한국어 교육의 의존명사 복합구성 제시 형태 연구  ― 의존명사 ‘것’을 중심으로

손진희 중앙어문학회 2018 語文論集 Vol.76 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate how complex constructions of dependent nouns are presented in Korean language and grammar textbooks. Additionally, this study examines the presentation methods used for complex constructions of dependent nouns through comparison of examples from the Sejong corpus. Complex constructions of dependent nouns adopt the form of [[precedence elements +[dependent nouns] +following elements]] and are centered on dependent nouns. This study investigates how complex constructions of dependent nouns have been presented in Korean language textbooks, Korean grammar textbooks, and the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK), focusing on “것 (Geot),” the most frequently used dependent noun in modern Korean. The results demonstrated that although the constructions had the same meaning, their presentation format could differ in each textbook. For example, there was a case in which the allomorphs of complex constructions were listed as headwords; however, complex constructions were not registered as headwords in the Standard Korean Language Dictionary. Additionally, a format was observed that was presented in five different textbooks. Examining the forms of complex constructions of dependent nouns presented in the Sejong corpus, this study determined that the precedence elements of the dependent noun “것 (Geot)” were verb, adjective, and the adnominal suffix “-이다.” There was no difference among the existing Korean language textbooks, etc. However, ‘-(으)ㄴ 것이다’, which occurred most frequently in the Sejong corpus, was not presented clearly. Additionally, “아니다 (no),” “없다 (nothing),” “중 (between),” “때문에 (because),” etc. as following elements of the dependent noun “것 (Geot)” were presented as frequent examples in the Sejong corpus. However, these elements were hardly seen in Korean language textbooks, etc. In conclusion, this research examined the differences in the presentation of complex constructions of dependent nouns in Korean language education, focusing on the dependent noun “것 (Geot)” and examples from Korean language textbooks, Korean grammar textbooks, and the Sejong corpus. 본 연구는 의존명사 복합구성이 한국어 교재와 한국어 문법서에 어떻게 제 시되고 있는지 살펴보고, 세종 말뭉치의 용례와 비교하여 의존명사 복합구성 의 제시 방안을 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. ‘의존명사 복합구성’은 의존명사를 중심으로 [[선행 요소+[의존명사]+후행 요소]]의 형식을 취하는 것을 말한다. 현대 국어 사용 빈도가 가장 높은 ‘것’을 중심으로 의존명사 복합구성이 한국어 교재, 한국어 문법서, 한국어능력시험(TOPIK)에서 어떻게 제시되어 있는지 살펴보았다. 그 결과 같은 의미를 가진 복합구성이라도 교재마다 제시 형태가 다르며, 복합구성의 이형태로 보이는 것도 각각 표제어로 올린 경우도 있었다. 『표준국어대사전』에는 복합구성이 표 제어로 등재되어 있지 않았다. 5종의 교재에서 한 번씩만 제시된 형태도 있었 으며, 의미 설명에도 차이가 있었다. 의존명사 ‘것’을 중심으로 한 복합구성이 세종 말뭉치에 나타난 형태를 살펴보 면 의존명사 ‘것’의 선행요소로는 동사, 형용사, ‘-이다’의 관형사형 어미로 나 타나 기존 한국어 교재 등과 차이가 없었다. 그러나 세종 말뭉치 용례에서 가장 많이 나타난 ‘-(으)ㄴ 것이다’는 명확하게 제시하고 있지 않았다. 또한 의존명 사 ‘것’의 후행요소로 ‘아니다’, ‘없다’, ‘중’, ‘때문에’ 등도 말뭉치에서는 빈번한 용례로 제시되는데, 한국어 교재 등에서는 찾아보기 힘들었다. 본 연구로 의존 명사 ‘것’을 중심으로 한 복합구성이 한국어 교재, 한국어 문법서와 세종 말뭉 치 용례에서 어떠한 차이점이 나타나는지 알 수 있었다.

Notes on Thetic Judgement as Presentational There

So young Nam(남소영) 새한영어영문학회 2021 새한영어영문학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.10

This paper offers a formal approach to thetic statement in English presentational there construction. Thetic statement expresses a direct response to the p erceptual cognition of an actual situation, that is perceptual intake of informat ion about an actual situation. It poses grammatical constraints on presentation there, carrying different discourse intention and meaning. However, The syntac tic represent of presentational there may not correspond to semantic functions of it. So I argue that expressing thetic judgement must be represented with a distinctive syntatic representation, maintaining a possibility that the form and f unction of sentences may correspond to each other. In English, sentence types are often marked at the Spec of CP. The split CP structure Force and Fin pro posed by Rizzi(1997) were used for observed characteristics in presentational t here construction.

Constraints on the Perfective [V-ko (iss-)] in Korean: With Reference to a Present State Reading

Hee-Rahk Chae 서울대학교 언어교육원 2020 語學硏究 Vol.56 No.3

Korean [… V-ko iss-] is ambiguous between progressive and resultative meanings. We assume that it is ambiguous in three ways: P(rogressive)-reading, R(esultative)-reading and p(seudo)-R-reading constructions. These constructions allow different sets of predicates in the [… V] position. Most previous analyses agreed that telic predicates are responsible for the (traditional) resultative reading. However, this telicity condition does not adequately predict the occurrence of the reading: i) p-R predicates are not necessarily telic, and ii) not all telic predicates can trigger the R construction. The aim of this paper is to provide a set of constraints operating on the R construction under the understanding that p-R predicates should be excluded in advance. First, only those telic predicates that can indicate a present state in their past tense form can trigger the R construction. In addition, we show the need to posit two more constraints: a syntactic/semantic constraint and a pragmatic constraint. We further show that the present approach based on these new observations can properly characterize the R construction while excluding the P and p-R constructions. In dealing with the present state reading, we face the recalcitrant phenomenon of a theta role change in the subject of the predicate concerned.

관념형 there-구문에서의 의문사구-이동에 대한 고찰과 대안분석

김신호 새한영어영문학회 2007 새한영어영문학 Vol.49 No.2

The purpose of this article is to account for Chomsky's (2001) idiosyncratic analysis of A'-movement in presentational there-constructions by using the proposals made by Chomsky (2005). In Chomsky's (2001) analysis where the A'-movement of already extracted/thematized phrase is impossible in these constructions, he proposed that the continuous A'-movement of this phrase he restricted because of the violation of application-order between syntactic and phonological operations. In other words, a wh-phrase cannot continue to perform the syntactic A'-movement operation after a phonological Th/Ex-rule was applied to this phrase. Therefore, reviewing various analyses of authors, we not only adopt the new definition of A/A'-chain and the concept of Edge Feature/(Agree) and Feature Inheritance proposed by Chomsky (2005), but also eliminate this phonological rule from the derivation of these constructions. In consequence, I verify that the feature-valuation of a copy in spec-TP distinguishes, in an effective manner, between adequacy and inadequacy of A'-movement in presentational there-constructions. This analytic result will allow us to suggest that the phonological Th/Ex, which was designed only for these constructions in Chomsky (2001), be completely redundant rule.

한국어 교육에서 부정 의미 ‘말다’ 반복구성에 대한 연구

임진숙(Lim, Jinsuk) 중앙어문학회 2020 語文論集 Vol.81 No.-

이 연구는 부정 의미 ‘말다’ 반복구성의 목록을 설정하고 그 의미와 용법을 분석하여 한국어 학습자를 위한 교수 방안 마련을 위한 시사점을 제언하기 위한 것이다. 지금까지 국어 연구와 한국어 교육 연구에서 부정 의미 ‘말다’ 반복구성에 대한 논의는 배제되거나 소략하여 진행되어 왔고 그 목록 또한 정리가 되어 있지 않았다. 또한 한국어 교재와 문법서, 한국어 교육용 사전 등을 분석한 결과 부정 의미 ‘말다’ 반복구성을 제시할 때 그 용어 설정이나 목록, 그리고 형태적, 의미적 제시의 통일성이나 일관성이 부족하였다. 이에 한국어 교육용 부정 의미 ‘말다’ 반복구성의 목록화가 필요하다고 보고 기존 연구 9편과 한국어 문법서와 한국어 문법 교재에 나타난 중복도를 조사하여 총 18개의 항목을 목록화 하였다. 목록화는 먼저 의미적, 형태적 유사성을 지닌 경우에 하나의 목록으로 묶고, 축약 형태의 준꼴은 원래의 형태와 묶어서 제시하였다. 그리고 시제의 차이도 형태적으로 구분하여 하나의 틀로 묶어서 제시하였다. 이것을 바탕으로 부정 의미 ‘말다’ 반복구성을 제시할 때 문장성분이 결합하는 형태에 따라 의존명사, 연결어미, 종결어미로 나누어 제시할 필요가 있음을 제안하였다. 그리고 ‘말다’의 의존명사 반복구성에는 반드시 띄어쓰기가 필요함을 명시적으로 전달할 필요가 있으며, 형태적으로 유사하여 학습에서 혼란을 겪을 수 있는 항목들이 많으므로 의미별로 묶어서 제시하여 학습자들에게 도움을 줄 필요가 있다고 본다. This study set out to make a list of repetitive constructions of "malda" in a negative sense, analyze their meanings and uses, and propose their implications for teaching plans for Korean learners. The study found that discussions about the repetitive constructions of "malda" in a negative sense had been excluded from or conducted roughly in the research on Korean language and education, and there was no arrangement in its list. The analysis results of teaching materials, grammar books, and educational dictionaries in Korean show that there was a lack of unity or consistence in terms, lists, and morphological or semantic presentations regarding the repetitive constructions of "malda" in a negative sense. Recognizing the need to make a list of these repetitive constructions for Korean education, the investigator examined the degree of overlapping in nine previous studies, as well as grammar books, grammar textbooks, and integrated teaching materials for Korean analyzed earlier, and made a list of 18 items. While making the list, the investigator put the items with semantic or morphological resemblance on the same list and grouped the abbreviated forms with their expansions. The tense differences were made morphologically distinguishable and grouped on the same list. Based on these, the study made proposals for educational plans: firstly, there is a need to present repetitive constructions of "malda" in a negative sense as bound nouns, connective endings, and final endings according to the combinational forms of sentence components; secondly, there is an absolute need for explicit spacing between words in these repetitive constructions presented as bound nouns; and finally, it is necessary to present these repetitive constructions by their meanings and help the learners since many items create confusion due to the morphological resemblance in their repetitive constructions.

当前中国法治建设的现状及展望

호건국(Jian-Guo, Hu) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2013 圓光法學 Vol.29 No.1

In November 2012 the Communist Party of China held the 18th National Congress and solemnly declare to the world: China shall attain the goal of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society by 2020 and at the same time the rule of law should be fully implemented as a basic strategy, a law-based government should be basically in function, judicial credibility should be steadily enhanced, and human rights should be fully respected and protected. This is China’s grand goal to realize the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, also is the the important goal to realize the Chinese people's democracy. Review the 30-year progress of China since the 1978 reform and opening, China has achieved great changes and the outstanding achievements, which is really a hard-won and gratifying for a country with a population of 1.3billion. Through China’s over 30 years process of legal construction, it has been basically completed the construction of Chinese characteristic socialism legal system, which is really a great progress and is recognized by the world. China is currently in the process of implementing the "fourmodernizations" and national rejuvenation, as while as comprehensively promoting the rule of law. But on the road of the rule of law, China is still in its infancy. Now China is in a contradictory period, there are many problems to be solved, there are many conundrums need to cracked. The 18th National Congress of CPC declared the "scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, judicial justice and the law-abiding" new16-character guideline, which will become the compass of China’s legal construction now and in the future. Adhere to running the country by the rule of law, govern by law and administration according to law.; Adhere to building the country, the government and the whole society under the rule of law; Adhere to that everyone is equal before the law, there is responsibility while having power, there is supervision while using power and illegal activities will be investigated. This is not only the core content of China's legal construction, but also the outlook of China's legal construction. 2012年11月中国共产党召开了第十八次全国代表大会,向全世界郑重宣布:中国“到2020年全面建成小康社会目标的同时,依法治国基本方略全面落实,法治政府基本建成,司法公信力不断提高,人权得到切实尊重和保障”。这是中国实现全面建成小康社会的宏伟目标,也是实现中国人民民主的重要目标。回顾中国自1978年实行改革开放30多年来的历程,取得的翻天覆地的变化和与世瞩目的成绩,对于拥有13亿人口大国的中国确实是来之不易和令人欣慰的。特别是中国30多来法制建设的进程,已经基本建成了中国特色社会主义的法律体系,真可谓是进步神速、举世公认。当前中国正走在实现“全面小康社会”和民族振兴的路上,进入了全面推进依法治国的阶段。但是中国在法治的道路上,还只是刚起步,正处在一个矛盾的凸显期,还有不少问题需要解决,有不少难题需要破解。十八大提出的“科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法”的新十六字方针,将成为中国现在和将来法治建设的指南针。坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政共同推进;坚持法治国家、法治政府、法治社会一体建设;坚持法律面前人人平等、做到有权必有责、用权受监督、违法必追究。这不仅是中国法治建设的核心内容,更是中国法治建设的展望。

교육적 의미에서 분사의 형태와 용법 연구

양용준 한국영미어문학회 2020 영미어문학 Vol.- No.137

The purpose of this paper was to examine how students understand and use the participles. They should be able to understand and use participles and participial adjectives, not just to understand the participle construction. It is an effective way to approach and teach in order to understand and utilize the participle. Students have the best understanding of the participial adjectives because they have a clear form, and the present and past participles also show a high degree of understanding in terms of understanding and using verbs. In addition, they were able to understand because they studied the concept of a participle construction while learning an adverb in middle and high school. However, in terms of usage, it is too complicated and has an ambiguous expressions, making it difficult to select a conjunction. Lastly, they haven't heard the term itself for the clause, and it also appears to take some time to understand. From grammarization to degrammarization, it is time to deal with English grammar for living communication. To this end, a more systematic study of all grammatical terms or usages will be required, and the study on this will be postponed to the next opportunity.

明清“現任官輒自立碑”律研究

李倩,(Li Qian) 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2012 아시아연구 Vol.- No.16

“現任官輒自立碑”는 明ㆍ清刑律『禮律』가운데의 條文으로서, 그내력은 唐ㆍ宋法律가운데의 “長吏輒立碑” 律條에 있다. 이 條文은 주로 官員이 임기 내에 자신을 위해 “歌功頌德, 樹碑建祠”하여 “聲名遠播”하는 행위를 규범화한 것이다. 이 律文의 적용 조건에 대해 명확히 법적으로 규정하였으며, 情節의 輕重에 따라 각각 서로 다른 처벌 조치를 규정하였다. 그러나 실제로 잘 집행되지는 않았다. 그리고 이러한 행위는 각 지방의 地方志에 碑文의 형식으로 일부 기록되었다. 전체적으로 말하면, 비문의 지역적 분포는 교통요지에 집중되어 있는 특징을 보이고 있다. 그 내용은, “常規政務”와 “特殊政務” 등 크게 두 가지로 분류할 수 있다. 전자는 주로 “生産發展, 敎育發展, 屬吏約束, 陋規整治” 등 크게 네 종류로 구분할 수 있고, 후자는 주로 자연재해 구제와 특수한 시기의 지방 사회관계 등을 처리하는 것이었다. 이와 관련되는 관리는 進士출신의 縣令이 가장 많았다. 그러나 孝廉, 舉人등 관리와 일부 기타 직위의 관리들도 포함되었다. 비문을 만든 사람들은 대부분 邑人, 本地소속의 高官, 當地의 하급 관리 및 名流人士등 크게 네 부류로 분류된다. 형태가 바뀐 정황은 매우 다양하다. “興學校”, “修道橋”, “修水利” 및 기타 유사행위 등이 포함된다. 이외에 사회상의 造勢행위도 있다. 최고 통치자가 이를 법률로 철저히 보호하는 것을 주로 하고 있지만, 개별적으로 변통되는 사례로도 나타난다. 그 원인은 전제주의 중앙집권제 하에서의“人治” 정치의 영향 때문이다. 이러한 律文내용의 규정과 실제 집행 정황이 서로 어울리지 않는 현상에 대한 연구는 오늘날의 법조인들이 고대 법률의 사회적 역할을 더욱 잘 이해하도록 할 뿐만 아니라 지금의 법제 창조에도 참고가 된다. “The monument construction without permission by the officials at present” is an article of “Li Law” in criminal law of Ming and Qing Dynasty, which comes from “The monument construction without permission by the governing officials” in the law of Tang and Song Dynasty. The provision is mainly used against officials in their management areas, through the construction of the monument and shrine to promote their achievements, and to hope that this information can let more people know. Conditions of the applicable statutes has a clear legal provisions, and in accordance with the severity of different circumstances, were provided for different penalties. However, in practice, this law was to avoid and often violated. And the ancients had left a lot of records of their behaviors in the local history books belong to various places, most of them are inscriptions. Generally speaking, the more important an area to the traffic is, the more inscription records the area has. For their contents, the records can be divided into two general categories - government and special government. The former mainly includes four categories which are the development of production, development of education, constraints subordinates, restriction traditional acts of unfair ; the latter mainly for natural disaster relief and local social relations treatments in special times. In the records of the officials, the most are about the officials through examinations to be the magistrate, but does not rule out officials from other ways to be or some officials of other positions there. To their authors, they can be roughly divided into four categories, including local people, local nationals officials, local lowlevel officials and prominent people in society. In practice, all the text to avoid this mainly in two ways: for “the current official” to avoid and use of other content as the title, but is in fact about the performance of officials. And what happened in disguise is very rich, including setting up schools, building roads and bridges, irrigation and other similar acts, in addition to public opinion in the community's behavior. The attitude of the supreme ruler to firmly maintain its law as the mainstream, but does not exclude individual cases the modifications appeared. The reason can be attributed to the centralized despotism under the “rule of man” political mode. The contents of all the provisions of this article the implementation of disconnection with the actual research, not only legal workers can make today a better understanding of the social role of ancient law, the legal system of today can also provide reference.

当前中国法治建设的现状及展望

胡建国 원광대학교 법학연구소 2013 法學硏究 Vol.29 No.1

In November 2012 the Communist Party of China held the 18th National Congress and solemnly declare to the world: China shall attain the goal of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society by 2020 and at the same time the rule of law should be fully implemented as a basic strategy, a law-based government should be basically in function, judicial credibility should be steadily enhanced, and human rights should be fully respected and protected. This is China’s grand goal to realize the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, also is the the important goal to realize the Chinese people's democracy. Review the 30-year progress of China since the 1978 reform and opening, China has achieved great changes and the outstanding achievements, which is really a hard-won and gratifying for a country with a population of 1.3billion. Through China’s over 30 years process of legal construction, it has been basically completed the construction of Chinese characteristic socialism legal system, which is really a great progress and is recognized by the world. China is currently in the process of implementing the "fourmodernizations" and national rejuvenation, as while as comprehensively promoting the rule of law. But on the road of the rule of law, China is still in its infancy. Now China is in a contradictory period, there are many problems to be solved, there are many conundrums need to cracked. The 18th National Congress of CPC declared the "scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, judicial justice and the law-abiding" new16-character guideline, which will become the compass of China’s legal construction now and in the future. Adhere to running the country by the rule of law, govern by law and administration according to law.; Adhere to building the country, the government and the whole society under the rule of law; Adhere to that everyone is equal before the law, there is responsibility while having power, there is supervision while using power and illegal activities will be investigated. This is not only the core content of China's legal construction, but also the outlook of China's legal construction.

The “Concealed Passive” Construction Needs Investigating Diachronically

김정수 한국중원언어학회 2018 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.47

Although the so-called concealed passive construction has been mentioned in several grammar books, its grammatical properties have not been explored in detail and its historical development has not been discussed either. This paper, based on historical corpus data, examines how the construction has developed since the late modern English period and how its grammatical properties have been related to those of other passive-(related) constructions such as the canonical be-passive, passival, middle, and need/want + passive VP constructions in terms of licensing verb types, (dis)-preference for agent by-phrases, animacy of the subject, and productivity of VP complement types. The findings here show 1) that need and want have been the two most representative licensing verbs for the concealed passive construction since the late modern English period and their relative power changed in the present-day English period; 2) it is also unique in that it has undergone different developmental change from the other passive-(related) constructions; 3) its development could contribute to the emergence/development of the need/want + VP passive construction.