Propofol과 Remifentanil을 이용한 감시하 마취관리에서 동결견의 수동적 조작

류춘근,길남수,김용철,이상철,노영진,김종수,심성은 대한마취통증의학회 2008 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.53 No.3

Background: Manual manipulation under anesthesia in primary frozen shoulder is recommended for restoring range of motion and improving function. Usually, manipulation is performed briefly under general anesthesia, which accompanies some anesthesia- related risks for outpatients. Methods: 12 patients suffered from primary frozen shoulder were received manipulation under monitored anesthesia care (MAC) with propofol (1 mg/kg) and remifentanil (25μg) as an initial dose. And then we injected additional bolus dose (propofol 20 mg, remifentanil 10μg) in case of inadequate sedation. After manipulation, sodium hyaluronate 20 mg, 0.75% ropivacaine 22.5 mg and ketorolac 30 mg were injected into the glenohumeral joint. Clinical data were gathered at baseline and at 4 weeks after manipulation. Results: The procedure was carried out successfully under MAC. Clinical results including improvements of visual analogue scale of pain and range of motion were comparable to previous studies. 2 patients who received relatively large doses of anesthetics have required triple airway maneuver and manual mask ventilation for 1 to 2 minutes respectively because of desaturation below 90%. There are not any serious adverse effects. Conclusions: MAC with propofol and remifentanil makes it possible to get adequate level of sedation for shoulder manipulation and to reduce recovery time from anesthesia at the same time. MAC, therefore, is the adequate outpatient anesthetic method for shoulder manipulation. Background: Manual manipulation under anesthesia in primary frozen shoulder is recommended for restoring range of motion and improving function. Usually, manipulation is performed briefly under general anesthesia, which accompanies some anesthesia- related risks for outpatients. Methods: 12 patients suffered from primary frozen shoulder were received manipulation under monitored anesthesia care (MAC) with propofol (1 mg/kg) and remifentanil (25μg) as an initial dose. And then we injected additional bolus dose (propofol 20 mg, remifentanil 10μg) in case of inadequate sedation. After manipulation, sodium hyaluronate 20 mg, 0.75% ropivacaine 22.5 mg and ketorolac 30 mg were injected into the glenohumeral joint. Clinical data were gathered at baseline and at 4 weeks after manipulation. Results: The procedure was carried out successfully under MAC. Clinical results including improvements of visual analogue scale of pain and range of motion were comparable to previous studies. 2 patients who received relatively large doses of anesthetics have required triple airway maneuver and manual mask ventilation for 1 to 2 minutes respectively because of desaturation below 90%. There are not any serious adverse effects. Conclusions: MAC with propofol and remifentanil makes it possible to get adequate level of sedation for shoulder manipulation and to reduce recovery time from anesthesia at the same time. MAC, therefore, is the adequate outpatient anesthetic method for shoulder manipulation.

요통환자의 엉치엉덩관절 기능부전에 대한 도수교정 후에 하지의 생체역학적인 변화

오승길,유승희,Oh, Seung-Gil,Yoo, Seung-Hee 대한물리치료과학회 2001 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.8 No.1

The purposes of this study were to compare pelvic tilt. range of motion(ROM) of hip rotation, and leg length difference before and after manipulation and to investigate correlation between changes of each variables after manipulation of sacroiliac pint in 31 low back pain patients(11 males, 20 females) with sacroiliac pint dysfunction. The sacroiliac pint of patients was manipulated on the side of anterior pelvic tilt, using the technique described by Stoddard(1962) and Greenmann (1996). I used this technique because it usually eliminated sacroiliac Pint dysfunction in one treatment session. SPSS for window computer system was used to analyze the data. Also t-test was performed for comparison of the variables before and after manipulation, and Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed for changes of each variables after manipulation. The result were as follows: 1. The pelvic tilt after manipulation was significantly decreased(mean=$2.79^{\circ}$) compared with the pelvic tilt before manipulation(p=.001). 2. The PROM of hip internal rotation ipsilateral to anterior pelvic tilt after manipulation significantly decreased (mean = $1.88^{\circ}$) compared with hip internal rotation before manipulation (p=.008). The PROM of hip internal rotation ipsilateral to posterior pelvic tilt after manipulation significantly increased(mean = $1.29^{\circ}$) compared with hip internal rotation before manipulation (p=.029). 3. The PROM of hip external rotation ipsilateral to anterior pelvic tilt after manipulation significantly increased(mean=$2.42^{\circ}$) compared with the hip external rotation before manipulation(p=$2.42^{\circ}$) compared with the hip external rotation ipsilateral to posterior pelvic tilt after manipulation significantly decreased(mean = $1.84^{\circ}$) compared with the hip external rotation before manipulation (p=.008). 4. Leg length difference after manipulation significantly decreased(mean=2.15 mm) compared with leg length difference before manipulation (p=.008). Regression analysis revealed that a fair correlation was found between change in leg length difference and change in anterior pelvic tilt after manipulation(p=.009). 5. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to assess differences of the variables after manipulation. A fair correlation was found between change in leg length difference and change in anterior pelvic tilt after manipulation(r=.462, p<.01). A fair correlation was found between change in anterior pelvic tilt and change in hip internal rotation ipsilateral to anterior pelvic tilt(r=.397, p<.05) and between change in anterior pelvic tilt and change in hip external rotation ipsilateral to anterior pelvic tilt(r=.516, p<.01). A fair correlation was found between change in posterior pelvic tilt and changes in hip internal rotation ipsilateral to posterior pelvic tilt (r=.441, p<.05) and between change in posterior pelvic tilt and change in hip external rotation ipsilateral to posterior pelvic tilt(r=.361, p<.05). A fair correlation was found between change in hip internal rotation ipsilateral to anterior pelvic tilt and change in hip external rotation ipsilateral to posterior pelvic tilt(r=.388, p<.05) and between change in hip internal rotation ipsilateral to posterior pelvic tilt and change in hip internal rotation ipsilateral to anterior pelvic tilt(r=.426. p<.05).

Comparison of the acupuncture manipulation properties of traditional East Asian medicine and Western medical acupuncture

윤다은,Lee In-Seon,Chae Younbyoung 한국한의학연구원 2022 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.11 No.4

Background Acupuncture treatments frequently use manipulation techniques. The therapeutic advantages of acupuncture differ depending on the acupuncture manipulation. The purpose of this article was to compare manipulation techniques in traditional East Asian medicine (TEAM) and Western medical acupuncture (WMA). Methods Manipulation techniques in TEAM and WMA were compared according to purpose, modulating parameters, and indications. The practical understanding of manipulation in terms of acupuncture stimulation intensity was also explored. The TEAM manipulation techniques of twirling and lifting and thrusting are discussed in terms of the objectives of tonification and sedation. Results The main therapeutic effect of WMA is mediated through activation of the nervous system, which is achieved with adequate intensity of needling. The TEAM tonification and sedation techniques were designed to produce mild or intense stimulation, respectively, to elicit varying degrees of deqi sensation. Conclusions Further research is needed to clarify the differences between the TEAM and WMA practices, and to determine whether different needling manipulations affect treatment outcomes. Background Acupuncture treatments frequently use manipulation techniques. The therapeutic advantages of acupuncture differ depending on the acupuncture manipulation. The purpose of this article was to compare manipulation techniques in traditional East Asian medicine (TEAM) and Western medical acupuncture (WMA). Methods Manipulation techniques in TEAM and WMA were compared according to purpose, modulating parameters, and indications. The practical understanding of manipulation in terms of acupuncture stimulation intensity was also explored. The TEAM manipulation techniques of twirling and lifting and thrusting are discussed in terms of the objectives of tonification and sedation. Results The main therapeutic effect of WMA is mediated through activation of the nervous system, which is achieved with adequate intensity of needling. The TEAM tonification and sedation techniques were designed to produce mild or intense stimulation, respectively, to elicit varying degrees of deqi sensation. Conclusions Further research is needed to clarify the differences between the TEAM and WMA practices, and to determine whether different needling manipulations affect treatment outcomes.

카이로프랙틱과 신체 밸런스를 위한 운동을 함께 했을 때 자세교정의 시너지 효과에 대한 연구

정한선,이상민 보완대체의학연구소 2010 Research Journal of Complementary and Alternative Vol.- No.1

This study was conducted to verify the if the abnormal posture of the patients can be returned to normal when the chiropractic manipulation and the exercise for body balance were performed together for 10 weeks (3 months) from the 20 Japanese patients having abnormal posture regardless of gender, out of whom 10 patients were selected for group performing chiropractic manipulation only and other 10 patents were for the group performing chiropractic manipulation and the exercise for body balance together. The period applied to this study was 10 weeks performing 10 times of exercise for the groups performed chiropractic manipulation and the group performed chiropractic manipulation and exercise for body balance. Also, the data processing for hypothesis testing was analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and the results are as follows. First, the posture analysis results on the pelvis tilt angle in lateral position represented that 3 persons (30%) showed improved, 7 persons (70%) showed deteriorated and none (0%) showed no difference in the group performed only chiropractic manipulation, while in the group performed both chiropractic manipulation and exercise, 4 persons (40%) showed improved, 6 persons (60%) showed deteriorated, and none (0%) showed no difference, that is, the group performed both chiropractic manipulation and exercise represented 10% better results than the group performed only chiropractic manipulation. Second, the posture analysis results on the head in the lateral position represented that in case of the group performed the chiropractic manipulation only, 7 (70%) persons showed improvement, 2 persons (20%) showed deteriorated and 1 person (10%) showed no difference, while in case of the group performed both chiropractic manipulation and exercise, the 9 persons (90%) showed improved, 1 person (10%), deteriorated, and none (0%) showed no difference, that is, the group performed both chiropractic manipulation and exercise represented 10% better results than the group performed only chiropractic manipulation. Third, the posture analysis result on the shoulder tilt angles in the rear represented same results for both groups showing as 5 improved persons (50%), 3 deteriorated persons (30%) and none showing no difference (0%). Fourth, the posture analysis on the both side of pelvis tilt angles in the rear represented same for both groups showing 5 improved persons (50%), 4 deteriorated persons (40%), and 1 person showing no difference (10%). Since in this study, the group performed both chiropractic manipulation and exercise for posture balance during 10 weeks showed the much better posture correction effects than the group performed only chiropractic manipulation, it is considered that not only chiropractic manipulation but also the exercise for posture balance is important.

연구논문 : 한국 상장기업의 실질활동을 통한 이익관리에 관한 연구 -매출조정과 과잉생산을 중심으로-

이장건 ( Jang Gun Lee ),허봉구 ( Bong Koo Heo ) 한국회계학회 2015 회계저널 Vol.24 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 Roychowdhury(2006)가 제시하고 있는 매출조정과 과잉생산을 통한 실질이익관리를 분석하는 모형과 방법에 대한 비판적 검토를 통해 이를 보완할 수 있는 모형과 방법을 제시하는데 있다. 실질이익관리 활동으로 정의된 매출조정, 과잉생산, 재량지출은 비정상 CFO에 각각 음(-)의 영향, 음(-)의 영향 및 양(+)의 영향을 미쳐 Roychowdhury(2006)가 제시한 비정상 CFO 추정모형으로는 매출조정을 통한 이익관리현상을 식별하기 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구는 매출조정을 통한 실질이익관리 현상이 존재하는지를 검정하기 위해 CFO를 현금매출과 현금지출로 구분하는 모형을 제시하였다. 매출조정을 통해 정상수준보다 CFO가 감소하는 현상은 현금매출이 감소하여 발생하는 현상이다. 과잉생산으로 인해 정상수준보다 CFO가 감소하는 현상은 현금지출이 높아져서 발생하는 현상이다. 재량지출로 인해 정상수준보다 CFO가 증가하는 현상은 현금지출이 낮아져 발생하는 현상이다. 따라서 현금매출을 분석함으로서 매출조정을 통한 실질이익관리 현상의 존재를 파악할 수 있다. 또한 과잉생산을 통한 실질이익관리는 매출원가를 낮추어 이익을 높이는 활동으로 과잉생산으로 인해 초래된 증분한계비용은 매출대비 제조원가를 높이게 된다. 매출대비 제조원가 가 높아지는 현상은 매출조정을 통한 이익관리에서도 발생한다. 따라서 제조원가를 통해 과잉생산을 검정하고 있는 Roychowdhury(2006)의 모형은 과잉생산으로 인한 효과와 매출조정으로 인한 효과가 혼재되어 있다. 본 연구는 과잉생산 의심집단으로 분류할 수 있는 3가지 조건(이장건과 허봉구 2014)을 이용하여 이를 모두 충족시키는 집단을 과잉생산 의심기업으로 정의하였다. 이를 통해 과잉생산 의심기업의 비정상 제품제조원가와 다른 기업의 비정상 제품제조원가를 비교하여 과잉생산을 통한 실질이익관리를 보다 정밀하게 분석하였다. 1995년부터 2010년까지 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장 상장기업을 대상으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이익조정 의심집단의 비정상 CFO가 더 낮았으나 이는 현금매출이 아니라 현금지출에 기인한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 Roychowdhury(2006)의 주장과 달리 매출조정을 통한 실질이익관리는 국내 상장기업에서 활용하는 이익관리 수단이 아닐 수 있음을 의미한다. 둘째, 과잉생산 의심집단으로 구분된 기업의 비정상 제품제조원가가 다른 기업에 비해 더 높다는 실증적 증거를 발견하지 못하였다. 이는 Roychowdhury(2006)의 주장과 달리 과잉생산을 통한 실질이익관리는 국내 상장기업에서 활용하는 이익관리 수단이 아닐 수 있음을 의미한다. 셋째, 재량발생액, 비정상 CFO, 비정상 제조원가, 비정상재량지출 모두 Roychowdhury(2006)와 유사한 결과를 보인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합하면, Roychowdhury(2006)의 모형이 매출조정과 과잉생산을 통한 실질이익관리 현상을 포착하는데 한계가 있을 수 있다고 판단된다. 본 연구의 기여점은 Roychowdhury(2006)의 비정상 CFO 추정모형을 수정하여 매출조정을 통한 실질이익관리를 분석할 수 있는 모형을 제시하고, 매출조정을 통한 실질이익관리와 과잉생산을 통한 실질이익관리가 국내 상장기업에서 일반적으로 나타날 수 있는 현상이 아닐 수 있음을 제시한 것이다. The purpose of this study is to develope the model and method that detect existence of real activities manipulation through sales manipulation and overproduction. This study reviewed Roychowdhury(2006)’s model and method. Roychowdhury(2006) suggested that sales manipulation and overproduction have a negative effect on the abnormal CFO contemporaneously, while reduction of discretionary expenditures has a positive effect. Thus, the net effect on the abnormal CFO is ambiguous. Therefore, this study proposed the model that is to distinguish cash inflows and cash outflows from the CFO, and analysed the existence of real activities manipulation through sales manipulation. CFO decreased by sales manipulation has association with the cash inflows. And CFO decreased by overproduction has association with the cash outflows, CFO increased by discretionary expenditures has association with the cash outflows. By analyzing cash inflows, we detect the existence of real activities manipulation through sales manipulation. Real activities manipulation through overproduction increases income by reducing cost of goods sold. Incremental marginal cost caused by overproduction will increase manufacturing cost relative to sales. Also, real activities manipulation through sales manipulation has the same effect. Consequently, Roychowdhury(2006)’s model can not distinguish the effect of manufacturing cost increased by overproduction from the effect of manufacturing cost increased by sales manipulation. Lee and Heo(2014) proposed three conditions for identifying overproduction suspect firms for earnings management. Accordingly, this study uses Lee and Heo(2014)’s method. Three conditions are as follows. First, Overproducing firms for earnings management will produce more product than normal level. Second, Overproducing firms for earnings management will be lower cost of sales/sales than normal level. Third, Overproducing firms for earnings management will have more inventories than expected demand. As a result, we try to compare the manufacturing cost of overproduction suspect firms to its of other firms, and to detect existence of real activities manipulation by overproduction. Because analysis model of sales manipulation is different from its of overproduction, this study uses two samples. Sales manipulation analysis uses 11,324 firm-year observations collected KOSPI and KOSDAQ firms for the period from 1995 to 2010. And overproduction analysis uses 1,639 firm-year observations collected KOSPI and KOSDAQ firms for the period from 1995 to 2010. Because overproduction analysis asked the statement of the cost of goods manufactured, observations used in overproduction analysis are smaller than observations used in sales manipulation analysis. The main findings are as follows. First, earning management suspect firms have the lower abnormal CFO and this result is not caused by cash inflows, but is caused by cash outflows. Second, we did not find a empirical evidence that abnormal manufacturing cost of overproduction suspect firms is more than its of other firms. This means that there is no existence of real activities manipulation through overproduction in KOSPI and KOSDAQ firms. Our results are not consistent of Roychowdhury(2006) that there was real activities manipulation through sales manipulation and overproduction. Also, the outcome contradicts the conclusions of previous studies. This paper contributes to the real activities manipulation studies by providing alternative earnings management model and method. And our study provides evidence that there is no existence of earnings management through real activities manipulation by sales manipulation and overproduction. Therefore, these findings of this paper are very interesting and provide a lot of important implications to regulators, investors and creditors that are interested in earnings management through real activities manipulation by sales manipulation and overproduction. Academics can also apply the discussion in this paper for related studies.

Shoulder Manipulation After Distention Arthrography: Does Audible Cracking Affect Improvement in Adhesive Capsulitis? A Preliminary Study

최준규,손석범,박범준,양승남,윤준식 대한재활의학회 2015 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.39 No.5

Objective To investigate whether an audible cracking sound during shoulder manipulation following distention arthrography is clinically significant in patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder.Methods A total of 48 patients (31 women, 17 men) with primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder completed the study. All participants underwent C-arm–guided arthrographic distention of the glenohumeral joint with injections of a corticosteroid and normal saline. After distention, we performed flexion and abduction manipulation of the shoulder. The patients were grouped into sound and non-sound groups based on the presence or absence, respectively, of an audible cracking sound during manipulation. We assessed shoulder pain and disability based on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and passive range of motion (ROM) measurements (flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation) before the procedure and again at 3 weeks and at 6 weeks after the intervention.Results The patients were divided into two groups: 21 were included in the sound group and 27 in the non-sound group. In both groups, the results of the NRS, SPADI, and ROM assessments showed statistically significant improvements at both 3 and 6 weeks after the procedure. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups except with respect to external rotation at 6 weeks, at which time the sound group showed a significant improvement in external rotation when compared with the non-sound group (p<0.05).Conclusion These findings showed that manipulation following distention arthrography was effective in decreasing pain and increasing shoulder range of motion. In addition, the presence of an audible cracking sound during manipulation, especially on external rotation, was associated with better shoulder range of motion. Objective To investigate whether an audible cracking sound during shoulder manipulation following distention arthrography is clinically significant in patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder.Methods A total of 48 patients (31 women, 17 men) with primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder completed the study. All participants underwent C-arm–guided arthrographic distention of the glenohumeral joint with injections of a corticosteroid and normal saline. After distention, we performed flexion and abduction manipulation of the shoulder. The patients were grouped into sound and non-sound groups based on the presence or absence, respectively, of an audible cracking sound during manipulation. We assessed shoulder pain and disability based on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and passive range of motion (ROM) measurements (flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation) before the procedure and again at 3 weeks and at 6 weeks after the intervention.Results The patients were divided into two groups: 21 were included in the sound group and 27 in the non-sound group. In both groups, the results of the NRS, SPADI, and ROM assessments showed statistically significant improvements at both 3 and 6 weeks after the procedure. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups except with respect to external rotation at 6 weeks, at which time the sound group showed a significant improvement in external rotation when compared with the non-sound group (p<0.05).Conclusion These findings showed that manipulation following distention arthrography was effective in decreasing pain and increasing shoulder range of motion. In addition, the presence of an audible cracking sound during manipulation, especially on external rotation, was associated with better shoulder range of motion.

요통환자의 천장관절에 대한 도수교정 전과 후의 골반경사 비교

오승길,이진행,Oh, Seung-Gil,Lee, Jin-Haeng 대한물리치료과학회 2000 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.7 No.2

The purposes of this study were to compare pelvic tilt before and after manipulation of sacroiliac joint in 31 low back pain patients (11 males, 20 females) with sacroiliac joint dysfunction. The sacroiliac joint of patients was manipulated on the side of anterior pelvic tilt, using the technique described by Stoddard (1962) and Greenmann (1996). I used this technique because it usually eliminated sacroiliac joint dysfunction in one treatment session. SPSS for window computer system was used to analyze the data. Also t-test was performed for comparison of pelvic tilt angle before and after manipulation, and Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was performed for intratester reliability for measurements of pelvic tilt angle before and after manipulation. The result were as follows: 1. Intratester reliability was good for measures of pelvic tilt (r=.98). 2. The pelvic tilt after manipulation was significantly decreased (mean=$3.40^{\circ}$) compared with the pelvic tilt before manipulation (p=.001). All subjects showed asymmetrical right versus left pelvic tilt before manipulation. 40% of subjects showed decreased asymmetrical right versus left pelvic tilt after manipulation, and 60% of subjects showed symmetrical right versus left pelvic tilt after manipulation. I think that pelvic tilt asymmetry with hypomobility due to loss of joint play could be symmetrized by manipulation or mobilization, but pelvic tilt asymmetry with unilateral pelvic muscle shortening could not be symmetrized by manipulation or mobilization without relaxation and stretching of shortened muscles.

A Review on Object Manipulation Techniques in Virtual Environments and their Performance Metrics

Jaemoon Jung,Hanjun Park,Dongwook Hwang,Minseok Son,Donghyun Beck,Jungmin Park,Woojin Park 대한인간공학회 2013 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.5

Objective: The aim of this paper is to classify and characterize the existing interaction methods regarding object manipulation in virtual reality environment. Background: Over the past few decades, the field of virtual reality has gone through rapid advances and various virtual object manipulation techniques have been developed. However, an established classification of the existing object manipulation techniques does not seem available at this point. A systematic review of the advances during the past three decades and a classification of the existing object manipulation techniques based on it would help researchers prospect the future of human-machine interaction in virtual environments and further formulate future research directions for virtual object manipulation. Method: We collected and examined studies that are related to virtual reality and virtual object manipulation. The collected studies were reviewed in chronological order, and virtual object manipulation techniques were identified. Then, the existing virtual object manipulation techniques were sorted into categories according to similarities and each category was characterized. Additionally, this study reviewed the existing performance metrics for evaluating virtual object manipulation techniques. Application: This paper will aid in ameliorating the understanding of the existing virtual object manipulation techniques, and furthermore, offer directions to the future researchers in this field.

30대 여성의 체형에 따른 다트매니플래이션의 심미성연구

정재철(Jae Chul Jeong),권순교(Soon Kyo Kwon),박선경(Sun Kyung Park) 한국복식학회 2012 服飾 Vol.62 No.5

The purpose of this study is to find the Dart Manipulation with good fitting and evaluate the aesthetics of Dart Manipulation that is used in the designs of the original tops for women in their 30`s. Subsequently, it suggests dart manipulation with good body fitting and physical fitness when designing original tops. The findings of this study are as follows. First, in the fitting of Dart Manipulation for different body types, cross direction Dart Manipulation received good marks in the Square Body Type while mixed direction and diagonal direction Dart Manipulation received high evaluation in the Standard Body Type. Also, for the Reverse Triangle Body Type, mixed direction Dart Manipulation received high marks. Since there are only small changes in fitting for the Square Body Type, the position of Dart Manipulation should be determined in regards to the aesthetic view as well as the fitting of the Standard Body Type and Reverse Triangle Body Type. Second, in the fitness of Dart Manipulation for different body types, an approach from the aesthetic view should be considered for Square Body Types because of the differences in fitness according to the position of dart manipulation. The fitness should be considered when positioning Dart Manipulation for the Standard Body Type and Reverse Triangle Body Type because of these differences. Third, for the greater variance of drop for these different body types, the change of the amount of dart received lower evaluation in fitting since the amount of dart increased when the dart was located higher than B.P. The number of dart should likely increase when gathering or tucking is necessary when there is an excessive amount of dart in Dart Manipulation for the different body types. Fourth, as for the changes of wrinkles in accordance with the body type, wrinkles were likely to be formed at the breast or neck area when there was a larger difference in drop. To prevent such problems, one more dart should be made on the wrinkle. In conclusion, the study suggests designing the original top with a better look and comfort by setting the balance between aesthetics and fitting in the design stage.

시세조종행위에 대한 손해배상청구와 제재조치

송호신 한국경제법학회 2009 경제법연구 Vol.8 No.2

From 2009 February 4th, Korea was enforced the Capital Market and Financial Investment Business Act. It was made to prepare an opportunity to development of capital and the financial money market. When it accomplishes this, must protect the investor, and raise a trust in capital market. But our country occurs frequently to the unjust act such as a manipulation that injures the market. The manipulation interferes intentionally in the current price of the financial goods and in order it fabricates a price artificially and the others to transact business, it is an act which it lures. Like this act is forbidden with the establishment by the Securities and Exchange Act 1962. And the new manipulation provision came to make it which connects the spots and the futures in the Capital Market and Financial Investment Business Act. The manipulation disrupts the formation of the fair market price. It disturbs a capital market, gives a loss to the investor. The manipulation is one type of unfair trade act like a fraud act. And the sanction on the manipulation is three such as the claim for compensation, criminal punishment, administrative penalties. In the Capital Market and Financial Investment Business Act section 177, provides a compensation responsibility on the damage, it which is caused by with the manipulation. In this case, must give existence of the act, proof a causality between damage and the act. Even other than claim for compensation, there is a criminal punishment. This is a most powerful sanction which strengthens more to make. The administrative penalties is not a current law. But there is regulation to about the workers of securities business. Also the plan which does with an administrative sanction must be considered actively in about the general investors. 우리나라는 자본과 금융시장의 선진화라는 거대한 목표를 가지고 자본시장에서의 금융혁신과 경쟁력을 촉진하여 아시아 금융시장의 중심으로 성장하고자 한다. 이를 실현하기 위해서는 투자자 보호를 선진화하고 자본시장에 대한 신뢰를 높여야 하지만 자본과 금융시장의 현실은 건전한 시장질서를 해치는 시세조종행위 등 불공정거래의 행위가 빈발한다. 시세조종행위는 자본시장에서 수요와 공급의 원칙에 따라 자유롭게 형성되어야 할 금융투자상품의 시세에 의도적으로 간섭하여 인위적으로 가격을 조작함으로써 타인들이 거래를 하도록 유인하는 행위이다. 이러한 행위는 1962년 증권거래법의 제정과 함께 금지되었으며, 우수한 IT기술을 바탕으로 한 신종의 불공정거래 유형에 선제적으로 대응하기 위하여 자본시장법 제176조 제4항에 현선연계에 의한 시세조종행위를 새롭게 규제하였다. 시세조종행위는 공정한 시장가격의 형성을 방해하고 자본시장을 교란하며, 투자자에게는 손실을 입히는 결과를 낳게 한다. 이와 같은 시세조종행위의 규제를 위반한 행위에 대한 제재조치는 민사상 손해배상과 형사처벌 그리고 행정적 제재방법을 들 수 있는데, 자본시장법에서는 시세조종행위를 일종의 사기적 행동에 해당하는 불법행위로 보고 금지한다(자본시장법 제176조). 자본시장법 제177조는 시세조종행위로 인한 손해에 대해 배상할 책임이 있다고 정하고 있는데, 이 경우 손해배상청구를 하기 위해서는 시세조종행위의 존재와 그리고 손해와 시세조종행위 사이에 인과관계를 입증해야 하는 문제가 발생한다. 민사상의 손해배상청구 이외에도 유인목적이라는 시세조종의 의사가 명백하게 나타난 경우에 형사처벌이라는 제재를 가한다. 이는 가장 강력한 제재조치가 되고 있는데, 시세조종의 행위의 위험성이 매우 크다는 점에서 더욱 강화시킬 필요가 있다. 행정적 제재의 경우 일반투자자들을 상대로 하는 제재는 현행 자본시장법상에서는 이루어지고 있지 못하다. 다만 증권의 관련업무를 수행하는 종사자들을 대상으로 하는 경우에는 행정적 제재가 이루어질 수 있지만 매우 제한적으로 적용될 뿐이다. 일반투자자들을 상대로 하는 행정적 제재를 규정하고 있지 아니하다. 때문에 일반투자자들은 자본과 금융시장을 교란하는 행위는 형사처벌을 받을 정도의 사안이 아니라고 한다면, 어떠한 제재도 받지 않는다. 일반투자자들의 시세조종 위반행위에 대해 행정적 제재를 과하는 방안도 적극적으로 고려되어야 할 것이다.