Lead (Pb) Concentrations in Soil, Air and Fruits of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in Selected Landuse in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

Olatunde Sunday Eludoyin,Vitus Chinonso Odimegwu 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2018 Journal of Forest Science Vol.34 No.4

The study investigated the concentrations of Pb in soil, air and fruit of C. sinensis in selected landuse types in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. Five fruits of C. sinensis were collected randomly in residential, commercial, industrial and natural forest (control). The weight, length and width of the C. sinensis fruits were measured. A total of three soil samples were collected around the C. sinensis trees where the fruits were collected into well labeled polythene bags and thereafter taken to laboratory for analysis. Pb concentrations in C. sinensis and soil samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentration of Pb in the air was measured for 14 days using Aeroquel 500. The significant relationship between Pb concentration in the C. sinensis fruits, soil and air was determined using Spearman’s rank correlation. Findings showed that the mean weight and width of C. sinensis fruits were highest in the residential landuse while the mean length of C. sinensis fruits was highest in the industrial landuse. However, the mean Pb concentration in the C. sinensis fruit was highest in the industrial landuse (0.46±0.15 mg kg-1), commercial landuse (0.33±0.09 mg kg-1) and the least was found in the natural forest (0.25±0.06 mg kg-1). The mean Pb concentration in the soil was highest in the industrial landuse (0.177±0.16 mg kg-1) and commercial landuse (0.121±0.10 mg kg-1). However, the mean Pb concentration in the air was highest in the industrial landuse (0.85±0.09 mg kg-1) and followed by commercial landuse (0.30±0.17 mg kg-1). The correlations between the Pb concentration in the C. sinensis fruit and soil (r=0.768, p<0.05) and air (r=0.642, p<0.05) were significant. The study concluded that the Pb concentration in the C. sinensis fruits was higher than the WHO standard; hence people should be discouraged to consume them, especially those from the industrial and commercial areas.

GIS를 이용한 도시유역 토지이용특성 추출과 활용방안

신민철,전환돈,박무종,Shin. Min-Chul,Jun. Hwan-Don,Park. Moo-Jong 한국방재학회 2007 한국방재학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.1

The accurate estimation of the area of individual landuse in each subbasin is crutial. However, because of the complication in landuse of an urban watershed, it is almost impossible to estimate the area of individual landuse in each subbasin by manual ways. For this reason, in this study, a systematic methodology is suggested to estimate individual landuse area of each subbasin using GIS. To construct data for applying GIS, CAD data including sewer layout and landuse are collected and converted into the GIS data such as shape files. An urban watershed, then, is divided into subbasins with respect to sewer layout and landuse. For each subbasin, the area of individual landuse including road areas are estimated by applying several GeoProcessing functions. The proposed methodology is applied to the Goon-Ja watershed in Seoul to demonstrate its applicability and it is concluded that the proposed methodology can estimate individual landuse properties efficiently and accurately.

Lead (Pb) Concentrations in Soil, Air and Fruits of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in Selected Landuse in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

Eludoyin, Olatunde Sunday,Odimegwu, Vitus Chinonso Institute of Forest Science 2018 Journal of Forest Science Vol.34 No.4

The study investigated the concentrations of Pb in soil, air and fruit of C. sinensis in selected landuse types in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. Five fruits of C. sinensis were collected randomly in residential, commercial, industrial and natural forest (control). The weight, length and width of the C. sinensis fruits were measured. A total of three soil samples were collected around the C. sinensis trees where the fruits were collected into well labeled polythene bags and thereafter taken to laboratory for analysis. Pb concentrations in C. sinensis and soil samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentration of Pb in the air was measured for 14 days using Aeroquel 500. The significant relationship between Pb concentration in the C. sinensis fruits, soil and air was determined using Spearman's rank correlation. Findings showed that the mean weight and width of C. sinensis fruits were highest in the residential landuse while the mean length of C. sinensis fruits was highest in the industrial landuse. However, the mean Pb concentration in the C. sinensis fruit was highest in the industrial landuse ($0.46{\pm}0.15mg\;kg^{-1}$), commercial landuse ($0.33{\pm}0.09mg\;kg^{-1}$) and the least was found in the natural forest ($0.25{\pm}0.06mg\;kg^{-1}$). The mean Pb concentration in the soil was highest in the industrial landuse ($0.177{\pm}0.16mg\;kg^{-1}$) and commercial landuse ($0.121{\pm}0.10mg\;kg^{-1}$). However, the mean Pb concentration in the air was highest in the industrial landuse ($0.85{\pm}0.09mg\;kg^{-1}$) and followed by commercial landuse ($0.30{\pm}0.17mg\;kg^{-1}$). The correlations between the Pb concentration in the C. sinensis fruit and soil (r=0.768, p<0.05) and air (r=0.642, p<0.05) were significant. The study concluded that the Pb concentration in the C. sinensis fruits was higher than the WHO standard; hence people should be discouraged to consume them, especially those from the industrial and commercial areas.

분포형 토양침식지도를 이용한 한강상류지역 토양유실 위험성 평가

박찬원(Chan-Won Park),손연규(Yeon-Kyu Sonn),장용선(Yong-Seon Zhang),홍석영(S. Young Hong),현병근(Byung-Keun Hyun),송관철(Kwan-Cheol Song),하상건(Sang-Keun Ha),문용희(Young-Hee Moon) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.6

본 연구에서는 1:25,000 정밀토양도 등 가용한 공간자료를 이용하여 작성된 토양유실도를 이용하여 한강 상류지역 10개 중권역 108 소유역에 대하여 토양유실량 평가하고 토지이용별 토양유실 위험지역을 분석하였다. 대상유역 총 토양유실량은 895만 Mg yr<SUP>-1</SUP>으로 예측되었으며, 면적당 평균 토양유실량은 6.1 Mg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>yr<SUP>-1</SUP>이었다. 중소유역 단위로 살펴보면 남한강지역이 북한강지역의 유실량 뿐만 아니라 면적당 유실량이 더 많았다. 이는 북한강 권역의 경우 화강암 및 화강편마암이 주요 모재인 반면에 남한강 권역의 경우 토양모재가 퇴적암지대를 많이 포함있어 토양침식성 인자 (K factor)와 경사 인자 (LS factor)가 상대적으로 높고, 남한강 지역의 경우 농경지 토양이 상대적으로 많이 분포하고 있기 때문으로 판단된다. 대상유역의 토지이용별 연평균 토양유실량을 분석한 결과 산림/초지 > 밭 >> 도심/대지 >> 논 > 과수의 순로 분석 대상유역 중 10.7%를 차지하고 있는 농경지에서 유실되는 토양의 추정량은 41.3%이였으며, 이중 6.2%면적을 차지하는 밭이 40.6%으로 44.2%의 산림/초지와 비슷한 수준이었다. 한강상류지역 토양유실 위험성 평가시 분포형 토양침식지도와 항공사진을 비교한 결과 토양유실에 대한 공간인 정보를 확실하게 보여주고 있으며, 토양침식위험성은 남한강권역의 남한강 상류 (1001), 평창강 (1002), 충주댐 (1003) 권역에서 각각 토양침식위험성이 “보통”이상으로 높은 지역이 각각 8.7%, 7.9%, 7.8%로 평균인 5.9%보다 높았으며, 이에 대한 보전방안이 강구될 필요가 있고 판단된다. This study was conducted to evaluate soil erosion risk with a standard unit watershed in the upper Han river basin using the spatial soil erosion map according to the change of landuse. The study area is 14,577 ㎢, which consists of 10 subbasins, 107 standard unit watersheds. Total annual soil loss and soil loss per area estimated were 895 × 10<SUP>4</SUP> Mg yr<SUP>-1</SUP> and 6.1 Mg ha<SUP>-1</SUP> yr<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. A result of analysis with a subbasin as a unit showed that annual soil losses and soil loss per area in Namhan river basins was more than in Bukhan river ones. Predicted annual soil loss according to the landuse ranked as Forest & Grassland > Upland >> Urban & Fallow area > Paddy field > Orchard. Upland area covered 6.2% of the study area, but the contribution of total annul soil loss was 40.6% and that of Forest & Grassland was 44.2%. As a evaluation of soil erosion risk using the spatial soil erosion map, we could precisely conformed the potential hazardous region of soil erosion in each unit watersheds. The ratio of regions, graded as higher “Moderate” for annual soil loss, were respectively 8.7%, 7.9% and 7.8% in 1001, 1002 and 1003 subbasins in Namhan river basin. Most landuse of these area was upland, and these area is necessary to establish soil conservation practices to reduce soil erosion based on the field observation.

지역주민들의 건강에 영향을 미치는 도시특성요소 분석

이경환(Lee, Kyung-Hwan) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.7

본 연구는 한국의 40개 중소도시를 대상으로 도시의 물리적환경과 주민건강의 상관관계를 분석하는데 목적 이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 개인의 사회경제적 속성과 함께 도시환경을 토지이용, 도시형태, 시설접근성으로 구분하고 다수준분석을 이용하여 지역주민들의 건강에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과 인구밀도 가 높을수록 지역주민들의 비만정도가 낮은 것으로 나타났으며 토지이용혼합도가 높을수록 지역주민들의 건강수준이 높고 고혈압 유병률이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 도로의 연결성이 높고 대중교통접근성이 낮을수록 지역주민들의 비만도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 오픈스페이스에 대한 접근성은 지역주민들의 건강수준(EQ-5D)에 긍 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 향후 주민건강 증진을 위한 계획을 수립하는데 있어 토지이용혼합, 대중교통시설 및 오픈스페이스에 대한 접근성 등을 중요한 계획요소로 활용할 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study is to analyze city's built environment that have influence on residents' health in the 40 small and medium-sized cities. In the study, landuse, urban form and facility accessibility of cities and other socio-demographic variables were used as explanatory variables, and a statistical analysis was carried out by applying multi-level analysis. Analysis shows that a high level of population density lower the obesity, and a high level of landuse-mix have a positive effect on EQ-5D & hypertension. In terms of urban form and facility accessibility, residents show a high level of obesity in an environment where roads are closely connected and access to bus service is bad. Finally, as more access to open space have a positive effect on EQ-5D. Therefore, landuse-mix, access to public transportation and open space should be used for planning factors to make a health improvement plan in cities.

토지이용데이터를 이용한 도시의 기온분포에 대한 고찰 - 전주지역의 온도에 대한 비교 -

이선영,김상진 대한건축학회지회연합회 2018 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.20 No.2

대부분의 도시들은 산업 발전과 인구 증가로 인하여 열 섬을 경험하고 있다. 한국도 이런 증상을 피할 수 없으며, 많은 도시들이 여름에 계속해서 높은 기온을 보이고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 도시에 온도 분포를 제안하는 것이다. 많은 도시들은 한두개의 관측소를 가지고 있고 그 도시의 기온을 대표하는 것으로 인식되고 있다. 도시에는 온도를 측정하는 장소에 따라 온도가 달라질 수 있다는 사각 지대가 있다. 따라서 측정 위치를 선택하는 것이 중요한 요소가 될 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 위치에 미치는 영향을 최소화하면서 가능한 한 정확하게 이러한 영역의 온도 분포를 식별하는 방법을 다룰 것이다. 온도 분포는 토지이용에 따라 다양하다는 것은 널리 알려져 있다. 토지이용 데이터를 토대로 특정 용도 분류에 따라 한 장소의 온도를 측정함으로써 더 정확한 온도 분포를 구할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과로 온도 분포를 위성을 사용한 열영상 데이터와 비교하여 유사한 결과를 얻는 경우, 향후 여러 도시에서 동일한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 그것은 전주의 토지 이용 구분을 조사하여 지도화했다. 20개 위치에서 측정된 온도로, 각각 다른 종류의 토지 이용을 나타낸다. 측정된 온도는 각 토지 사용에 대한 평균을 내고 그 토지에 위치시켜 그 도시에서의 온도 분포를 나타냈다. 온도분포를 위성을 이용한 열화상데이터와 비교하여 비슷한 결과가 나왔다. 이러한 연구들은 향후 도시계획에 상당한 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다. Most cities are suffering from heat islands because of industrial development and population growth. Korea can not avoid this phenomenon, and many cities continue to experience high temperatures in the summer. The purpose of this study is to propose a distribution of the temperature of the city. Many cities have several stations and recognize them as their representative temperature. The city has a square that says the temperature can vary depending on where it is measured. Therefore, selecting a measurement location can be a significant factor. This study will cover the method of identifying the temperature distribution in these areas as precisely as possible, with minimal impact on their location. It is widely known that the distribution of temperatures varies with land use. More accurate temperature distributions can be obtained by measuring the temperatures at a location according to a particular land use classification based on land use data. If similar results are obtained by comparing the temperature distribution as a result of this study with thermal data using satellite, the same results could be obtained in many cities in the future. It investigated landuse classification in Jeonju and mapped it. Temperature measured at 20 locations, each representing a different classification of landuse. The measured temperature was averaged for each landuse and placed on that point of the landuse to indicate the temperature distribution in the city. Similar results were obtained by comparing the temperature distribution with the deterioration data using a satellite Their results could provide valuable materials for urban planning.

하천환경의 정량적 평가 및 활용에 관한 연구

김종오,김옥선,김선혜 한국습지학회 2004 한국습지학회지 Vol.6 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 하천환경의 정량적 평가기법을 통해 하천 관리 전략의 틀을 개발하는데 있다. 연구 대상지는 경남 진주시를 관통하여 남강으로 유입되는 6개의 지방 하천이다. 하천환경평가는 세 가지의 현장 조사를 통해 수행되었다. 첫째, 대상 하천의 제방선으로부터 좌우 50m, 길이 500m 간격을 단위구간으로 하여 20개의 평가항목에 대해서 하천 자연도를 조사하여 5등급으로 평가하였다. 둘째, 수질 및 유량을 8회 조사하여 5등급으로 평가하였다. 셋째, 해당 하천유역의 토지이용도를 주거지 비율을 따라 5등급으로 평가하였다. 이상의 하천환경의 세 가지 부문인자인 자연도, 수질 그리고 토지이용도를 통합하여 다시 5등급으로 분류하여 최종적인 하천환경을 평가하였으며 그 결과에 따라 각 하천별 관리 전략을 제시하였다. 하천별 적용 결과를 살펴보면, 판문천과 가좌천은 적극적인 환경복원이 필요한 Ⅳ등급으로 평가되었고, 나불천과 용아천은 부분적 복원이 필요한 Ⅱ등급으로 평가되었으며, 영천강과 독산천은 현 상태 유지가 바람직한 Ⅰ등급으로 평가되었다. 이상의 대상 하천별 환경 평가는 향후 하천관리 계획수립이나 하천 복원을 위해 중요한 참고자료가 될 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study was to develop the environmental management strategy of streams based on the quantified evaluation method of the stream environment. The six streams in Jinju city flowing into the Nam-river were selected for the case study. The stream environment evaluation was performed considering the following three independent field surveys. First, the stream naturalnesses considering 20 evaluation elements were investigated for each unit section of the streams having the length of 500m and the width of 100m, and then were evaluated into 5 grades. Second, water qualities of the streams were evaluated into 5 grades based on the results of eight times water quality survey. Third, the landuse patterns in the stream basins were evaluated into 5 grades according to the residential area ratio. Finally, the stream environments were classified into 5 grades by integrating the above three subfactors - stream naturalness, water quality, and residential landuse. According to the evaluation results of stream nvironments, the three environmental management strategies of streams were suggested. As the results of the case study, Panmun stream and Ghajwa stream were evaluated to the forth grade that need active environmental restoration, and Nabul stream and Yonga stream were evaluated to the second grade that need partial environmental restoration while Youngchun river and Dogsan stream were evaluated to the first grade showing the desirable stream environmental condition. The above environmental evaluation results for each stream will be an important reference for the further stream restoration or management plan.

급속한 도시확장지역의 토지이용도 종류에 따른 유출특성 비교

박기범 ( Ki Bum Park ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.9

The objective of this paper is compare to landuse type for calculating peak flood and soil loss in rapidly expansion urban area. This study compares two landuse maps, including numerical landuse map and aerial photograph landuse map, for calculating the ratio of urban and agriculural area, curve number, time of concentration, peak flood discharge, and soil loss. It is found that flood discharge calculated using aerial photograph landuse map are larger than that calculated using numerical landuse map, and soil loss calculated using aerial photograph landuse map are smaller than that calculated using numerical landuse map. Results also indicate that landuse chage in rapidly expansion urban area significantly influences flood discharge and soil loss.

남한강 수계에서 장기 이화학적 수질특성에 대한 토지이용도 및 계절성 강우의 영향

이지은 ( Ji Eun Lee ),최지웅 ( Ji Woong Choi ),안광국 ( Kwang Guk An ) 한국환경과학회 2012 한국환경과학회지 Vol.21 No.9

The objective of this study was to analyze long-term annual and seasonal trends of water chemistry on landuse patterns and seasonal precipitation using 72 sampling sites within Namhan River watershed during 2001-2010. Water quality, based on multi-parameters of water temperature(WT), dissolved oxygen(DO), biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), chemical oxygen demand(COD), suspended solids(SS), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), and electric conductivity(EC) varied largely depending on monsoon rain and landuse patterns such as forest, cropland, and residence. Concentrations of BOD and COD as an indicator for organic matter pollution, increased during summer monsoon season at the cropland and residential streams, Values of TN and TP were higher in residential streams than in the forest and cropland streams. In the meantime, DO values had weak relations to the landuse patterns of forest and cropland cover. Water quality was worst in cropland and residential streams, and also most degradated in 4th order streams. Overall, our results suggest that efficient water quality management is required in the cropland and residential landuse streams.

개발밀도를 고려한 셀룰러 오토마타 기반의 도시 토지이용 변화 모델링

조대헌(Daeheon Cho) 대한지리학회 2008 대한지리학회지 Vol.43 No.1

개발밀도는 현대 도시 관리의 주요 관심사임에도 불구하고 이를 실증적으로 분석할 수 있는 지원 체계가 미비하다. 본 연구에서는 셀룰러 오토마타 기반의 도시 모델링 방법론을 확장하여 개발밀도를 고려한 도시 토지이용 변화 모델을 개발하고 그 타당성을 평가하고자 한다. 제안된 모델은 구조적인 측면에서 개발밀도를 명시적으로 고려할 뿐만 아니라 국지적인 밀도 변화를 직접적으로 추정한다. 개발된 모델을 1980년대 초~2000년대 초의 서울 도심부 토지이용 변화에 적용하였으며, 그 결과를 다양한 방법을 통해 검토하였다. 검토 결과 제안된 모델은 토지의 용도 변화 뿐만 아니라 밀도 변화에도 유의미하게 적용될 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 하지만 제안된 모델은 데이터 구득의 한계로 인해 공간적, 시간적 제약을 가지게 되었다. 더불어 모델의 보정 및 타당성 검토 방법론은 본 연구에서 충분히 검토되지 못하였으며, 향후 지속적으로 연구될 필요가 있다. Although development density control has received much attention in urban planning, there has been little research on empirical methods that can examine local changes in development density. Recently, attempts have been made to develop cellular automata (CA) models that can be applied to urban landuse change. This paper aims to develop an extended landuse change model based on urban CA considering development density. The proposed model not only includes density control component in a model framework, but also directly estimates local density changes in land use. The developed model was applied to the study area, which was a part of central Seoul. The calibration of the model was carried out over the period 1980s~2000s using parcel-based land use data and related variables. The results of the calibrated model have been tested by comparison with actual landuse data, and have demonstrated that the developed model can produce realistic simulations of urban landuse changes. But model output is dependent on the spacio-temporal resolution of input data. Further research is necessary to improve the calibration procedure and methods for evaluating model validity.