기비전 유기논과 관행논의 토양 화학 및 환경 특성 비교

박정수,왕용,강구,구본운,김한중,홍성구,홍승길,박성직,Park, Jeong-Soo,Wang, Long,Kang, Ku,Gu, Bon-Wun,Kim, Han-Joong,Hong, Seong-Gu,Hong, Seung-Gil,Park, Seong-Jik 한국농공학회 2015 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.57 No.6

Organic farming system has been considered environmental friendly and sustainable agricultural practice. However, the influence of organic farming on soil quality and environment is not well informed and controversial. We sampled and analyzed 0~15 cm and 15~30 cm depth soils of organic and conventional paddy fields in Yongin and Anseong. The electric conductivity and organic matter content of organic paddy soil were significantly less (p = 0.0097, 0.0067, respectively) than those of conventional paddy soil. Available phosphate and total phosphorus in 0~15 cm depth of organic paddy soil were $211.1{\pm}135.3$, $872.4{\pm}286.3mg/kg$, respectively, less than those of conventional paddy soil. Available phosphate amount in conventional paddy was $358.8{\pm}246.7mg/kg$, which is higher than 300 mg/kg that can cause secondary environmental contamination by runoff. The amount of total nitrogen in organic paddy soil was less than that in conventional paddy while their difference was not significant. The concentration of the heavy metals in organic paddy soil was also lower than that in conventional paddy soil but their difference was not statistically significant. Our findings demonstrate that electric conductivity, organic matter, nutrients, and heavy metals in organic paddy soil were less than those in conventional paddy soil. However, additional monitoring of soil properties for longer period is necessary to certify such a conclusion.

Status and Changes in Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil in Gangwon Province

Byeong-Sung Yoon,Seung-Chul Choi,Soo-Jeoung Lim,Su-Jeong Heo,In-Jong Kim,Seong-Soo Kang 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.4

The chemical properties of paddy fields in Gangwon province were monitored every 4 years from 2003 to 2015 in order to provide basic information for soil fertility management of paddy fields. In 2015, the soil chemical properties of paddy fields were 5.9 in pH, 22 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP> in organic matter (OM), and 123 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> in available(Avail.) phosphate P₂O5. Exchangeable (Exch.) potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were 0.39, 4.8 and 0.9 cmolc kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively, and Avail. SiO₂ was 170 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. In the long-term analysis, the contents of Avail. SiO₂, Exch. K and pH of paddy soils showed increasing tendency. However, Avail. P2O5, Exch. Ca and Mg tended to decrease, and there were no significant changes in the contents of OM. Soil OM, Avail. P₂O5 and SiO₂ were not different among the different topographical sampling sites. However, the mean value of Exch. K and Ca were different among the different topographical sampling sites, and exceeded optimal values in the fluvio-marine plains. Different soil texture resulted in different soil pH, while no difference for OM, Avail. P₂O5 and SiO₂. Paddy soil samples within appropriate pH range increased from 65% in 2003 to 77% in 2007, 68% in 2011, and 71% in 2015. In case of Avail. SiO₂, soil samples within appropriate range increased from 20% in 2003, to 37% in 2007, 29% in 2011, and 45% in 2015. Meanwhile, Cd and Pb were distributed to less than 5% of soil pollution standards. Cu, As and Zn were distributed to less than 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Therefore, paddy soil in Gangwon Province was judged to be safe. As a result, paddy fields with more or less in nutrient level need to be fertilized based on the soil analysis. And the application of silicate fertilizer is strongly recommended to those of paddy fields in need. In addition, soil management including the cultivation of green manure crop or application of rice straw is necessary to increase the organic matter content of paddy soil.

Status and Changes in Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil in Gangwon Province

윤병성,최승철,임수정,허수정,김인종,강성수 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.4

The chemical properties of paddy fields in Gangwon province were monitored every 4 years from 2003 to 2015 in order to provide basic information for soil fertility management of paddy fields. In 2015, the soil chemical properties of paddy fields were 5.9 in pH, 22 g kg-1 in organic matter (OM), and 123 mg kg-1 in available (Avail.) phosphate P2O5. Exchangeable (Exch.) potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were 0.39, 4.8 and 0.9 cmolc kg-1, respectively, and Avail. SiO2 was 170 mg kg-1. In the long-term analysis, the contents of Avail. SiO2, Exch. K and pH of paddy soils showed increasing tendency. However, Avail. P2O5, Exch. Ca and Mg tended to decrease, and there were no significant changes in the contents of OM. Soil OM, Avail. P2O5 and SiO2 were not different among the different topographical sampling sites. However, the mean value of Exch. K and Ca were different among the different topographical sampling sites, and exceeded optimal values in the fluvio-marine plains. Different soil texture resulted in different soil pH, while no difference for OM, Avail. P2O5 and SiO2. Paddy soil samples within appropriate pH range increased from 65% in 2003 to 77% in 2007, 68% in 2011, and 71% in 2015. In case of Avail. SiO2, soil samples within appropriate range increased from 20% in 2003, to 37% in 2007, 29% in 2011, and 45% in 2015. Meanwhile, Cd and Pb were distributed to less than 5% of soil pollution standards. Cu, As and Zn were distributed to less than 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Therefore, paddy soil in Gangwon Province was judged to be safe. As a result, paddy fields with more or less in nutrient level need to be fertilized based on the soil analysis. And the application of silicate fertilizer is strongly recommended to those of paddy fields in need. In addition, soil management including the cultivation of green manure crop or application of rice straw is necessary to increase the organic matter content of paddy soil.

Status and Changes in Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil in Gangwon Province

Yoon, Byeong-Sung,Choi, Seung-Chul,Lim, Soo-Jeoung,Heo, Su-Jeong,Kim, In-Jong,Kang, Seong-Soo 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.4

The chemical properties of paddy fields in Gangwon province were monitored every 4 years from 2003 to 2015 in order to provide basic information for soil fertility management of paddy fields. In 2015, the soil chemical properties of paddy fields were 5.9 in pH, $22g\;kg^{-1}$ in organic matter (OM), and $123mg\;kg^{-1}$ in available (Avail.) phosphate $P_2O_5$. Exchangeable (Exch.) potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were 0.39, 4.8 and $0.9cmolc\;kg^{-1}$, respectively, and Avail. $SiO_2$ was $170mg\;kg^{-1}$. In the long-term analysis, the contents of Avail. $SiO_2$, Exch. K and pH of paddy soils showed increasing tendency. However, Avail. $P_2O_5$, Exch. Ca and Mg tended to decrease, and there were no significant changes in the contents of OM. Soil OM, Avail. $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$ were not different among the different topographical sampling sites. However, the mean value of Exch. K and Ca were different among the different topographical sampling sites, and exceeded optimal values in the fluvio-marine plains. Different soil texture resulted in different soil pH, while no difference for OM, Avail. $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$. Paddy soil samples within appropriate pH range increased from 65% in 2003 to 77% in 2007, 68% in 2011, and 71% in 2015. In case of Avail. $SiO_2$, soil samples within appropriate range increased from 20% in 2003, to 37% in 2007, 29% in 2011, and 45% in 2015. Meanwhile, Cd and Pb were distributed to less than 5% of soil pollution standards. Cu, As and Zn were distributed to less than 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Therefore, paddy soil in Gangwon Province was judged to be safe. As a result, paddy fields with more or less in nutrient level need to be fertilized based on the soil analysis. And the application of silicate fertilizer is strongly recommended to those of paddy fields in need. In addition, soil management including the cultivation of green manure crop or application of rice straw is necessary to increase the organic matter content of paddy soil.

논에서 전환한 포도원의 토양물리적 특성변화

윤을수(Eul-Soo Yun),정기열(Ki-Youl Jung),박기도(Ki-Do Park),고지연(Jee-Yeon Ko),이재생(Jae-Saeng Lee),박성태(Sung-Tae Park) 한국토양비료학회 2009 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.42 No.3

논에서 전환된 포도원(전환포도원)의 전환 후 년수 및 토양특성별 물리적 특성변화 양상을 구명하여 전환지 생산성 향상을 위한 합리적 토양 관리대책을 제시코자 전환지가 많은 경북 김천, 영천지역을 중심으로 포도원과 인근 벼 재배지 50개 지점을 조사·분석한 결과 전환포도원의 이랑 높이는 토성이 세립질이고 배수가 불량할수록 높았고, 토양단면 내 반문의 출현깊이(Ap층 두께)는 조립질 토양에서 깊은 경향이었음. 전환지는 인근 유사토양 벼 재배지 작토층 토색의 경우 색상이 밝아지는 경향을 보여 회색도가 벼재배지의 경우 20인데 비해 전환지는 5로 감소했고,이 경향은 토양 배수조건이 양호한 토양에서 현저하였음. 전환여부에 따른 투기도 차이는 토심10cm 이하에서 현저했고 토심 30cm 이하에서는 뚜렷한 차이가 없었고 전환지에서 투기도에 미치는 토양특성의 영향은 세립질의 경우 이랑의 높이가, 조립질은 배수등급이었다. 전환포도원의 물리성은 전환 후 년수가 경과함에 따라 공극율과 내수성입단이 증가하는 경향이었고, 원추관입저항의 경우 휴립한 부위는 5kg/㎠ 이하인 반면, 그 이하의 부위는 10kg/㎠ 이상을 보였음. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 전환포도원의 토양특성은 세립질보다 조립질이 쉽게 변하는 경향이었고, 배수불량인 세립질토양에서는 고휴재배 등 적절한 표토관리가요구되었다. This study was conducted to develop rational soil management and enhance the productivity of lands converted from paddy soils. Specifically, the changes in the soil physical properties brought about by the change in land usage from paddy soil were evaluated. This was carried out from 1999 to 2001 at 50 site in large-scale converted paddy fields of Kimcheon, Youngcheon, Gyeongsan and Milyang in the Youngnam region, categorized according to soil texture and drainage class. The ridge height of converted paddy soils was higher in coarse-textured and poorly-drained soils than in fine-textured and well-drained soils. The gray color of the surface soil was of lesser degree in converted soils than paddy soils and more notable in welldrained soils. The porosity ratio and the formation of aggregate structure were higher, and the appearance of soil mottling was deeper in converted paddy fields than in paddy soils. The glaying layer "g" of surface soil degraded with time. The porosity and amount of water stable aggregate was found to increase with time after conversion. The penetration resistance of the converted paddy soil was lower and deeper with time after conversion. The soil aeration of the converted paddy soil was lower in sandy loam than in loamy soil. Furthermore, soil aeration was influenced by ridge height and drainage class in poorly-drained soils.

Yearly Variation of Growth and Yield of Waxy Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soil Characteristics under Organic Rice Paddy-Upland Rotation

Seong-Tak Yoon,Yang jing,Woo-Jin Jung 한국국제농업개발학회 2018 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

We used the upland field rotated from matured rice paddy field, which have been used as a rice paddy field long time, for three years from 2015 to 2017. Therefore, this study was conducted for three main purposes. The first was to investigate yearly changes of growth and yield for waxy maize in the organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation system, the second was to investigate yearly changes of soil physical and chemical characteristics of rice paddy field soil in organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation system and the third was to select the suitable varieties for organic farming waxy maize at rice paddy-upland rotation. The test varieties were that 8 varieties of waxy maize of Mibaek 2, Ilmichal, Daehakchal, Chalok 4, Miheukchal, Eolrukchal 1, Heukjinjuchal, Heugjeom 2. For yearly yield, the highest yield was obtained in the first year of 949.6 kg, the second highest was in the third year of 680.6 kg 10a-1, while the second year was the lowest yield (675.4 kg 10a-1). Both varieties of Chalok 4 and Ilmichal showed the highest yield with about 900 kg 10a-1 in the threeyear average of 8 varieties. Solid phase of deep soil was 10% higher than that of top soil. Porosity rate of the top soil (54.7%) was higher than that of deep soil (49.4%), and the porosity in the third year was 2.7% higher than that of the first year. Soil organic matter content was significant different between soil depths and between three years. Soil solid and liquid phase decreased by 1.6% and 4.3%, respectively, compared to the first year, and the gas phase increased by 4.3%. The porosity of the third year was 2.7% higher than that of the first year. The soil organic matter content was 9.5 g kg-1 in the third year compared with 12 g kg-1 in the first year. It has also trend to decrease as the number of years rotated from rice paddy field increased. In the three-year average yields of Ilmichal and Chalok 4 were 898.1 kg 10a-1 and 891.6 kg 10a-1 respectively and the yield of Chalok 4 was greater than the other 7 varieties. We compared and selected the two best waxy maize varieties of Chalok 4 and Ilmichal for rice paddy-upland rotation. When we look at the yearly variation for waxy maize, Waxy maize yield was the highest in the first year and decreased year by year. Therefore, it would be better to restore upland field to rice paddy fields after the first year.

논토양의 민속분류 양상과 특징

김재호 국립민속박물관 2017 민속학연구 Vol.0 No.40

This study examines the characteristics of paddy soil classification through the examples of mountain villages, riverside villages, and island villages, while analyzing the scientific meanings of folk classification by comparing the contents of folk classification with pedological analysis. Comprehensively considered, ethnopedology basically employs the ethnoscientific approach as ethnozoology or ethnobotany does, being significantly related with pedology whose approach is centered on scientific analysis. Main findings are summarized as follows. The paddy soil investigated from the cases of three local areas is respectively classified into ‘nuunjil’(lying soil) vs. ‘seonjil’(standing soil), ‘jilddang’(muddy soil) vs. ‘sabalddang’(sandy soil), and ‘bonddang’(good soil) vs. ‘ggaetmukddang’(sesame-dregs soil). Such classification can be explained as the rough comparison between clay loam and sandy loam, though there are some discrepancies from the pedological perspective. The ‘ggaetmukddang’ in Cheongsan Island notably has been used for rice paddy on its historical and sociological conditions, being not proper for rice paddy. Paddy soil has been mainly classified according to its draining degree regardless of its location, which leads to general classification of either clay loam or sandy loam. The draining degree of soil is a fundamental factor of classification discussion owing to its close correlation with irrigation, weeding, and rice quality. Soil fertility or its chemical characteristics are not regarded as the major criterion in folk classification of paddy soil. That indicates the characteristics of paddy soil folk classification as well as the empirical knowledge and perception of farmers who treat their rice paddy as arable land for a single crop, rice. Paddy soil classification in Korea is not based on specific facts or a tangible single criterion but formed through accumulated empirical knowledge and perception on the soil, which is the main requisite of the empirical science. In conclusion, paddy soil folk classification in Korea is the classification method and approach which differs from the scientific taxonomy method of pedology which mainly adopts the soil analysis. 이 글은 산촌, 강촌, 그리고 도서지역의 사례를 통해 논토양에 관한 민속분류의 특징을 살핌과 동시에 민속분류의 내용과 토양학적 분석을 상호 비교함으로써 민속분류가 갖는 의의를 고찰한 것이다. 종합적으로 볼 때, 민속토양학(ethnopedology)은 민속동물학(ethnozoology)이나 민속식물학(ethnobotany)과 마찬가지로 민속과학(ethnoscience)으로서의 성격이 강할 뿐만 아니라 과학적 분석을 주요 학문 방법으로 하는 토양학(pedology)과도 깊은 관련이 있음을 확인하였다. 논의의 주요한 결과를 간략히 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 3곳의 지역사례에서 조사된 논토양의 민속분류 양상은 ‘누운질’과 ‘선질’, ‘질땅’과 ‘사발땅’, ‘본땅’과 ‘깻묵 땅'으로 각각 확인되었으며, 이는 토양학적으로 볼 때 다소 차이가 있긴 하지만 크게 보아 양토(壤土)와 사양토(砂壤土)의 대비로 이루어진 것이라 할 수 있다. 특히 청산도의 ‘깻묵 땅'은 토양학적으로 논토양으로는 적절하지 못한데도 지역의 역사적 사회적 조건 속에서 논으로 이용되었다. 논토양에 관한 민속분류 방식은 산촌, 강촌, 그리고 도서해안지역 모두 토양이 갖는 배수성(排水性)이 주요한 기준이 되었으며, 그 결과 찰흙과 모래흙의 2종류로 대별하여 분류하는 양상을 보이고 있다. 토양의 배수성은 수리(水利)뿐만 아니라 제초작업이나 최종 수확물인 벼의 미질(米質)과도 밀접하게 관련되어 분류 논리의 기저가 되고 있다. 토양이 갖고 있는 비옥도(肥沃度)나 화학적 성질 등이 주요한 분류기준으로 설정될 수도 있을 터인데 적어도 논토양의 민속분류에서는 그렇지 않은 것이다. 이는 논토양의 민속분류가 갖는 특징이라고 할 수 있으며, 벼 중심의 단일 작물을 연작하는 경작지로서 논을 대하는 농민들의 오래된 경험적 지식이자 인식이기도 하다. 이렇게 볼 때 민속토양분류는 특정 사실이나 단일의 기준 혹은 근거에 의거한 분류가 아니며, 토양에 관한 많은 축적된 경험적 지식과 내용들이 아우러져서 형성된 경험과학으로서의 성격이 강하다고 할 수 있다. 이런 점은 토양분석을 주 방법론으로 취하는 토양학의 과학적 분류방식과 구별되는 민속분류의 방식이자 논리라고 할 수 있다.

비산재로 제조한 비료가 논토양 질과 벼 생육에 미치는 영향

오세진 ( Se Jin Oh ),윤현수 ( Hyun Soo Yun ),오승민 ( Seung Min Oh ),김성철 ( Sung Chul Kim ),김록영 ( Rog Young Kim ),서영호 ( Yung Ho Seo ),이기석 ( Kee Suk Lee ),옥용식 ( Yong Sik Ok ),양재의 ( Jae E Yang ) 한국응용생명화학회 2013 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.56 No.4

Coal ash can be added to agricultural soils to increase the chemical properties of soil such as pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient availability of - B, Ca, Mo etc-. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of fly ash as a soil amendment in paddy soils. Selected fly ash was mixed with bentonite and calcium hydroxide at the ratio of 80:15:5 (w/w) and manufactured as a pellet type at the size of 10 mm. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fly ash fertilizer on the soil quality and crop growth compare to the control (no fertilizer) and, - traditional fertilizer. Results showed that soil pH and organic matter in paddy soils after applying the manufactured fly ash fertilizer were not increased compared to the other two treatments. However, the concentration of available phosphate and silicate in paddy soils were higher than those of the control and traditional fertilization. With regard to crop growth, no significant difference was observed between three different treatments. However, the content of protein in the rice grain cultivated with the fly ash fertilizer was higher than in the rice cultivated by other two treatments. Overall, fly ash fertilizer could increase the concentration of available silicate and phosphate in the paddy soil and improve the rice quality. In conclusion, fly ash can be utilized in agricultural soils as soil amendment, especially in the rice paddy soil.

조사료-벼 작부체계에서 토양유기탄소와 비옥도 비교

윤순강 ( Sun-gang Yun ),이창훈 ( Chang Hoon Lee ),고병구 ( Byong-gu Ko ),박성진 ( Seong-jin Park ),김명숙 ( Myung-sook Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2016 No.-

Soil organic carbon plays a important roles on soil fertility and crop yields. There is little information on the carbon storage under forage cultivation at winter season in rice paddy. In this study, we evaluated the soil organic carbon and soil fertility in paddy cultivated Italian-ryegrass(IRG), barely, and rye as animal feedstock at winter season. Soil organic carbon concentration was ordered to 17.4, 13.6, 14.3 g C kg-1 at IRG, barely, and ryegrass cultivation, respectively. Especially, soil organic carbon in the field cultivated IRG was 19.5% higher than in the mono-rice cultivation. All of bulk density in soil was ranged from 1.17 to 1.30 g cm-3 irrespective of cropping systems and was correlated strongly negative to the soil organic carbon. Carbon storage in IRG fields was average 30.1 Mg ha-1 at 15 cm of soil depth and was 20.4 and 10.3% higher than those of barely and rye fields, respectively. Increasing carbon storage was improved soil fertility for next crop cultivation. This result indicated that Italian-ryegrass cultivation at winter season could be a alternative to improve soil organic carbon and fertility of paddy soil.

Lysimeter에 의한 강둑여과지 주변토양의 질소용탈율 산정 연구

권오억 한국위생과학회 2002 한국위생과학회지 Vol.8 No.1

강둑여과지 주변의 논과 밭토양을 각각 채운 lysimeter에서 요소를 800mgN/Kg-토양 수준으로 각각 표면시용하고, 강우강도 25mm/hr로 조절한 인공강우 실험을 행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 용탈수량은 논과 밭 토양 모두 인공강우량에 대하여 거의 직선적으로 증가하였으며, 밭 토양이 논 토양에 비해 다소 빠르게 용탈되었다. 2. 질소비료의 비용탈량(질소용탈량/시비질소량)은 논 토양의 경우에는 공극단위유량(침투수량/전공극량)의 증가에 따라 서서히 증가하는 직선형태이었으며, 밭 토양은 논 토양보다 기울기가 튼 직선 형태를 보였다. 3. 논과 밭 토양별 NH_4^+- 용탈율은 논 토양(36%)이 밭 토양(24%) 보다 높았으며, NO_3^--N의 용탈율은 밭 토양(28%)이 논 토양(12%) 보다 높게 나타났다. 4. 용탈실험후 논 토양의 잔존된 NO_3^--N 농도는 토양 깊이에 따라 차이가 거의 없었으나, 밭 토양에서는 하층으로 갈수록 NO_3^--N 농도가 대체로 증가하였으며, 그 수치도 논 토양에 비해 높게 나타났다. Application of N fertilizers to soil may cause leaching of NO_3^--N resulting in contamination of groundwater. Nitrogen balance was measured in lysimeter experiments to clarify nitrate leaching in paddy and upland soils of bank filtration sites. The amount of leaching water in both soils was increased in proportion to precipitation, and was more rapid leaching from the upland soil than from the paddy soil. It was found from the hydrograph that fertilizer nitrogen started to leach in the small-pore volume(amount of leaching water/whole pore space) in both the paddy and upland soils. Also, the slope of hydrograph was greater in the upland soil than in the paddy soil. When considering the total N leached, NH_4^+-N was the dominant form in the paddy soil, whereas in the upland soil, the dominant form was NO_3^--N. After leaching experiments, the concentration of remaining NO_3^--N in the paddy soils was very little difference with soil depth, but increased slightly in the upland soils.