건강행태와 영양제 복용 유무의 관련성

이종숙(Jong-suk Lee),김인태(In-tae Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2017 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.18 No.11

이 연구는 영양제 복용 유무를 조사하고 영양제 비복용자에 대한 영양제 복용자의 건강행태의 관련성과 기타 의약품 복용자 집단에 대한 영양제 복용자의 건강행태의 관련성을 파악하여 건강한 집단이 영양제를 복용하면 더 건강해 질수도 있지만 오남용으로 될 수 있기에 실제 본연의 역할에 충실한지를 파악해 보는 기초 자료로 활용하고자 시도하였다. 2008년 한국의료패널 자료의 가구원 24,614명, 즉 7,006명의 가구주 중 2009년 부가조사 (appen)자료에 응답한 자는 총 6,009명이었으며 자료의 특성상 가구주의 수를 중심으로 연구하였다. 그 중 조사 시점에서 지난 1년 동안 약국에서 구매한 생활/건강증진관련 의약품(01, 비타민제/영양제)을 3개월 이상(예정) 복용한다고 답변한 응답자를 영양제 복용자로 정의하였다. 그 외의 다른 의약품(05, 탈모 치료제, 06, 비만 치료제, 10.기타)을 복용한 사람을 기타 의약품 복용자로 보았다. 연구대상자의 인구·사회학적 특성과 집단별 차이를 분석하기 위해 카이제곱 검정을 실시하였고, 영양제 복용 유무에 따른 건강행태를 분석하기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 영양제 복용자와 비복용자를 대상으로 분석(A)한 결과 여성, 50세 이상일수록, 평균 이상의 생활비를 지출하는 경우 영양제를 더 복용하는 것으로 나타났으며, 건강행태변수에서는 유의하지 않았다. 영양제 복용자와 기타 의약품 복용자를 대상으로 분석(B)한 결과 고졸 이상, 배우자가 있는 경우, 비흡연자일수록, 약물을 복용할수록, 규칙적인 식사를 하는 경우, 경제적, 가족 갈등으로 스트레스를 받지 않을수록 영양제를 더 복용하는 것으로 나타났다. 현재 건강이 좋지 않거나, 문제가 있다고 느끼거나, 좀 더 건강해지기 위한 노력의 방편으로 영양제를 복용하는 것이 아니라 단순히 건강해지고 싶다는 심리적 욕구에 의해 영양제를 복용하는 것으로 판단된다. Purpose: The present study investigated nutrient supplement intake to examine the relationship between the health behaviors of nutrient supplement users and nonusers and nutrient supplement users and other drug users. The results provide baseline data to understand whether nutrient supplements actually perform as expected in view of the fact that healthy people that take nutritional supplements may become healthier, but may also develop nutritional supplement abuse problems. Among 7,006 household heads of 24,614 household members from the Korea Health Panel data in 2008, a total of 6,009 household heads were the respondents of the Korea Health Panel Survey (appendix) in 2009. Method: The subjects of the present study were targeted household heads. The respondents who reported that they had taken (planned to take) life/health promotion-related drugs (01. vitamins/nutritional supplements) for more than three months that were purchased at pharmacies during the past one year at the time of the survey were defined as nutritional supplement users. Those who took other drugs (05. hair-loss treatments, 06. obesity treatments, 10. others) were regarded as other drug users. A chi-squared test was performed to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects and differences between groups. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to analyze health behaviors according to nutrient supplement intake. Result: Comparison of (A) nutritional supplement users and nonusers revealed that those who were women, 50 years or older, and spent more than average living expenses were more likely to take nutritional supplements, which was not significant in health behavior variables . Analysis of nutritional supplement users and other drug users (B) revealed that those who were high school graduates or above, had a spouse, were non-smokers, took drugs, ate regular meals, and were not stressed by economic or family conflicts were more likely to take nutritional supplements. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that people take nutritional supplements because of their psychological desire to be healthy, not because they are not healthy, have problems, or believe supplements will make them healthier.

우리나라 성인의 비타민,무기질 보충제 섭취여부에 따른 인구,사회학적, 생활습관 및 영양섭취상태에 관한 연구

이여옥 ( Yeo Ok Lee ),송윤주 ( Yoon Ju Song ) 한국식생활문화학회 2010 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.25 No.4

Taking vitamin and mineral supplements is increasingly common with the rapid economic growth. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin and mineral supplement use among adults aged 20 or older from the third Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey data and to explore the effect of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors as well as nutrient intake on taking supplements. People who had participated in both a health questionnaire and a nutritional survey were selected, and 2,871 men and 3,555 women were finally included in this analysis. Both men and women with a higher level of education, those residing in a metropolitan area, and those with higher income were more likely to take supplements. Health behaviors were not significantly associated with taking supplements. Mean nutrient intake of all nutrients except energy intake was not significantly different in men or women taking supplements after adjusting for age, education, marital status, resident area, smoking, and energy intake. Compared to Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans, most vitamins and minerals, except vitamin B2 and calcium, were consumed at higher than the Recommended Intake (RI) without supplements. In conclusion, taking supplements such as vitamin B2 and calcium may promote health and prevent disease. However, the type and frequency of other vitamin and mineral supplements consumed should be considered with caution.

한국 유아의 영양 섭취 현황: 2007~2009년 국민건강영양조사를 바탕으로

김영호,이선근,김신혜,송윤주,정주영,박미정,Kim, Young-Ho,Lee, Sun-Gun,Kim, Shin-Hye,Song, Yoon-Ju,Chung, Ju-Young,Park, Mi-Jung 대한소아소화기영양학회 2011 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.14 No.2

목적: 한국 영유아의 영양 섭취 실태에 대한 연구가 매우 제한적으로 진행되고 있어, 본 연구에서는 국민건강영양조사를 이용하여 한국 유아들의 식이 행태, 식이보충제 및 영양소 섭취 실태를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2007~2009년까지의 제4기 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 4세 미만의 영유아 930명(남 499명, 여 431명)을 대상으로 영아기의 식이 행태, 식이보충제 및 영양소 섭취 실태를 조사하였다. 결과: 식이보충제를 복용하는 유아는 48.7%로 절반가량이었으며 비타민/미네랄제가 35.3%로 제일 많았고 정장제 14.2%, 초유 8.2%였다. 식이보충제를 시작한 동기로는 95.4%가 친척이나 친구의 권유로, 0.7%가 자신의 판단으로 보충식을 시작했다고 답하였으며 의사의 권유로 보충제를 시작하는 비율은 0.3%에 불과하였다. 영양소 섭취 조사에서 유아의 51.6%는 탄수화물의 적정 비율을 섭취하고 있었고 32.7%가 적정 비율을 초과하여 섭취하고 있었다. 단백질의 경우 대상아의 94.8%가 적정 비율을 섭취하고 있었고, 지방의 경우 53.4%는 적정 비율을, 38.8%는 적정 비율 미만을 섭취하고 있었다. 칼슘을 평균필요량 미만으로 섭취하는 유아의 비율은 1세 53.9%, 2세 55.2%, 3세 65.6%, 철을 평균 필요량 미만으로 섭취하는 유아는 1세 52.0%, 2세 48.7%, 3세 48.4%였다. 영아기의 수유 패턴은 혼합 수유가 57.4%로 제일 많았고 32.2%가 모유 수유만, 10.4%가 분유 수유만을 하고 있었다. 이유식 도입시기는 4~6개월이 64.5%로 가장 많았고, 우유 도입시기는 12~17개월이 71.1%로 가장 많았다. 결론: 우리나라 만 1~만 3세 이하 유아의 절반가량이 의사의 상담 없이 식이보충제를 복용하고 있었으며, 칼슘, 철 섭취가 부족할 위험이 높았다. 이 시기의 영양관리를 위해 소아청소년과 의사를 비롯한 전문가의 역할이 보다 강조될 필요가 있다. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the feeding patterns, use of dietary supplements, and nutrient intake of Korean toddlers. Methods: We used data for 930 toddlers who participated in the 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2009. Feeding patterns and use of dietary supplements were assessed using standardized questionnaires, and nutrition intake was assessed using the 24 hr recall method. Results: In 2007~2009, 48.7% of toddlers used dietary supplements. Most parents (95.4%) initiated a regime of dietary supplements for their children following the advice of friends or relatives. Only 0.4% of parents followed the advice given by their doctors for dietary supplements use. In the survey of nutrient intake for toddlers, the prevalence of inadequate calcium intake was 53.9% for subjects aged 1 year, 55.2% for 2 years and 65.6% for subjects aged 3 years. The prevalence of inadequate iron intake was 52.0% for subjects aged 1 year, 48.7% for 2 years and 48.4% for subjects aged 3 years. In the survey performed on feeding patterns of toddlers during the infant period, mixed feeding accounted for 57.4%, breast feeding for 32.2%,and formula feeding for 10.4%. Sixty-five percent of toddlers began weaning between 4 and 6 months. Conclusions: This study indicated that a number of toddlers were at risk of inadequate calcium and iron intake. The role of professionals in counseling for qualified dietary intake and dietary supplement use is therefore necessary for Korean toddlers.

Effect of Partial Replacement of Dietary Protein by a Leaf Meal Mixture Containing Leucaena leucocephala, Morus alba and Azadirachta indica on Performance of Goats

Patra, A.K.,Sharma, K.,Dutta, Narayan,Pattanaik, A.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.12

This study was conducted to examine the effect of Leucaena leucocephala-Morus alba-Azadirachta indica (2:1:1) based leaf meal mixture as nitrogen source to partially replace (50%) soybean meal in conventional supplements on the performance of goats. Twelve non-descript female goats were divided into two equal groups in a completely randomized design to receive either the leaf meal mixture based supplement (LMAM) or soybean meal incorporated concentrate (SBM) and wheat straw for ad libitum intake for a two month period. The goats given LMAM and SBM concentrate had similar dry matter intake ($50.2{\pm}1.67g/kg\;W^{0.75}$) and nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen intake and its faecal and urinary excretion were similar irrespective of diets. The balance of nitrogen was positive and comparable ($1.63{\pm}0.08g/d$) in both dietary treatments. The plane of nutrition on both diets was comparable and the digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients values of the composite diets offered did not differ significantly between the dietary supplements. The serum concentration of enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were statistically similar in both the groups, while haemoglobin and serum urea levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher in LMAM and SBM treatments, respectively. It was concluded that the leaf meal mixture of Leucaena leucocephala-Morus alba-Azadirachta indica could be used as a vegetable protein supplement to wheat straw based diet of goats.

Effect of Varying Levels of Dietary Minerals on Growth and Nutrient Utilization in Lambs

Sharma, L.C.,Yadav, P.S.,Mandal, A.B.,Sunaria, K.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.1

Hisardale male lambs (n=24, 4-5 month of age) were maintained on a conventional ration for a month, to equilibrate the body mineral status. Six lambs were sacrificed after one month of feeding; the samples of organs were analyzed to ascertain mineral status. The remaining 18 lambs were divided into 3 groups of 6 each on body weight basis. Three dietary treatments containing 100 ($T_1$), 110 ($T_2$) and 120% ($T_3$) of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) as specified by NRC (1985) were formulated and each treatment was alloted ad libitum to a group for 120 days. Blood and wool samples were collected at monthly intervals. At the end of the experiment a balance trial of 5 days duration was conducted to study the balance of mineral elements. The effective intake of minerals was Ca, 111 and 120, P, 110 and 122; S, 112 and 129; Zn, 112 and 126 and Mn, 109 and 123 percent in $T_2$ and $T_3$, respectively, in comparison to $T_1$ (100). The additional mineral supplementation had no significant effect on dry matter intake. The average daily weight gain was higher (p<0.01) in $T_2$ and $T_3$ than the control ($T_1$). The lambs under treatments $T_2$ (8.72) and $T_3$ (8.47 kg) consumed apparently lesser amount of dry matter per unit gain as compared to $T_1$ (10.81 kg). Significantly higher (p<0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility (%) were observed in $T_2$ and $T_3$ than in $T_1$. The mean balances for different elements were Ca, 1.14, 1.68 and 1.67 g; P, 1.70, 1.95 and 2.18 g; S, 0.54, 0.92 and 1.11 g; Zn, 22.56, 25.30 and 28.71 mg; Cu, 7.94, 5.71 and 5.53 mg; Fe, 33.19, 32.94 and 31.03 mg and Mn, 8.24, 14.40 and 16.07 mg/lamb/day. The retention of supplemental minerals increased (p<0.01) while that of Cu decreased (p<0.01) due to supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn). Retention as per cent of intake increased statistically for S and Mn while that of Cu decreased. It can be concluded that supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) higher than the recommended level improved body weight gain and feed to gain ratio. The retention of minerals increased due to supplementation. Therefore, an additional supplementation of deficient minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) by 10% was beneficial for Hisardale male lambs under tropical condition in India.

엘리트 선수들의 경기력과 3대 영양소

이서민 ( Ruimin Li ),오정헌 ( Oh Jeongheon ),유주인 ( Yu Jooin ),한누리 ( Han Nuri ),서태범 ( Seo Teabeom ) 제주대학교 해양스포츠센터 2021 해양스포츠연구 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 스포츠 영양학이 엘리트 선수들의 경기력 향상에 미치는 영향을 분석한 선행연구를 조사하여 그 효과를 확인하는 데 목적이 있다. 다량영양소의 섭취는 건강뿐 아니라 운동수행능력에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 에너지원으로 알려져 있으며, 근조직의 구조적 기반을 형성하고 호르몬 합성 등에 필수적인 역할을 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 3대 영양소(탄수화물, 단백질, 지방)의 섭취 용량과 시기에 따른 차이를 연구한 4∼5개의 문헌을 선별하여 조사하였으며, 채택한 문헌을 기반으로 내용을 정리한 결과는 다음과 같다. 탄수화물은 유산소성 운동 중 구강 헹굼 시 기록 단축에 효과적이었으며, 단백질은 저항성 운동 전에 섭취 시 근력과 골격근량 상승에 대체로 유의하였다. 탄수화물을 줄이고 지방 섭취를 늘리는 저탄수화물·고지방 식단의 경우 체중 감소에는 유의하나 운동수행능력에 부정적 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 선수들의 경기력을 향상하기 위해서는 영양소별로 섭취 시기, 용량 및 방법 등을 고려하여 섭취하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구의 결과는 선수나 운동인의 경기력을 보다 효과적으로 향상하기 위한 영양 섭취 방법에 도움이 될 것이다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sports nutrition on the improvement of the performance of elite athletes by examining the previous studies. Intake of macro-nutrients is known as an essential energy source that directly affects not only health but also exercise performance, and forms the structural basis of muscle tissue, and plays an essential role in hormone synthesis. Therefore, in this study, 4∼5 literature that studied the differences in intake capacity and time of the three major nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) were selected and investigated. Based on the selected literature, the results are summarized as follows. Carbohydrates(oral rinse) were effective in shortening the record during aerobic exercise, and when protein was consumed before resistance exercise, muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass increase were generally significant. A low-carb high-fat diet, which reduces carbohydrates and increases fat intake, is significant for weight loss, but may negatively affect performance. Therefore, to improve the performance of athletes, it is important to take into consideration the timing, dosage, and type of intake for each nutrient. These findings in this study may provide scientific evidence for effective sports nutritional intake for enhancing sports performance for athletes.

Metabolomic insights of the tomato fruits ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivated under diff erent supplemental LED lighting and mineral nutrient conditions

Hye Jeong Gil,Yangmin X. Kim,Jwa-Kyung Sung,Eun Sung Jung,Digar Singh,Yejin Lee,Deogbae Lee,Choong Hwan Lee,Seulbi Lee 한국원예학회 2020 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.61 No.2

Appropriate adjustment of various microclimatic and nutrient conditions can improve crop productivity under greenhousecultivation. Here, we performed non-targeted profi ling to investigate metabolite variation in tomato fruits following diff erentsupplementary LED lighting (SL) (red: R; blue: B; and a combination of red and blue light: RB, for 1 h/day and 6 h/dayper condition) and mineral nutrient supply (N, K, Mg). The diff erent SL treatments aff ected metabolite variation in tomatofruits more signifi cantly than mineral nutrients. Importantly, regulating the SL period induced a more distinct metabolitecomposition in tomato fruits than that induced by varying the SL sources. Tomato fruits cultivated under RB for 6 h/dayhad a relatively higher content of sugar derivatives, especially sucrose, thus infl uencing the gustatory characteristics of thefruit. In contrast, fruit from tomatoes cultivated under RB for 1 h/day showed a distinctive increase in the abundance ofamino acids, organic acids, and several secondary metabolites, adding to its nutritional quality. Intriguingly, the diff erentmineral supplements elicited discriminant metabolic variation in tomato fruits cultivated under reduced levels of mineralsupply; however, the eff ects were insignifi cant under enhanced levels of mineral supply. Specifi cally, reduced level in nitrogensupply resulted in a lower abundance of amino acids, whereas reduced level in potassium supply increased metabolitelevels including amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids in tomato fruits. In the present study, we employed a non-targetedmetabolomics approach to unravel the eff ects of microclimatic parameters and mineral nutrients on fruit quality parametersof tomato plants, by which regulating the period of SL and reducing the potassium concentration were suggested to improvediff erent nutritional qualities.

운동선수들의 영양보충제 복용실태, 영양지식과 영양소 섭취상태

우순임,조성숙,김경원,김정현 대한지역사회영양학회 1998 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.3 No.1

Nutrient supplements are often used by athletes as ergogenic aids. This study was done to investigate the use of nutrient supplements, nutritional knowledge and nutrient intakes of athletes. Subjects of this survey consisted of 195 national team athletes. The prevalence of nutrient supplement use among all subjects was 30.3%, and the frequency of use, by decreasing order, was weight lifting, taekwondo and badminton athletes. Sport drinks were the type of nutrition supplement used most frequently and vitamin C was the second one. Major reasons for nutrient supplement use were to improve training performance and to recover from fatigue, to supplement fluid and to control weight. The average score of nutritional knowledge was $19.9\pm{2.5}$ for nutrient supplement users, and $19.8\pm{3.6}$ for nutrient supplement nonusers. Intakes of protein, calcium and niacin of the user were higher than those of the nonuser. This information provided by this study can help sport nutritionists identify nutrient supplement most often consumed by national elite athletes and can aid counselors as they guide athletes towards more healthful nutrition practices.

Solubilization of Organic Material in Mesophilic and Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion : The Role of pH and Nutrient Supplementation

Kim, Moon-Il 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 2003 環境科學論文集 Vol.24 No.-

Most research in anaerobic digestion has been focused on the methanogenic step, while not much attention has been paid to the hydrolysis and acidogenesis steps, when solid organic substrates are converted into mostly volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Better understanding of these steps can lead to the improvement of digester stability due to physical separation of phases, increase in the concentration of soluble organics, and optimization of biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH and inorganic nutrient supplementations for hydrolysis and acidogenesis at both mesophilic (35 ℃) and thermophilic (55 ℃) temperatures. Solubilization of a synthetic sludge and primary sludge was observed in batch operation for the evaluation of the pH effect. pH was uncontrolled in one reactor and controlled at 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 in the other three reactors for the synthetic sludge at both temperatures. For primary sludge, pH was controlled at 65. at mesophilic temperature. When synthetic sludge was used, the greatest degree of solubilization was with the pH controlled at 6.5 and the pH of the uncontrolled reactor dropped to 3.4 at both temperatures. At this low pH, hydrolysis and acidogenesis were severely retarded. Acetic and n-butyric acids were primarily formed with lesser amounts of propionic acid at both temperatures. lactic acid was produced the earliest as an intermediate and as the reaction went on, short chain VFAs were produced as final end products with a decrease in lactic acid. The higher the pH, the earlier this trend happened. For the controlled reactors at pH 6.5, the soluble COD production and the VSS reduction peaked in 4 days at 55 ℃ while it took about 11 days to do the same at 35 ℃. During the linear SCOD production period and at the pH of 6.5, the hydrolysis rate of the thermophilic reactor was greater than that for mesophilic, while thermophilic conditions appear to be more sensitive to pH than mesophilic ones for both the hydrolysis and the acidogenesis. At the optimum pH of 6.5 based on previous experiments, primary sludge was also used as a substrate for the solubilization/acidification at the mesophilic temperature. Until 5 days, the reactor removed VSS with a corresponding production of VFAs and SCOD. Among measured VFAs, acetate and propionate were the main VFAs produced. After 5 days the reactor started reducing VFAs indicating that the reactor performed as a methanogenic phase. Therefore, at the pH of 6.5, optimum operation time of solubilization/acidification appears to be 5 days. Additional experiments for the effect of inorganic nutrient supplementations for solubilization at both temperatures were conducted. The results strongly implied the importance of inorganic nutrient supplementations for the hydrolysis and the acidogenesis at both temperatures.

A Study on Dietary Intake and Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use by Korean College Students Attending Web Class

Cheong, Sun-Hee,Kim, Jin-Sook,Lee, Mi-Young,Lee, Jeong-Hee,Chang, Kyung-Ja The Korean Nutrition Society 2001 Nutritional Sciences Vol.4 No.2

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary intake of nutrients and the use of vitamin and mineral supplements by Korean college students attending Web class and the socioeconomic, dietary and health-related factors involved. The subjects were 137 male and 115 female students amending a health and nutrition-related Web class at a cycler university. This cross-sectional survey was conducted by self-administered questionnaire and the data were analyzed by SAS and SPSS PC package programs. Nutrient intake data collected using three-day recall method were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Average intake by male students of most nutrients except energy, vitamin B$_2$ and calcium and intake by female students of those except energy, vitamin $B_2$, calcium and iron was higher than Korean RDA. Nutrient intake of male students was significantly influenced by the mother s job, skipping meals, exercise, vitamin and mineral supplement use, flood supplement use and self-evaluated anemia. Skipping meals and flood supplement use significantly influenced the nutrient intake of female students. A total of 47.4% of male students and 53.9% of female students were vitamin and mineral supplement users. In female students, socioeconomic characteristics such as the father s education level and household income were significantly different between vitamin and mineral supplement users and non-users. In both male and female students, there were significant differences in cross analysis between vitamin and mineral supplement use and flood supplement use. As for the self-reported health status of male and female students, vitamin and mineral supplement users perceived their health status to be worse compared to non-users. Therefore, nutrition education via the Internet is necessary in order to encourage college students to practice optimal nutrition strategies, including maintaining well-balanced diets by choosing various floods wisely.