Novel active crack width control technique to reduce the variation on water permeability results for self-healing concrete

Van Mullem, Tim,Gruyaert, Elke,Debbaut, Brenda,Caspeele, Robby,De Belie, Nele Elsevier 2019 Construction & building materials Vol.203 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An important characteristic of self-healing concrete is its ability to regain liquid tightness after it has been damaged. This ability can be tested using water permeability setups. However, a lack of standardized test methods makes it difficult to compare results between different studies. Additionally, the large variation on crack widths between specimens results in a large spread of the permeability results. This, together with all other factors (e.g. internal crack geometry) contributing to the variability of permeability results, should be clearly assessed in order to develop a standardized permeability test. In this study a new active crack width control technique has been developed to significantly reduce the variation on the crack width within a series of specimens, resulting in more consistent permeability results. By analysing permeability results of specimens from test series with different nominal crack widths the factors contributing to variability could be assessed. The two main contributors are the variability on the mean crack width at the crack mouth and the variability on the internal crack geometry. The variability of the mean crack width can induce a 3 times higher variability of the permeability results. In contrast to the crack width, the internal geometry of a crack cannot be determined directly, yet it can cause a difference in permeability of more than 25% for specimens with an identical nominal surface crack width. It can be concluded that when crack widths are actively controlled, the main source of variability on permeability results is the internal geometry which cannot be controlled, regardless of the chosen cracking technique. In order to reduce the variance on the mean permeability, it is proposed to use at least six specimens per series.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Variability on permeability is dictated by crack width and internal crack geometry. </LI> <LI> Active crack control can reduce the variability on the crack width significantly. </LI> <LI> If this is done, internal crack geometry governs the variability on permeability. </LI> <LI> A minimum sample size of 6 specimens is proposed when assessing water permeability. </LI> </UL> </P>

Prediction and Interpretation of Hydraulic Permeability for Nonwoven Fabrics Considering Hypothetical 2-D Layer

Ahn, Seung Jae,Lee, Moo Sung,Lim, Dae Young,Im, Jung Nam,Lee, Seung Goo,Youk, Ji Ho,Jeon, Han-Yong 한국섬유공학회 2013 FIBERS AND POLYMERS Vol.14 No.12

The permeability defined by Darcy's law indicates the degree of ability that a fluid can flow through nonwoven media under a differential pressure in laminar flow. The permeability generally indicates the specific permeability or absolute permeability. On the other hand, if the fluid is water, the permeability indicates the hydraulic conductivity or permeability coefficient. The permeability is one of the important properties for nonwoven media and a prediction of the permeability acts as a bridge between the manufacturing technology and performance requirements. Because capillary channel theory aims to make the flow of fluid easier and more understandable, many models are based on capillary channel theory. On the other hand, the theory has a limitation in that it is unsuitable for high porosity media. In this study, a very thin downstream layer, which was suggested by Lifshutz [9], was introduced to derive a prediction model of hydraulic permeability. Needle-punched and spunbonded nonwoven fabrics with various basis weights were used in the cross-plain water permeability test. From this 'thin layer' model, reasonable agreement between the predicted and experimental results was obtained.

Comparison of Different Permeability Models for Production-induced Compaction in Sandstone Reservoirs

Thanh To,장찬동 대한지질공학회 2019 지질공학 Vol.29 No.4

We investigate pore pressure conditions and reservoir compaction associated with oil and gas production using 3 different permeability models, which are all based on one-dimensional radial flow diffusion model, but differ in considering permeability evolution during production. Model 1 assumes the most simplistic constant and invariable permeability regardless of production; Model 2 considers permeability reduction associated with reservoir compaction only due to pore pressure drawdown during production; Model 3 also considers permeability reduction but due to the effects of both pore pressure drawdown and coupled pore pressure-stress process. We first derive a unified stresspermeability relation that can be used for various sandstones. We then apply this equation to calculate pore pressure and permeability changes in the reservoir due to fluid extraction using the three permeability models. All the three models yield pore pressure profiles in the form of pressure funnel with different amounts of drawdown. Model 1, assuming constant permeability, obviously predicts the least amount of drawdown with pore pressure condition highest among the three models investigated. Model 2 estimates the largest amount of drawdown and lowest pore pressure condition. Model 3 shows slightly higher pore pressure condition than Model 2 because stress-pore pressure coupling process reduces the effective stress increase due to pore pressure depletion. We compare field data of production rate with the results of the three models. While models 1 and 2 respectively overestimates and underestimates the production rate, Model 3 estimates the field data fairly well. Our result affirms that coupling process between stress and pore pressure occurs during production, and that it is important to incorporate the coupling process in the permeability modeling, especially for tight reservoir having low permeability.

인체 요추해면골의 배류계수, 겉보기밀도, 공극비 사이의 상관관계에 관한 연구

홍정화,강신일 대한의용생체공학회 1997 의공학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Abnormal intraosseous flow and pressure in trabecular bone could cause various pathological conditions such as osteonecrosis and osteoarthritis. Characteristics of intraosseous fluid flow and pressure generation in porous trabecular bone can be significantly affected by the permeability. Factors which determine the permeability could be the porosity and apparent density of trabecular bone. However, there is little data on the permeability and the relationship among the permeability. porosity, and apparent density of trabecular bone. In this study. the permeability. porosity, and apparent density of human lumbar vertebral trabecular bone were experimentally measured. Also, a power relationship among the permeability, porosity, and apparent density was investigated to understand effects of the porosity and apparent density variations on the permeability of trabecular bone based on Kozeny-Carman equation. A near linear relationship between intraosseous fluid flow and time indicated that the fluid phase flowed through the pores in trabecular bone is governed by the permeability. The permeability of trybecular bone was found to have a significant power relationship with the porosity and apparent density (r: 0.84 and $\textit{p}$< 0.0005). The power relationship could be useful to determine the permeability of trybecular bone after measuring the apparent density and porosity.

PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 탄화수소 기체투과 특성

정연임,이현경 한국막학회 2014 멤브레인 Vol.24 No.6

PTMSP[Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne)]에 LDH (layered double hydroxide)의 함량을 0, 1, 3, 5 wt%로 달리하여 PTMSP/LDH 복합막을 제조하고, PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 LDH 함량에 따른 H2, N2, CH4, C3H8, n-C4H10의 기체투과도와 선 택도를 조사하였다. PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 LDH 함량이 0∼5 wt%로 증가하면 H2와 N2의 투과도는 점차 감소하였고, n-C4H10의 투과도는 급격히 증가하였다. 그리고 CH4와 C3H8의 투과도는 0∼3 wt% 범위에서는 감소하고 3∼5 wt% 범위에서 는 증가하였다. PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 LDH 함량이 5 wt%로 증가하면 H2와 N2에 대한 H2, N2, CH4, C3H8, n-C4H10의 선택 도는 점차 증가하였고, CH4에 대한 C3H8과 n-C4H10의 선택도는 0∼3 wt% 범위에서는 증가하고, 3∼5 wt% 범위에서는 감 소하였다. PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 CH4과 n-C4H10의 투과도가 증가하면 H2와 N2에 대한 CH4과 n-C4H10의 선택도는 증가하였 고, n-C4H10의 투과도가 증가하면 CH4에 대한 n-C4H10의 선택도는 n-C4H10의 투과도 182,000 barrer까지는 증가하다가 그 이상 에서는 감소하였다. C3H8의 투과도가 증가하면 H2와 N2에 대한 C3H8의 선택도는 C3H8의 투과도 46,000∼50,000 barrer 범위에 서는 감소하고 50,000∼52,300 barrer 범위에서 증가하였고 52,300∼60,000 barrer 범위에서는 감소하였다. 그리고 C3H8의 투과 도가 증가하면 CH4에 대한 C3H8의 선택도는 52,300 barrer까지는 급격히 감소하였고, 그 이상에서는 급격히 증가하였다. PTMSP/LDH composite membranes were prepared by adding 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt% LDH contents to PTMSP. The gas permeability and selectivity for H2, N2, CH4, C3H8, n-C4H10 were investigated as a function of LDH content. As LDH content of PTMSP/LDH composite membranes increased to 5 wt%, the gas permeability for H2 and N2 gradually decreased, while n-C4H10 permeability rapidly increased. The gas permeability for CH4 and C3H8 was found to decrease for the membranes with LDH content range of 0∼3 wt%, however increase in the range of 3∼5 wt%. As LDH content of PTMSP/LDH composite membranes increased to 5 wt%, the selectivity of membranes gradually increased for H2, N2, CH4, C3H8, n-C4H10 over H2, N2. However the selectivity for C3H8 and n-C4H10 over CH4 increased in the range of LDH content 0 ∼3 wt% but decreased in the range of 3∼5 wt%. The CH4 and n-C4H10 selectivity over H2 and N2 increased as CH4 and n-C4H10 permeability increased. The n-C4H10 selectivity over CH4 increased with increasing n-C4H10 permeability up to 182,000 barrer and decreased above 182,000 barrer of n-C4H10 permeability. The C3H8 selectivity over H2 and N2 was found to decrease as the C3H8 permeability increased from 46,000 to 50,000 barrer, but to increase with increasing permeability from 50,000 to 52,300 barrer and decrease again with increasing permeability from 52,300 to 60,000 barrer. The C3H8 selectivity over CH4 was found to decrease with increasing C3H8 permeability up to 52,300 barrer but increase above 52,300 barrer.

PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 탄화수소 기체투과 특성

정연임,이현경,Jeong, Yeon-Eim,Lee, Hyun-Kyung 한국막학회 2014 멤브레인 Vol.24 No.6

PTMSP[Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne)]에 LDH (layered double hydroxide)의 함량을 0, 1, 3, 5 wt%로 달리하여 PTMSP/LDH 복합막을 제조하고, PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 LDH 함량에 따른 $H_2$, $N_2$, $CH_4$, $C_3H_8$, $n-C_4H_{10}$의 기체투과도와 선택도를 조사하였다. PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 LDH 함량이 0~5 wt%로 증가하면 $H_2$와 $N_2$의 투과도는 점차 감소하였고, $n-C_4H_{10}$의 투과도는 급격히 증가하였다. 그리고 $CH_4$와 $C_3H_8$의 투과도는 0~3 wt% 범위에서는 감소하고 3~5 wt% 범위에서는 증가하였다. PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 LDH 함량이 5 wt%로 증가하면 $H_2$와 $N_2$에 대한 $H_2$, $N_2$, $CH_4$, $C_3H_8$, $n-C_4H_{10}$의 선택도는 점차 증가하였고, $CH_4$에 대한 $C_3H_8$과 $n-C_4H_{10}$의 선택도는 0~3 wt% 범위에서는 증가하고, 3~5 wt% 범위에서는 감소하였다. PTMSP/LDH 복합막의 $CH_4$과 $n-C_4H_{10}$의 투과도가 증가하면 $H_2$와 $N_2$에 대한 $CH_4$과 $n-C_4H_{10}$의 선택도는 증가하였고, $n-C_4H_{10}$의 투과도가 증가하면 $CH_4$에 대한 $n-C_4H_{10}$의 선택도는 $n-C_4H_{10}$의 투과도 182,000 barrer까지는 증가하다가 그 이상에서는 감소하였다. $C_3H_8$의 투과도가 증가하면 $H_2$와 $N_2$에 대한 $C_3H_8$의 선택도는 $C_3H_8$의 투과도 46,000~50,000 barrer 범위에서는 감소하고 50,000~52,300 barrer 범위에서 증가하였고 52,300~60,000 barrer 범위에서는 감소하였다. 그리고 $C_3H_8$의 투과도가 증가하면 $CH_4$에 대한 $C_3H_8$의 선택도는 52,300 barrer까지는 급격히 감소하였고, 그 이상에서는 급격히 증가하였다. PTMSP/LDH composite membranes were prepared by adding 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt% LDH contents to PTMSP. The gas permeability and selectivity for $H_2$, $N_2$, $CH_4$, $C_3H_8$, $n-C_4H_{10}$ were investigated as a function of LDH content. As LDH content of PTMSP/LDH composite membranes increased to 5 wt%, the gas permeability for $H_2$ and $N_2$ gradually decreased, while $n-C_4H_{10}$ permeability rapidly increased. The gas permeability for $CH_4$ and $C_3H_8$ was found to decrease for the membranes with LDH content range of 0~3 wt%, however increase in the range of 3~5 wt%. As LDH content of PTMSP/LDH composite membranes increased to 5 wt%, the selectivity of membranes gradually increased for $H_2$, $N_2$, $CH_4$, $C_3H_8$, $n-C_4H_{10}$ over $H_2$, $N_2$. However the selectivity for $C_3H_8$ and $n-C_4H_{10}$ over $CH_4$ increased in the range of LDH content 0~3 wt% but decreased in the range of 3~5 wt%. The $CH_4$ and $n-C_4H_{10}$ selectivity over $H_2$ and $N_2$ increased as $CH_4$ and $n-C_4H_{10}$ permeability increased. The $n-C_4H_{10}$ selectivity over $CH_4$ increased with increasing $n-C_4H_{10}$ permeability up to 182,000 barrer and decreased above 182,000 barrer of $n-C_4H_{10}$ permeability. The $C_3H_8$ selectivity over $H_2$ and $N_2$ was found to decrease as the $C_3H_8$ permeability increased from 46,000 to 50,000 barrer, but to increase with increasing permeability from 50,000 to 52,300 barrer and decrease again with increasing permeability from 52,300 to 60,000 barrer. The $C_3H_8$ selectivity over $CH_4$ was found to decrease with increasing $C_3H_8$ permeability up to 52,300 barrer but increase above 52,300 barrer.

An Experimental Investigation on the Stress-strain and Permeability of Chemically Grouted Sands

( Gailing Zhang ),( Yaping Wang ) 대한지질공학회 2019 대한지질공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2019 No.2

This paper present an experimental investigation on the stress-strain relationship and permeability of chemically grouted sands during failure process in a triaxial test. The influence of confining pressures, chemical grouts contents, curing time and temperature on permeability and stress-strain characteristics of chemically grouted sands were investigated in the laboratory tests. Moreover, the pore characteristics and the relationship between permeability and deformation failure are also studied by analyzing the results of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and CT test. The experiment results show that the influence of slurry content on the permeability is obvious, when the slurry content reaches a certain threshold value, the permeability reaches the minimum value. The permeability of chemical grouting sands changed greatly under different confining pressures. Different curing ages have influence on the permeability. When the curing temperature is low, the variation of the permeability is significantly affected by the temperature. When the temperature is high, the influence of the temperature on the permeability coefficient decreases. The effect of strain on permeability coefficient is much smaller than that of confining pressure, slurry content, curing time, curing temperature and other factors. The pores of chemically grouted sand are mainly superpore and macropore with few micropores. The actual case shows that the chemically grouted mass has good durability.

콘크리트의 투수성 측정 및 초저투수성 콘크리트의 개발 연구

오병환,정원기,차수원,장봉석 한국콘크리트학회 1996 콘크리트학회지 Vol.8 No.5

콘크리트의 투수성은 내구성에 커다란 영향을 미치는 요인이 된다. 콘크리트의 강도가 커질수록 투수성은 적어지므로 재래적인 방법으로는 투수 실험이 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 콘크리트의 투수성능향상을 위하여 투수성이 작은 콘크리트에 효과적으로 사용할 수 있는 새로운 투수기법을 연구하고, 투수성이 매우 낮은 초저투수성 콘크리트를 개발하는데 주목적을두고 있다. 이를 위하여 주요 실험변수로서 시멘트의 종류, 단위시멘트량, 혼화재 종류 및 첨가량 그리고 굵은 골재의 최대치수를 주요 변수로 하여 투수성 시험과 가도시험을 포괄적으로 수행하였다. 본 시험 결과 콘크리트의 강도가 증가함에 따라서 콘크리트의 내투수성은 향상됨을 알 수 있으며, 내투수성을 증진하기 위해서는 단위시멘트량의 증가보다는 적절한 혼화재 사용과 그 혼입량을 조절하는 것이 더욱 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 보통배합의 일반 콘크리트는 투수성이 매우 높은 반면 본 연구에서 제안된 콘크리트는 실리카흄등의 적정 혼입으로 일반 콘크리트의 1/100이하의 매우 낮은 투수성을 보여 초저투수성 콘크리트의 개발이 가능하였다. 본 연구는 앞으로 콘크리트 구조물의 내구성 향상을 위한 중요한 토대를 구축하고 이에 따른 기초자료를 제공할 수 있는 것으로 사료된다. The permeability of concrete influences the durability of concrete remarkably. The conventional test method for permeability is very difficult to apply to high strength concrete because of its very low permeability. The present study employs a resonable and realistic test method for permeability of concrete and proposes a very low permeability concrete. To this end, comprehensive tests have been conducted and major test variables include the types and amount of cement. the types and amount of admixtures, and the size of aggregates. The present test results indicate t h a t the permeability decrease with the increase of strength and that the concrete with certain mineral admixtures exhibits very low permeability. The permeability of those high performance concrete is about 1/100 of conventional normal concrete. The present study provides a firm base for the use of very low permeable and hence very durable concrete.

A Study on the Evaluation and Improvement of Permeability in Radial and Tangential Section of Domestic Softwoods(국산 침엽수의 방사, 접선단면의 투습성 평가와 개선방안에 관한 연구)

( Joon Ho Kim ),( Seung Min Yang ),( Hyun Jae Lee ),( Ki Hyung Park ),( Seog Goo Kang ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.6

본 연구는 목재의 투습성을 활용한 용도개발을 위해 국산 침엽수 9개 수종에 대한 투습성 평가와 소형 벽체구조 제작을 통한 투습성 평가를 하고자 하였다. 또한, 투습성 개선을 위해 폐자재인 bottom ash를 흡습제로 투입한 소형 벽체를 제작하여 투습성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, Sd 값에 의한 투습성 평가 결과는 다음과 같다. ① 국산 침엽수 9개 수종 중 Abies holiphylla(잣나무), Picea jezoensis(가문비나무), Ginkgo biloba(은행나무), Pinus koraiensis(잣나무) and Pinus rigida(리기다 소나무)는 투습 성능을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. ② 이를 이용하여 벽체 구조 제작 시 반투습 성능을 나타냄을 평가하였다. ③ 또한, Bottom ash를 투입한 소형 벽체 구조를 제작하여 투습성 개선 효과를 평가한 결과, Pinus koraiensis(잣나무)의 Sd 값이 1.63으로 나타나, 8개 타 수종보다 우수함을 확인하였다. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the vapor permeability of nine different species of domestic softwood and the vapor permeability evaluation through the production of small wall structures for the developing applications, utilizing the vapor permeability of wood. In addition, the permeability evaluation was attempted by means of the production of a small wall structure injected with a waste material, bottom ash, as a moisture absorbent for improving the permeability. Consequently, the results of the vapor permeability evaluation by means of Sd value are as follows: (1) It was observed that Abies holiphylla, Picea jezoensis, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida are permeable to moisture among 9 species of domestic softwood in Korea. (2) By means of this, semi-permeability efficiency was evaluated when producing a small wall structure. (3) Besides, improved effects of permeability were evaluated when producing a small wall structure inserted with bottom ash. As a result, it was confirmed that the Sd value of Pinus koraiensis turned out to be 1.63, which is superior to other 8 tree species.

Numerical and statistical analysis of permeability of concrete as a random heterogeneous composite

Kefei Li,Chunsheng Zhou 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2010 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.7 No.5

This paper investigates the concrete permeability through a numerical and statistical approach. Concrete is considered as a random heterogeneous composite of three phases: aggregates, interfacial transition zones (ITZ) and matrix. The paper begins with some classical bound and estimate theories applied to concrete permeability and the influence of ITZ on these bound and estimate values is discussed. Numerical samples for permeability analysis are established through random aggregate structure (RAS) scheme, each numerical sample containing randomly distributed aggregates coated with ITZ and dispersed in a homogeneous matrix. The volumetric fraction of aggregates is fixed and the size distribution of aggregates observes Fuller’s curve. Then finite element method is used to solve the steady permeation problem on 2D numerical samples and the overall permeability is deduced from flux-pressure relation. The impact of ITZ on overall permeability is analyzed in terms of ITZ width and contrast ratio between ITZ and matrix permeabilities. Hereafter, 3680 samples are generated for 23 sample sizes and 4 contrast ratios, and statistical analysis is performed on the permeability dispersion in terms of sample size and ITZ characteristics. By sample theory, the size of representative volume element (RVE) for permeability is then quantified considering sample realization number and expected error. Concluding remarks are provided for the impact of ITZ on concrete permeability and its statistical characteristics.