child age and the causes they responded were: convaulsion 44.4%, meningitis 20.4% febrile disease 13.0%, measles 9.5%, encephalitis 7.4%, trauma or accident 3.7% and other 1.9% respectively.

아시아태평양전쟁에 동원된 조선인 노무자의 기억과 서사

정혜경 제주4.3연구소 2010 4.3과 역사 Vol.10 No.-