Korean Mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) Extract Induces Eel (Anguilla japonica) Non-specific Immunity

윤택준,박관하,최상훈 대한면역학회 2008 Immune Network Vol.8 No.4

Background: The immunomodulatory effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the innate immune responses of eel (Anguilla japonica) were studied. Methods: Mistletoe, Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) as a control was injected into eel peritoneal cavities. Results: Nitroblue tetrazolium(NBT)-positive cells in the head kidney of eel were significantly augmented by the second day post-injection of mistletoe. Reactive oxygen intermedia tes (ROI) were more produced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney leucocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity in the serum of fish 2 days after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that in the serum of the control fish. The optimal concentration of mistletoe in inducing the highest serum lysozyme activity was revealed to 500μg/200g of fish. In phagocytic activity assay, mistletoe-sensitized eel kidney phagocytes captured more zymosan than did the control fish. Conclusion: Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of eel. Background: The immunomodulatory effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the innate immune responses of eel (Anguilla japonica) were studied. Methods: Mistletoe, Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) as a control was injected into eel peritoneal cavities. Results: Nitroblue tetrazolium(NBT)-positive cells in the head kidney of eel were significantly augmented by the second day post-injection of mistletoe. Reactive oxygen intermedia tes (ROI) were more produced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney leucocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity in the serum of fish 2 days after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that in the serum of the control fish. The optimal concentration of mistletoe in inducing the highest serum lysozyme activity was revealed to 500μg/200g of fish. In phagocytic activity assay, mistletoe-sensitized eel kidney phagocytes captured more zymosan than did the control fish. Conclusion: Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of eel.

Preparation of Alginate/Chitosan Microcapsules and Enteric Coated Granules of Mistletoe Lectin

Su-Yun Lyu,Young-Ju Kwon,Hye-Jin Joo,Won-Bong Park 대한약학회 2004 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.27 No.1

The aqueous extract of European mistletoe (Viscum album, L.) has been used in cancer therapy. The purified mistletoe lectins, main components of mistletoe, have demonstrated cytotoxic and immune-system-stimulating activities. Korean mistletoe (Viscum album L. coloratum), a subspecies of European mistletoe, has also been reported to possess anticancer and immunological activities. A galactose- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin (Viscum album L. coloratum agglutinin, VCA) with Mr 60 kDa was isolated from Korean mistletoe. Mistletoe preparations have been given subcutaneously due to the low stability of lectin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of alginate/chitosan microcapsules as a tool for oral delivery of mistletoe lectin. In addition, our strategy has been to develop a system composed of stabilizing cores (granules), which contain mistletoe lectin, extract or powder, coated by a biodegradable polymer wall. Our results indicated that successful incorporation of VCA into alginate/chitosan microcapsules has been achieved and that the alginate/chitosan microcapsule protected the VCA from degradation at acidic pH values. And coating the VCA with polyacrylic polymers, Eudragit, produced outstanding results with ideal release profiles and only minimal losses of cytotoxicity after manufacturing step. The granules prepared with extract or whole plant produced the best results due to the stability in the extract or whole plant during manufacturing process.

Effect of Korean Mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the Non-Specific Immune Responses in Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica)

Cho, Young-Hye,Choi, Dae-Han,Choi, Sang-Hoon The Korean Society of Fish Pathology 2005 한국어병학회지 Vol.18 No.1

In the present paper, the immunostimulatory effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the non-specific immune responses of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) were examined. Eel were innoculated with mistletoe, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control into their peritoneal cavities. The number of nitrobule tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells in the head kidney of fish was significantly increased by the second day post-injection of mistletoe. ROI products were more enhanced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney leucocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity detected in the serum of fish 2 days after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that found in the serum of the control fish. The appropriate concentration of mistletoe to induce the highest level of serum lysozyme activity was revealed to 1000${\mu}g$/200 g of fish. In phagocytic activity assay, mistletoe-sensitized eel kidney phagocytes captured more zymosan than did the control fish. Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of Japanese eel.

Korean Mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) Extract Induces Eel (Anguilla japonica) Non-specific Immunity

Yoon, Taek-Joon,Park, Kwan-Ha,Choi, Sang-Hoon The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2008 Immune Network Vol.8 No.4

Background: The immunomodulatory effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the innate immune responses of eel (Anguilla japonica) were studied. Methods: Mistletoe, Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control was injected into eel peritoneal cavities. Results: Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells in the head kidney of eel were significantly augmented by the second day post-injection of mistletoe. Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) were more produced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney leucocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity in the serum of fish 2 days after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that in the serum of the control fish. The optimal concentration of mistletoe in inducing the highest serum lysozyme activity was revealed to 500${\mu}$g/200 g of fish. In phagocytic activity assay, mistletoe-sensitized eel kidney phagocytes captured more zymosan than did the control fish. Conclusion: Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of eel.

한국산 겨우살이(Viscum album var. coloratum)의 해부학적 특성

권성민 ( Sung Min Kwon ),장재혁 ( Jae Hyuk Jang ),김철우 ( Chul Woo Kim ),김광모 ( Kwang Mo Kim ),이재선 ( Jae Seon Yi ),김남훈 ( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2012 목재공학 Vol.40 No.4

This study was carried out to understand the anatomical characteristics of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) and host tree of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) by the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy. The branch diameter of host tree at the parasitic part by mistletoe is larger than that of non-parasitic part. In the mistletoe, phloem consists of bast fiber and parenchyma cell and xylem is composed of fiber, ray and axial parenchyma cell, and vascular tracheid. The volume of ray parenchyma cell is higher than common wood species and is heterocellular made up of procumbent, upright, and square cells in the mistletoe. In the vascular tracheid of mistletoe, coarse spiral thickenings and bordered pit are present. Due to the insertion of the mistletoe haustorium, some deformed vessels but no tylosis are observed in the mistletoe. The shapes of mistletoe haustorium are sharp, and the destruction of the host tree cells due to the insertion of the mistletoe haustorium are not identified.

Preparation of Alginate/Chitosan Microcapsules and Enteric Coated Granules of Mistletoe Lectin

Lyu, Su-Yun,Kwon, Young-Ju,Joo, Hye-Jin,Park, Won-Bong The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2004 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.27 No.1

The aqueous extract of European mistletoe (Viscum album, L.) has been used in cancer therapy. The purified mistletoe lectins, main components of mistletoe, have demonstrated cytotoxic and immune-system-stimulating activities. Korean mistletoe (Viscum album L. coloratum), a subspecies of European mistletoe, has also been reported to possess anticancer and immunological activities. A galactose- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin (Viscum album L. coloratum agglutinin, VCA) with Mr 60 kDa was isolated from Korean mistletoe. Mistletoe preparations have been given subcutaneously due to the low stability of lectin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of alginate/chitosan microcapsules as a tool for oral delivery of mistletoe lectin. In addition, our strategy has been to develop a system composed of stabilizing cores (granules), which contain mistletoe lectin, extract or powder, coated by a biodegradable polymer wall. Our results indicated that successful incorporation of VCA into alginate/chitosan microcapsules has been achieved and that the alginate/chitosan microcapsule protected the VCA from degradation at acidic pH values. And coating the VCA with polyacrylic polymers, Eudragit, produced outstanding results with ideal release profiles and only minimal losses of cytotoxicity after manufacturing step. The granules prepared with extract or whole plant produced the best results due to the stability in the extract or whole plant during manufacturing process.

감마선 조사가 열처리 겨우살이의 항당뇨 및 세포독성에미치는 영향

박종흠,김수민,성낙윤,송두섭,변의백,김재경,송범석,이주운,김재훈 한국방사선산업학회 2013 방사선산업학회지 Vol.7 No.2

Mistletoe (Viscum album) has been widely used as a functional food material for varioustherapeutic purposes from ancient time. In this study, we examined anti-diabetic and cytotoxicactivities of heated-treated mistletoe and the effects of gamma-irradiation on its activities. Heattreatedmistletoe extract was prepared by heating during different time (3, 6, 9 and 12 h) andgamma-irradiated with different doses of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 kGy. Heat-treated mistletoeextracts showed a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity on rat insulinoma RINm5F cells and theeffect was gradually decreased as heating time increased up to 12 h. 12 h heat-treated extract wasno cytotoxic. Gamma-irradiation enhanced the reduction of heat-treated mistletoe-inducedcytotoxicity and the decreasing effect was an irradiating dose-dependent. In particular, all of 70kGy irradiated and heat-treated mistletoe extracts did not showed the cytotoxicity and the effectwas comparable to 12 h heat-treated mistletoe extract. Among those extracts, 3 h heat-treatedmistletoe extract gradually increased the insulin secreting activity by gamma-irradiation and theeffect was the best at 70 kGy, whereas 12 heat-treated extract was no effect. On the test of α-glucosidaseinhibitory activity, 3 h heat-treated mistletoe extract showed the concentration dependenteffects and gamma-irradiation induced more activity at 70 kGy, compared to non-irradiated 3 hand 12 h heated mistletoe extracts. These results suggest that the combination of heat treatmentand gamma-irradiation might be more effective than only heat-treatment for improving the antidiabeticactivity of mistletoe extract and reducing its cytotoxicity.

한국산 겨우살이 숙주별 렉틴 함량과 지표물질로서의 특성 조사

김인보,윤택준,박춘호,이우경,이소희,김종배,Kim, Inbo,Yoon, Taek Joon,Park, Choon Ho,Lee, Woo Kyoung,Lee, So Hee,Kim, Jong Bae 한국식품영양학회 2015 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.28 No.6

겨우살이는 전통적으로 항암활성이 있는 약용식물의 하나로 알려져 왔고, 렉틴은 세포독성 및 면역자극 자극 활성을 가지는 대표성분으로 인정되고 있다. 한국산 겨우살이에 함유되는 렉틴은 유럽산의 그것과는 달리 galactose와 N-acetylgalactosamine(GalNAc) 특이성을 동시에 가지는 렉틴 성분인 KML인 것으로 나타났다. Sandwich ELISA법을 이용하여 각기 다른 종류의 숙주나무에서 유래된 5종의 겨우살이로부터 렉틴 함량을 비교한 결과, 숙주나무별 차이가 인정되어 밤나무 겨우살이는 참나무 겨우살이에 비하여 약 10배 많은 렉틴을 함유하고 있었다. L5178Y-ML25 lymphoma 세포에 약 90%의 세포독성을 나타내는 농도의 KML과 한국산 참나무 유래 겨우살이 추출물인 KM-100에 두 종류의 단일클론 항체(9H7-10 and 8B11-2C5)를 동시처리한 후 세포독성 중화효과를 조사한 결과, KML의 경우 약 10%, KM-110의 경우 약 30%의 세포독성을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 겨우살이에서 렉틴 외에도 세포독성을 가지는 다른 성분이 존재할 것으로 사료되었다. RAW 264.7 대식 세포주에 KM-110과 KM-110으로부터 렉틴이 제거된 분획인 LFKM-110을 자극시킨 결과, LFKM-110에서 $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 IL-6와 같은 cytokine의 생산을 증진시키는 결과를 보였다. 따라서 KM-110에서 면역 세포를 자극하는 다른 성분의 존재하고 있음을 강하게 제시되었다. Traditionally, mistletoe is known as an effective anti-cancer medicinal plant, and lectin is recognized as a major component with cytotoxic and immuno-stimulant activity in mistletoe. A Korean mistletoe lectin (KML) has specificity to galactose and galactosamine and is distinguish from European mistletoe lectin (EML). When we examined the concentration of lectin in mistletoe originated from five different types of host trees, the result indicate that the lectin concentration is variable depending on the host tree. Noticeably, mistletoe from chestnut tree contains ten folds higher lectins than that of an oak tree. We also tested the concentration of KML and crude extract (KM-110) of Korean mistletoe that shows 90% cytotoxicity in L5178Y-ML25 lymphoma cell. In addition, the cells show 90% and 70% viability by the treatment of two neutralizing antibodies of KML, 9H7-D10 and 8B11-2C5 neutralization effect with two monoclonal antibodies of KML, 9H7-D10 and 8B11-2C5. Therefore, the result expected that the mistletoe contain some other cytotoxic components except lectin. Finally, the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 by RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lectin free-crude extract (LFKM-110) following neutralization by 9H7-D10 monoclonal antibody shows higher than that of lectin containing-crude extract (KM-110). These results suggest that the Korean mistletoe lectin ha a great potential to be developed as therapeutic agent of cancer.

Korean Mistletoe, Viscum album coloratum Induces Non-Specific Immune Responses in Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Choi, Sang-Hoon,Kim, Jong-Bae,Yoo, Yung-Choon,Yoon, Taek-Joon The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2004 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.17 No.3

Effects of Korean mistletoe, Viscum album coloratum on the non-specific immune responses of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were examined. Flounder were inoculated with mistletoe, Freunds complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control into their peritoneal cavities. Reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) products were more enhanced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney phagocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity detected in the serum of fish 4 d after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that found in the serum of the control fish. The appropriate concentration of mistletoe in eliciting the highest level of serum lysozyme activity was 500 $\mu$m/300 g of fish. In phagocytic activity assays, mistletoe-sen-sitized flounder kidney phagocytes captured more yeasts than those of the control fish. Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of Japanese flounder.

Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

Anna Szurpnicka,Anna Kowalczuk,Arkadiusz Szterk 대한약학회 2020 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.43 No.6

Mistletoe has been used as treatment of manydiseases in traditional and folk medicine. To date, anticancer,immunomodulatory, cardiac, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective,neuropharmacological, antibacterial and antifungalproperties of mistletoe extracts have been studied the most. In this review, we summarized in vitro and in vivo studieson the pharmacological activity of Viscum species. Furthermore,we proposed the possible mechanisms of action ofthis herb, which might include many signalling pathways. Mistletoe could regulate either similar or diff erent targets invarious pathways that act on membrane receptors, enzymes,ion channels, transporter proteins and transcriptional targets. Still, pharmacological activities of mistletoe have beeninvestigated mainly for crude extracts. It is a new fi eld forscientists to determined which chemical compounds areresponsible for the individual biological activities of mistletoeand how these activities are achieved. As a result,mistletoe might become a source of new complementarytherapies supporting the treatment of many diseases.