Educational and Pastoral Care and Communication with Multicultural Family

Lee, Jeung Gwan 한국실천신학회 2014 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.40

Nowadays, South Korea is a multicultural society. While transition to multicultural society has taken place in Korea, immigrant family have gone through difficulties due to the lack of effort to understand and prejudice upon another cultures. That is because Korean society has identified itself one people with one culture holding stereotype of other nation and people. There is no difference on the perception of multicultural family between Church and Korean society. Such a stereotype of immigrant family makes an impact on the adjustment of the immigrant family in Church. The immigrant family encounter similar circumstance such as stereotype, language barrier, and cultural differences in Korean Church. Simultaneously, they are expected not only to assimilate themselves to the culture of Korean Church, but also to abandon their own language, lifestyle, custom, and values. In this sense, it is indispensible to concern about and study the issue of multicultural family and their children as the one that need a pastoral care by local church pastors. This study has a good reason to discuss a pastoral care in terms of communication on the presupposition that the method of the pastoral ministry for multicultural family and their children, needs to be improved. Therefore, main purpose of this study is to seek a proper direction of multicultural pastoral ministry acknowledging the issues of the multicultural ministry and accommodating the demands of the change. For this purpose, this study will investigate not only the reality and issues of multicultural family from the sociocultural perspective but also the reality and its alternate solution in the context of local church. The second will explore the biblical communication that God initiated and wanted and the communication for multicultural family in the context of church. Finally, this paper will suggest a way of communication and its pastoral strategy for multicultural immigrant family. This study will play an important role in seeking the proper way of pastoral care for multicultural family and their children.

다문화가족지원을 위한 대상자 범위의 문제점과 개선방안

김종세 한양대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.36 No.2

Under the current Multicultural Family Support Act, the state and local governments set up multi-cultural family support centers in various regions across the country to carry out various support projects, including education and counseling for multicultural families, Korean language education for marriage immigrants and job information provision. The law requires that one of the family members be the Korean people. The nation's multicultural society phenomenon has been shown to be settled here by foreign workers and their families who are legally staying in the country, as well as refugees and humanitarian residents and their families. Of course, they also need to be supported under the Framework Act on the Elimination of Korean Residents, but they are not included in the current Multicultural Family Support Act as candidates for the Multicultural Family Support Center. Accordingly, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family and the National Assembly's Committee on Gender Equality and Family submitted a bill to revise laws to help foreign families who are legally staying in Korea with the aim of living in the Republic of Korea to help them lead a more stable family life and improve their quality of life. In fact, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family recently made it possible for all of them to be supported or utilized by the Multicultural Family Support Center as members of the Multicultural Family Support Center, including multicultural families, foreign families (foreign workers, expatriates, overseas Koreans, refugees, and others). The purpose of supporting and supporting them to contribute to the development of the nation is persuasive. However, these projects reveal problems in the current immigration law system by simply setting the scope of those subject to it, do not conform to the scope of those subject to prescriptive support under the current Multicultural Family Support Act, and are redundant in the national immigration policy or the marriage resident policy (multicultural family policy) as well as redundant policies, overlapping budgets, programs or contents. For all foreigners in the country, it is problematic that they can be judged positively on the scope of the beneficiaries of these support projects in a humanitarian and social integration level, but are operated by overlapping work among various central government departments and overlapping budgets for them who exist as a certain social member in Korea when they reside in an immigration-related country. At this level, the research paper described problems and improvement measures. The problem of multi-cultural family support projects should not be maintained by selfishness among departments, the unreasonable problem among ministries should be adjusted by the Office for Government Policy Coordination, and the immigration integration policy and immigration integration law need to be kept in mind even from a future-oriented perspective. Therefore, our Korean society should allow for the increase of immigrants to some extent in the future, the increase of what type of residents and how much our country will need, the readjustment of immigration law policies and immigration systems for national independence and national stability, social order and social integration, and will be continuously raised in the process of being pushed forward. 현행 다문화가족지원법에 근거하여 국가와 지방자치단체는 전국 각 지역에 다문화가족지원센터를 설치하여 다문화가족을 위한 교육 및 상담, 결혼이민자의 한국어교육 및 일자리 정보제공 등 다양한 지원사업을 수행하고 있다. 동 법률의 다문화가족은 기본적으로 가족구성원 중 일방이 대한민국 국민일 것을 요건으로 하고 있다. 우리나라의 다문화사회현상은 합법적으로 국내에 체류 중인 외국인 근로자와 유학생 및 그 가족, 난민인정자 및 인도적 체류자와 그 가족 등으로 국내 정착하고 있는 모습으로 드러나 있다. 물론 이들도 재한외국인처우기본법상 지원받을 수 있는 필요성이 있으며 그 대상이지만, 현행 다문화가족지원법상 다문화가족지원센터의 지원대상자로 포함되지는 않는다. 이에 여성가족부와 국회 여성가족위원회는 다문화가족지원센터의 지원대상자를 폭넓게 그 범위를 설정하여 특례를 신설함으로써 대한민국에 거주할 목적을 가지고 합법적으로 체류하고 있는 일정한 외국인 가족에 대하여 다문화가족지원센터의 지원을 받을 수 있도록 하고 재한외국인 가족 등이 보다 안정적인 가족생활을 누리고 삶의 질을 향상하는 데 기여하려는 취지에 입법개정안을 제출하기도 했다. 실질적으로 최근 여성가족부는 다문화가족지원사업 안내에 따라 다문화가족지원센터 이용자로 다문화가족을 비롯하여 외국인근로자, 외국인유학생, 재외동포, 난민인정자 등의 외국인 및 그 가족, 북한이탈주민가족을 폭넓게 포함하고 있어 현재 이들 모두가 회원으로서 다문화가족지원센터에 의하여 지원받거나 활용하도록 하고 있다. 그들을 지원하고 원조하여 건전한 사회통합으로 이끌어 내어 국가의 발전에 이바지하고자 하는 목적은 설득력이 있다. 그러나 이러한 사업은 단순히 그 대상자의 범위 설정으로 행정적 시행사업에 의하여 우리나라 이민법 체계상의 문제점을 드러내고 있는 것이며, 현행 다문화가족지원법상의 규범적 지원 대상자의 범위에도 부합하지 않으며, 국가 이민정책이나 결혼이주민정책(다문화가족정책)에서도 정책의 중복, 예산의 중복, 프로그램이나 그 내용의 중복이라는 문제점이 있다. 우리나라 내에 있는 모든 외국인에게 인도적 및 사회통합적 차원에서는 이러한 지원사업 대상자 범위 설정에 긍정적으로 판단할 수 있을지언정, 우리나라 내에서 일정한 사회구성원으로서 존재하는 그들에 대하여 여러 중앙 부처간의 중복된 업무 및 중복된 예산 등으로 운영되고 있는 것은 문제가 있다. 이러한 차원에서 본 연구논문에서 문제점과 개선방안을 찾고자 서술하였다. 다문화가족지원 사업은 부서간의 이기주의로 유지되어서 아니되며, 부처간의 불합리한 문제를 미래지향적 관점에서도 이민통합정책 및 이민통합법을 염두하면서 국무조정실에서 조정해야 할 것이다. 따라서 앞으로 우리 한국사회는 어느 정도까지 이민자가 증가할지, 국가가 얼마라 필요로 하는 어떤 유형의 체류자가 증가할지, 결국 국가는 국가존립과 안정, 사회질서 및 사회통합을 위한 이민법정책 및 이민제도를 정비해야 할 것이다.

다문화가정의 가족기능이 다문화아동의 사회적 능력에 미치는 영향

박점자(Jeum Ja Park) 한국콘텐츠학회 2015 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.15 No.6

본 연구는 다문화가정 어머니와 아동을 대상으로 다문화가정의 가족기능과 다문화가정 어머니의 양육효능감 그리고 다문화가정 아동의 사회적 능력 간의 구조적 관련성을 검증하고자 설계되었다. 이를 위해 다문화가정 어머니와 다문화아동을 직접 돌보고 있는 다문화센터 실무자를 대상으로 자기기입식 설문으로 자료를 수집하여 156부가 최종 분석에 활용되었다. 연구결과, 다문화가정의 가족기능은 다문화가정 어머니의 양육효능감에 정적(+) 영향을 미쳤으며, 다문화가정 어머니의 양육효능감은 다문화아동의 사회적 능력에 정적(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 다문화가정 어머니의 양육효능감은 다문화가정의 가족기능과 다문화아동의 사회적 능력 간의 관계에서 완전매개효과를 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 중심으로 다문화아동의 건강한 성장과 발달을 위한 다문화가정 어머니 및 다문화가정에 대한 개입 방안을 제언하였다. This study is designed to verify structural relations between multicultural family’s functions, multicultural family mothers’ parental efficacy, and multicultural family children’s social competence with the subjects of multicultural family mothers and children. To attain the goal, the researcher collected data through a survey with a self-administered questionnaire conducted to multicultural family mothers and multicultural center workers taking care of multicultural children and utilized 156 sheets for final analysis. According to the study results, multicultural family’s functions exert positive effect on multicultural family mothers’ parental efficacy, and multicultural family mothers’ parental efficacy indicates positive effect on multicultural children’s social competence. Also, multicultural family mothers’ parental efficacy has completely mediating effect in the relations between multicultural family’s functions and multicultural children’s social competence. Based on these study results, the researcher suggests ways to intervene with multicultural family mothers and multicultural family in order to help multicultural children grow and develop soundly.

결혼이민자 인식조사를 통한 다문화가족 법제도의 개선방향 -포천시 사례를 중심으로-

소성규 ( Sung Kyu So ) 한국법정책학회 2010 법과 정책연구 Vol.10 No.2

In the Korean society, the numbers of immigrants and the multicultural family have increased in foreign population since 1990. These foreigners mostly live in Seoul and Gyenggi-do, and among those cities in Gyenggi-do, Pocheon has the highest foreigners rate. As a result of this social change, Act on the treatment of foreigners in Korea, and Multicultural family support act established, and there have been studies on the actual conditions of multicultural families and their rights, and social supports which have brought about a huge interest in a diverse society in Korea. This research presents a policy plan through a basic investigation for Korea where it is becoming a multicultural society. Some of the past researches on multicultural family from the legal perspective mainly assessed its support policies and legal system ,and thus, Legislative assessments about multicultural family laws and reviews about multicultural family policies were like questions to solve. This research is based on comparative analysis and interpretative approach. However, it is different from that of past analysis in a sense that it has legal problems and its resolutions from the point of view of multicultural families who are the major among foreigners in Korean society. Still, there are some problems concerning this research. The survey method is not formal and the area of study is limited because it has a sampling bias (Pocheon, Gyenggido) due to insufficient funds and time. However, this research contains not only an observation of perception on multicultural family but also the method of study to fulfill the goal and the purpose of this research. Furthermore, government statistics are supplemented to substantiate our thesis more logically. Yet, the main research technique is primarily on legal studies about perception of multicultural family. This study provides certain directions for changes in the constitution. First, Korean federal and local governments must advertise and change their people`s recognition on multicultual family. Second, this research provides improvement measurements for educational issues. Third, there are also certain alternative solutions for unemployment and children issues. Fourth, constructing infrastructure for multicultural family is necessary. Fifth, specialists for this cultural cases and a social network must form in order to support multicultural family. Lastly, this investigation suggests a plan to unify foreign administrations. To maintain this act, since Act on the treatment of foreigners in Korea is about rights and nationality acquisitions for foreign residents and workers and Multicultural family support act affects only people who are going to acquire Korean nationality, we suggests to regulate these laws to bring about Korean society into a melting pot. Furthermore, we propose for local governments to amend their standardized laws since they are abstract and general. Moreover, Korean government must give incentives for their local governments when they pay grants. Just like a gender equality index to bring about equality in gender, each policy must consider foreigners and multicultural family and adopt foreigner equality index into their acts.

지방자치단체의 다문화가족 지원 조례와 다문화가족의 이주사회 적응전략:

김정인(Kim, Jungin) 한국지방정부학회 2018 지방정부연구 Vol.21 No.4

본 연구는 기존에 수행된 다문화가족 지원정책 연구들과는 달리 지방자치단체의 다문화가족 지원 자치법규(조례) 조항과 다문화가족 지원정책집행자를 분석하여 한국에 거주하는 다문화가족들이 어떠한 적응전략을 선택하도록 하였는지를 살펴보았다. Berry(1997)의 ‘적응모형’을 기반으로 하여 다문화가족들의 한국사회 적응에 영향을 주는 지방자치단체 다문화가족 지원 조례 조항이 제정되었는지를 내용분석(content analysis) 방법을 활용하여 분석하였다. 특히, Berry(1997)의 ‘문화적응’과 ‘구조적적응’ 기준을 중심으로 연구 분석한 결과, 대부분의 지방자치단체는 구조적적응과 관련된 다문화가족 지원 조례 조항(예: 다문화가족관계 유지지원, 의료 및 건강 지원, 언어 및 직업교육 지원 등)은 도입하고 있었으나, 문화적응 관련 조례 조항(예: 다문화가족 본국 언어･문화행사 지원, 본국 종교와 문화 지원, 다문화가족들의 적극적 의견반영)의 도입은 양분되어 나타나고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 광역자치 단체인지 기초 자치단체인지의 여부, 조례 개정의 여부에 따른 다문화가족 지원 조례 조항 차이는 나타나지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 다문화가족 지원 조례 도입기간이 짧을수록 문화적응 지원 조례 조항이 많이 나타난다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라, 다문화가족 지원정책집행 성공여부는 다문화가족 지원 조례 조항 성립 여부와 관계없이 다문화가족에 대한 한국사회의 포용성에 영향을 받는다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 향후 바람직한 다문화가족 지원정책을 연구하는데 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. This study empirically analyzed what adaptation strategies multicultural family in Korea prefer to choose by examining the texts of the local autonomy ordinance(bylaw) regarding multicultural family support and policy executors. Based on the ‘acculturation strategies’ model of Berry(1997), this research examined through the content analysis whether Korea local government established the bylaw about multicultural family support that affects the adaptation behaviors of multicultural family in Korea society. In particular, this research used the two criteria in order to explain more specifically the model. The first question is that “Is it considered to be of value to maintain one’s identity and characteristics? (cultural adaptation)”, and second is that “Is it considered to be of value to maintain relationships with larger society?(structural adaptation)”. As a result, most local government adopted the ordinance provision related to ‘structural adaptation’, but half local government introduced the ordinance provision associated with ‘cultural adaptation’. In addition, the adoption of ordinance provision regarding multicultural family support was not related to the difference in between metropolitan and basic local government; and it had no direct relationship with ordinance provision amendment. However, local government adopted the ordinance provision regarding multicultural family support as it adopted recently the ordinance. Furthermore, the multicultural family support implementations were influenced by both the inclusiveness of Korea society to multicultural family and its peculiarity regardless of the multicultural family support ordinance. These results give us implications for the study of desirable multicultural family support policy in Korea.

다문화가족의 혼인에 관한 헌법적 보호

이지현(Lee, Ji-Hyun) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2011 法學論文集 Vol.35 No.1

As international marriage has increased rapidly in Korea, multicultural family also has increased radically. Therefore, it is necessary to settle down the suffering of multicultural family and improve its quality of life. It seems to be meaningful to protect multicultural family and maintain its equal family life from the aspect of laying the foundation of realizing a cultural state. In addition, the constitutional right of marriage and family life is a principle norm which must be equally realized in multicultural family. The current nature of multicultural family reflects domestic gender relations. The conventional patriarchal system is enforced on domestic multicultural family as well and it makes the equality of marriage and family life difficult to be realized. And due to the inequality in the relationship of marriage formation, the problem of female marriage immigrants’ human right is severe for the present. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome the patriarchal multiculturalism which is currently come to the fore as a new problem of multicultural family, and form a gender equality-oriented multicultural family from gender perspectives. In particular, it is urgent to provide legal values to multicultural family in order to realize the protection of the marriage of multicultural family. Recently, the law that is related to the management of matchmaking business has been revised partly, but the provision of punishment that is related to providing personal information is still insufficient and therefore the effective enforcement of law is not realized so far. So, the problem of matchmaking business entities has occurred endlessly and become a sample of human right violation. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the problem of matchmaking business from gender perspectives and guarantee female immigrants’ right to live and right of gender self-determination. Regarding the multicultural family support law, its scope of beneficiaries is very narrow and its provision is excessively arbitrary, thus guaranteeing no practical legal effectiveness. On account of this, female marriage immigrants cannot have the right to request the practical support and protection of such universal right as the right of health and reproduction. Domestic Constitutional Court has clarified the fact that foreigners must be the subject of pursuing the dignity, value and happiness of human beings. In this regard, the well-being of all the people who live in Korea must be guaranteed. If so, the settlement of problem of human right infringement of female marriage immigrants who come to Korea to marry cannot be neglected, in particular. Regarding the issue whether female marriage immigrants are family members or not before they acquired nationality, they must be provided with appropriate status in order for their human right to be protected. The discrimination by the difference of race, religion and nation must not be allowed any more. It is also necessary to realize multiculturalism in domestic society as a principle of harmony and coexistence.

부산지역 이주민 현황과 이주민선교의 과제 –결혼이주여성/다문화가족을 중심으로

황홍렬 한국선교신학회 2009 선교신학 Vol.22 No.-

Over 1.1 million foreigners live in South Korea now. The number of marriage-related immigrants is 125,673 and that of children of multicultural family is 107,689. These facts are brand new ones during the last five thousands year history of Korea. Such a change challenges Korean people and Christians to rethink about their identity. This article aims at describing the current situation of immigrants, especially marriage-related immigrant women and multicultural family, identifying tasks for immigrant mission in Busan area and searching for immigrant theology. Methodologies used in the article are: literature study, interview with specialists in immigrant mission, social biography of marriage-related immigrant woman/multicultural family, and missiology of encounter with other. In Busan there are four church/mission center/Christian NGO participating in the immigrant mission in 2009. They are the Immigrant Culture Center, the Busan Gangseo Community Welfare Center of YWCA, the Busan Jingu Community Welfare Center of YWCA, and Hanul Church. The selection of interviewees for social biography of multicultural family was suggested by four centers/church mentioned above. Their nationalities and genders are four Vietnamese women, three Peruvian women, two Philippin women, two Korean women, one Chinese woman, one Indonesian woman, and three Korean man. The results of the social biography of multicultural family are: first of all, recovery of 'normality' of the multicultural family, for the family has been represented by the mass media as 'abnormal' one with family violence: secondly, Christian faith contribute for them to accommodate to Korean culture and to overcome conflicts between husband and wife of multicultural family: thirdly, the international marriage initiated by commercial agency is blamed as money- exchange-marriage but the reality of such a family life is similar to that of a marriage arranged by a go-between: lastly, marriage-related immigrant women are faster learners of Korean language and culture than migrant workers. Tasks for immigrant mission are to serve them with love of God, to strengthen the multicultural family by overcoming cultural conflicts, to support for their children education, to establish multicultural faith community, to develop a Bible study program appropriate for multicultural family, to suggest education programs for Korean Christians and Korean citizens, and to prevent from religious conflicts through peace education among religious groups.

Problems in Business Performance of Multicultural Family Support Center Workers

( Kim Ho-kyung ),( Yun Hyang-hee ) 한국윤리학회(구 한국국민윤리학회) 2018 倫理硏究 Vol.119 No.1

As for the problems when the multicultural family support center workers perform their business, and when they have consultations with the married immigrants about the conflicts and hurt of them, the relationship between the workers and the immigrants would be different, depending on the degree that the workers understand multicultural families. And thus, in this study, the specialized measures for expanding multicultural understanding education for the workers are to be suggested. Multicultural facility worker education is conducted in compliance with Article 12- 2(conducting refresher training) of Multicultural Family Support Act. The workers should understand the family of the married immigrants and know the background of the entrance of Korean society into a multicultural society. Multicultural understanding education is conducted in a variety of ways according to the order of the Minister of Gender Equality and Family in compliance with Article 9 of Enforcement Rule of the Multicultural Family Support Act. As the center directly carries out the service to the married immigrants, this study is to seek out the efficient education measures in their relationship with the workers. And thus, for job ethics education which the workers should receive, it is suggested that the rules of evidence on "Job Ethics of Multicultural Family Support Center" should be added to the Article 9, Clause 3 of Enforcement Rules of Multicultural Family Support Act which was enacted by Ordinance of Ministry of Gender Equality and Family.

TV 속의 다문화가정 2세: 이산적 정체성의 포섭과 배제

이소현 한국여성커뮤니케이션학회 2014 미디어, 젠더 & 문화 Vol.29 No.1

In the context of globalization, Korean society has witnessed the successful integration of foreign wives into Korean families given that the multicultural discourse focuses on the traditional unit of family and the idea of assimilation. However, it is quite a different story to include multicultural family children characterized by the visuality of Otherness within the definition of Korean citizen. Not only have the images of people of mixed-blood been almost negative and unchanged under the powerful notion of an ethnically homogeneous nation, but the centrality of patrilineal order to the multicultural discourse has also suppressed discussions on racial issues and diasporic identities. This article explores the positioning of multicultural family children in the discourse of Korean multiculturalism by looking at TV programs about multicultural families. It examines the representation of multicultural family children in KBS <Love in Asia> 300th special program of “The Dream of Multicultural Family Children”, the episodes of “Multicultural Family Children’s Visit to Grandmother’s House” from JTV <Blooming Dandelion> and KBS <Oasis> feature on “Geon-Tae, the 1st Generation of Multicultural Family Children, Shares Hope.” Textual analysis focuses on the stereotyping of multicultural families as Other/lower-class, the inclusion and exclusion of diasporic identities, and the articulation of intersectional differences of race, class, gender, and ethnicity. The discussion on the representation of multicultural family children,situated on the site of discursive conflict between “Korean” and “mixed-blood,” testifies to the need for reexamination of the limits of Korean multiculturalism, and illustrates the fact that the issues of cultural diversity should be discussed in consideration of constant changes and dynamic processes. 전지구화의 급물결 속에 결혼이주여성들의 한국 사회로의 영입은 가족이라는 단위의 전통적 가치체계에 연결되면서 한국적 다문화 담론의 성공적인 안착을 이끌어냈지만, 이질적 시각성으로 구별되는 다문화가정 자녀들을 한국인의 범주 속에 통합시키는 것은 별개의 문제라고 할 수 있다. 순혈주의적 민족주의의 지배 속에서 혼혈인에 대한 담론은 대부분 부정적이고 정체되어 있으며, 부계적 혈통주의의 고수라는현 다문화 담론의 지향성은 다문화가정 2세에 관한 논의에서 이산적 정체성의 발현을 저해하는 형국이다. 가족 단위 중심, 결혼이주여성 위주의 다문화 담론의 한계가 드러나는 시점에 다문화가정 2세를 향한 미디어의 관심은 반가운 일이다. 하지만 문제는 다문화가정 2세의 관점과 경험을 얼마나 대변할 수 있는 지에 달려있다. 본 논문은 다문화가정에관한 TV 교양프로그램을 분석함으로써 한국 사회의 다문화 담론 속에 다문화가정 2세의 자리매김을 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 주요 사례로서 KBS <러브 人 아시아> 300회 특집, “다문화가정 2세의 꿈”, JTV <피우자 민들레> “다문화가정 자녀외갓집 방문 프로젝트”, 그리고 KBS <오아시스> “다문화청소년 1세대 건태의 희망대작전”을 분석하고 다문화가정 2세의 미디어 재현 양상을 살펴보려 한다. 텍스트 분석은 타자/하위주체로서 다문화가정의 전형화, 다문화가정 2세의 이산적 정체성의 포섭과 배제, 그리고 미디어 재현을 둘러싼 인종, 민족, 젠더, 계급 등 차이의교차성 및 접합의 양상에 초점을 두고 있다. “당당한 한국인”과 “혼혈인”이라는담론적 모순 속에 자리잡은 다문화가정 자녀들의 재현에 관한 분석은 현 다문화 담론의 한계와 문제점을 검토하고 문화적 다양성의 개념을 실제적인 변화와 역동적인과정 속에서 재정의해야 한다는 점을 시사한다.

한국사회 내에서의 사회권 발전에 있어서의 다문화주의

이미영(Lee, Mi-Young) 한국지방자치법학회 2017 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.17 No.4

Multiculturalism has been rigorously discussed in Korean society. In April 2006 the government declared a transition to multi-ethnic, multicultural society, and a basic law for the treatment of resident foreigners in February 2007 and the law for the multicultural family support were enacted in 2008.Government funding has been invested in the business as well as private resources of multicultural family support centers so that a variety of multicultural programs could be tested. In September 2008, with the enforcement of multicultural family support act , married immigrants became the best beneficiaries of multiculturalism policy. However, as the purpose of the law states, this law targets a multicultural family rather than individual women immigrants and the guaranteed rights are social welfare services in basic law of social security . By enforcing this law, total 45 local autonomous entities have enacted an ordinance to support a multicultural family and married immigrant family support center was only 37 in 2007 but this center was expanded to 217 in number as a multicultural family support center in 2017 and a nationwide social service delivery system for married immigrants was established. It is hard to find the ideals of multiculturalism that admit the cultural differences of immigrants as ethnic minority in Multicultural family support act and cares for them in an aspect of policy and institutional dimensions. Moreover, as they are not provisions of all support but temporary provisions consisting of “can” or “try to seek” terms that do not have legal effect. Korea’s multicultural policies are mainly focused on supporting giving birth to a baby and parenting of married immigrants as social services and as public administration program rather than a right stated evidently in law. Therefore, the present social welfare services for multicultural families can be withdrawn at any time at risk upon disappearance of the popularity of multiculturalism. As the related budget to the multicultural business increased, the problem of duplicated support by the overheated competition among ministries has been criticized a lot. However, more severe problem is that as the childcare budget of the children of multicultural family increases, ‘overheated application’ is another emerging side effect. Because organizations which take a budget from the government and conduct businesses must raise performance outcomes, they need ‘targets’, i.e., the children of ‘multicultural families. Therefore, Korean children who have immigrant mothers with acquired Korean nationality already are classified as ‘multicultural children’ and receive separate support. The children of multicultural family have no right to reject the benefits of policies ‘for’ them The agenda of the rights of immigrants in the Korean society needs to be addressed within the framework of Fraser’s two-dimensional definition rather than multiculturalism. Immigrants in Korean society are suffered from not only cultural injustice such as cultural domination, disclaimer, and ignorance, but also economic injustice such as exploitation, economic change, and deprivation and exposed to a variety of violence. However, multiculturalism that does not have citizenship embeds a risk to un-politicize the issue of the rights of immigrants and to stuff their cultures rather than to solve such injustices. 이 논문은 2006년 4월 ‘다인종, 다문화사회로의 전환’을 선언하고 2007년 2월에 재한외국인처우기본법 이 국회를 통과하여 2008년에 다문화가족지원법 이 제정된 이후 한국사회의 다문화 정책에 대하여 살펴보았다. 한국의 다문화 정책과 법은 주로 여성결혼이민자를 대상으로 하고 있기 때문에 이와 관련한 관련 법률을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 2008년 9월 다문화가족지원법 의 시행과 함께 결혼이민자들은 다문화 정책의 최대 수혜자가 되었다. 그러나 목적조항에서 밝히고 있듯이, 이 법은 개별이주여 성을 대상으로 하기보다는 다문화가족을 대상으로 하며, 이 법에서 보장하는 권리는 사회보장기본법 상의 사회복지서비스권이다. 또한, 이 법의 시행으로 인하여 45개의 지방자치단체가 다문화가족 대상 지원조례를 제정하였고, 2007년 37개 정도였던 결혼이민자가족지원센터가 2017년 현재 217개의 다문화가족 지원센터로 확대되어 결혼이민자를 위한 전국적 규모의 사회복지서비스 전달체계가 마련되었다. 그러나 다문화가족지원법에서 에스닉(ethnic) 소수자인 이주자들의 문화적 차이를 인정하며 정책·제도적 차원에서 이를 수용·배려하는 다문화주의의 근본이념을 찾기 어렵다. 이 법은 동화주의에 기반을 두고 여성결혼이민자들의 사회통합을 지향하고 있다. 더욱이 모든 지원을 담보하는 조항이 아니라 단순히 “~할 수 있다” 또는 “~하도록 노력해야 한다”로 규정된 임의조항이기 때문에 어떠한 법적 강제성을 갖지 못한다. 한국의 다문화 정책은 결혼이민자의 출산과 양육을 집중 지원하는 사회복지 서비스적 성격을 지니고 있으며 결혼이민자의 권리가 법에 구체적으로 명시 되었다기보다는 행정프로그램적 성격을 보인다. 그로인하여 다문화 가족에 대한 사회복지 서비스는 현재의 다문화 유행이 사그라지면 언제든 철회될 수 있는 위험에 놓여 있는 것이다. 다문화지원 관련 예산이 늘어나면서 다문화사 업에 대한 부처 간 경쟁이 과열되고 이로 인한 중복지원의 문제는 국가 및 지방자치단체의 재원 낭비라는 많은 비판을 받아왔다. 하지만 중복지원뿐만 아니라 더 심각한 문제는 최근 다문화가족의 자녀대상 보육예산이 증가하면서 실제 지원현장에서는 ‘과(過)지원’이라는 또 다른 부작용을 양상하고 있다는 사실이다. 정부로 부터 예산 지원을 받아서 사업을 수행하는 단체들은 실적을 내야하기 때문에 사업 대상인 다문화가족 내 자녀들을 필요로 한다. 그로인해 한국국적을 취득한 이민자 어머니를 둔 한국인 아이들도 ‘다문화아동’으로 특정 분류되어 별도의 지원을 받게 되는 체계로 인해 다문화가족의 아이들이 그들을 ‘위한’ 정책적 수혜를 거부할 권리가 없다. 한국사회 이주자의 권리라는 의제는 다문화주의라는 프레임보다는 프레이저의 2차원적 정의의 틀 안에서 다루어져야 할 것이다. 한국사회이주자들은 불인정, 무시, 문화적 지배와 같은 문화적 부정의뿐 아니라 경제적 주변화, 착취 및 박탈과 같은 경제적 부정의로 인하여 고통 받고 있는 실정이며, 한국사회 내에서 다양한 형태의 폭력에 지속적으로 노출되어 있다. 한국식 시민권 부여 없는 다문화주의는 이러한 부정의의 문제를 해결하기 보다는 오히려 이주자들의 권리와 관련한 이슈를 탈정치화하고 이주자들의 문화를 박제화 시킬 위험을 안고 있다. 이를 완화하기 위해서라도 차별금지법의 제정 및 위험관리체계의 정립이 조속히 이루어져야 할 것이다.