Models of Interconnection in Telecommunications

Sang Taek Kim,Hyeong-Chan Kim 서울대학교 경제연구소 2001 Seoul journal of economics Vol.14 No.3

We proposed and utilized a simple model to review relay interconnection literatures. Without any complications of scale economies and opportunity costs, marginal cost pricing of interconnection charge is optimal. When incumbent sets the interconnection charge, it may or may not foreclose entrants depending upon degree of entrant's efficiency and forms of interconnection charge. When there are opportunity costs for incumbent to interconnect, then opportunity cost should be paid by the entrant according to the efficient component pricing rule. When there are economies of scale, Ramsey pricing comes to rescue. In an extension of Ramsey spirit, the global price caps are suggested. Next, we have reviewed the current status of the two-way access theory. First, a case of collusive retail prices has been presented even when the market competition exists between symmetric networks. In this case, the use of two-part tariffs or price discrimination can help, as they enable firms to compete in market shares without affecting their access payments. Various types of Internet interconnection are presented along with main results by Laffont, Marcus, Rey and Tirole (2001a, b) on the pricing issues of Internet interconnection.

A Study on the Reliability Evaluation for Interconnecting Power Systems in Northeast Asia

崔在錫(Jae-Seok Choi),車濬敏(Jun-Min Cha) 대한전기학회 2008 전기학회논문지 Vol.57 No.7

This paper proposes a reliability evaluation for interconnection planning using a tie line equivalent assisting generator model (TEAG) that considers the uncertainties of the interconnected transmission systems and the tie lines. Development of this model was triggered by the need to perform probabilistic reliability evaluations on the NEAREST (North East Asia Region Electric Systems Tied) interconnection. The TEAG is the basis for the newly developed interconnection systems reliability evaluation computer program, NEAREL. The model is capable of considering uncertainties associated with generators, tie lines, and the tied grids. Reliability evaluations for six interconnection scenarios involving the power systems of six countries in the Asian north eastern region were performed using NEAREL. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine reasonable tie line capacities for three interconnected country scenarios of the six countries. Test results and summarized comments of the scenarios are included in the paper.

비대칭적 네트워크 가치 환경에서의 인터넷망 대가정산 모형

이상우 ( Sang Woo Lee ),고창열 ( Chang Youl Ko ),최선미 ( Sun Me Choi ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.15 No.5

본 논문은 비대칭적 규모를 가진 인터넷망사업자간의 인터넷망 접속대가 정산모형에 관한 분석적 모형을 통해 중계접속료 규제의 필요성을 제시하고자 한다. 일반적으로 인터넷망 상호접속은 사업자간 상업적인 계약에 기반하여 이루어지고 있으며, 대부분의 국가에서 별도의 사전적 규제가 적용되지 않고 있다. 하지만 최근 ICT생태계 환경의 변화로 인해 국내외적으로 인터넷 상호접속에 대한 사전규제의 필요성과 방법 등에 대한 논의가 활발히 진행 중이다. 국내의 경우 초고속인터넷 시장의 경쟁 심화로 사업자간 분쟁이 지속적으로 발생하자 이의 해결을 위한 최소한의 조치를 마련하는 차원에서 `05년 인터넷 상호접속에 직접적 규제 방안을 마련한 바 있다. 본 논문에서는 사업자간 네트워크 규모의 차이로 인하여 동일계위간 일방정산이 이루어지고 있는 국내 인터넷 정산모형 하에서 네트워크 규모가 큰 사업자의 가격압착 행위 및 이에 따른 시장쏠림 현상의 발생 가능성을 검토하고 이에 대한 정책적 해결 방안으로 중계접속료 규제가 필요함을 제시하였다. 이러한 분석결과는 인터넷 상호접속 규제정책에 대한 학술적, 실무적 논의의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. Internet is composed of many independent networks referred to as Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and each provider is generally interconnected based on a commercial agreement. Though many countries are engaged in deregulation in internet interconnection, there is still debate whether the large ISPs are unwilling to peer with small providers, have incentives to lower the quality of data transmission of transit operators or set the interconnection charge regarding the actual costs incurred by the interconnection. Korean government introduced regulations in internet interconnection after observing noticeable anti-competitive behaviors from 2005. This paper analyzes whether there is margin squeeze problem/market concentration, and suggests political proposals in Korean regulation status.

Optimal Terminal Interconnection Reconstruction along with Terminal Transition in Randomly Divided Planes

윤지원,황병연 한국정보통신학회 2022 Journal of information and communication convergen Vol.20 No.3

This paper proposes an efficient method of reconstructing interconnections when the terminals of each plane change in real-time situations where randomly divided planes are interconnected. To connect all terminals when the terminals of each plane are changed, we usually reconstruct the interconnections between all terminals. This ensures a minimum connection length, but it takes considerable time to reconstruct the interconnection for the entire terminal. This paper proposes a solution to obtain an optimal tree close to the minimum spanning tree (MST) in a short time. The construction of interconnections has been used in various design-related areas, from networks to architecture. One of these areas is an ad hoc network that only consists of mobile hosts and communicates with each other without a fixed wired network. Each host of an ad hoc network may appear or disappear frequently. Therefore, the heuristic proposed in this paper may expect various cost savings through faster interconnection reconstruction using the given information in situations where the connection target is changing.

Europe’s Discourse on Network Usage Fee Proposal: Net Neutrality v. Freedom of Interconnection

박경신 한국법제연구원 2023 KLRI journal of law and legislation Vol.13 No.2

This article surveys and evaluates the current arguments for and against the European Commission’s recent proposal for “fair share” deal whereby selected “large traffic generators” are required to pay Europe’s local internet service providers for use of their networks in reaching their customers. While empirical arguments for such proposal can be responded to relevant facts, a democratically constituted government can still choose to enact transfer of wealth from content providers to internet service providers for what it believes to be public interest. Therefore, the article examines net neutrality as a norm that can control such wealth transfer and indeed finds that net neutrality has been recognized as part of international human rights law. However, network participants have been also guaranteed freedom to negotiate various settlement or no-settlement methods at interconnecting points, including “paid peering.” Then, the article differentiates the customary practice of paid peering from the European Commission’s proposal in that the latter is mandatory, and rather violates the freedom of interconnection as well. Such mandatory payment applied on the interconnecting parties in Korea have proven harmful to the Korean users’ affordable access to domestic contents and efficient access to foreign contents. Both BEREC and FCC have already banned “circumvention” of net neutrality by settlement schemes on interconnection points. The European fair share deal may be criticized as a case of a state actor mandating such circumvention, thereby undermining the values protected by net neutrality and freedom of interconnection.

ЗАКОН ВСЕОБЩЕЙ ВЗАИМОСВЯЗИ КАК СМЫСЛОВАЯ ДОМИНАНТА ПОВЕСТИ Л. ЛЕОНОВА «EVGENIA IVANOVNA»

ЛидияAзарина ( Lidia Azarina ) 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 러시아연구소 2021 슬라브연구 Vol.37 No.1

이 논고는 레오니드 레오노프의 소설 “예브게니아 이바노브나”의 의미론적 중심 주제로서의 보편적 상호관계의 법칙에 대해 고찰한다. 20세기 포스트 소비에트 시대 유망 작가 중 하나인 그는 도스토옙스키까지 거슬러 올라가는 문학의 한 경향, 존재의 의미를 탐구하고 삶의 비밀스런 심연과 그 속에서의 인간의 위치를 파악하려는 정신적이고 도덕적인 문학 경향의 계승자로서 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 레오노프의 창작기법은 작품 속에 작가의 입장을 강하게 투영하는 것으로 특징지을 수 있으며 작품 전체의 구조속에서 작가가 지향하는 사상이 강하게 표현되어 있다. 소설 “예브게니아 이바노브나”의 중심 사상은 만물들의 상호의존성과 상호연관성에 대한 것으로서, 다른 시간대, 육체와 정신, 개인과 세계 그 각각의 경계들의 상대성에 관한 것이다.이 논고는 소설속에 작가의 사상이 어떠한 창작기법으로 구현되어 있는가에 대해 살펴본다. 보편적 상호연관성이라는 개념은 피터르 브뤼헐의 그림 “장님을 이끄는 장님”에서 상징적으로 표현되어 있는데 이는 이 소설에서 핵심 요소로 표현되고 있다. 그의 다른 작품에서처럼 여기서도 그는 시각적 예술작품을 구어체적 묘사기법을 통해 표현한다. 이 논고는 등장인물들을 분석하며 작가의 사상을 드러내고 있는 방법인 등장인물들의 계층구조, 소설속 세 명의 영웅들의 사례를 분석하여 우주적 원리에 대한 서로 다른 생각과 그에 바탕한 각각의 행동양식을 살펴본다. 또한 작가가 과거와 현재 시간적 융합을 보여주는 중동과 코카서스로 대표되는 두 공간의 구성에 대해서도 살펴본다. 작품속 풍경은 등장인물들의 철학적인 세계관과 심리적 자화상의 가장 중요한 요소로서 등장한다. 풍경의 묘사를 통해, 주체와 객체간 경계가 모호해지는데 이는 작가로 하여금 인간을 우주의 한 부분으로서 보여주도록 하여 이를 통해 이 소설의 중심사상인 만물의 상호연관성을 강조하게 만들어준다. The article examines the principle of universal interconnection as the semantic dominant of Leonid Leonov’s story “Evgenia Ivanonvna”. One of the most prominent writers of the 20th century, Leonov is considered the successor of the line of Russian classical literature, which goes back to Dostoevsky, with its interest in spiritual and moral problems, the search for the meaning of being, comprehension of the secret depths of life and the place of man in it. Leonov’s artistic method is characterized by the dominance of the author’s position, which manifests itself primarily in the implementation of a certain idea in the entire structure of the literary work. The central idea of the story “Evgenia Ivanovna” is the idea of the interconnection and interdependence of all things, the idea of relativity of the boundaries between the individual and the universe, body and soul, between different layers of time. The article examines the artistic solutions with which the author implements his idea in the story. The concept of universal interconnection is symbolically expressed in the painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder “The Blind Leading the Blind”, which becomes a kind of key to the story. Here, as in his other works, Leonov resorts to the method of ekphrasis - verbal description of a visual work of art. The article provides characters’s analysis, the hierarchy of the characters as a way of expressing the author’s position: on the example of the three heroes of the story, we can see the different stages of understanding of the universal principle and readiness to follow it. It also discusses the organization of space, represented in two main loci - the Middle East and the Caucasus, here the author shows the fusion of times, past and present. The landscape is the most important element of the psychological portrait of the characters and the philosophical understanding of the world. In the presentation of the landscape, subject-object boundaries are blurred, which allows the author to show a person as a part of the universe and thereby emphasize the central idea of the story - the principle of universal interconnection.

Novel Low-Volume Solder-on-Pad Process for Fine Pitch Cu Pillar Bump Interconnection

Bae, Hyun-Cheol,Lee, Haksun,Eom, Yong-Sung,Choi, Kwang-Seong The Korean Microelectronics and Packaging Society 2015 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Novel low-volume solder-on-pad (SoP) process is proposed for a fine pitch Cu pillar bump interconnection. A novel solder bumping material (SBM) has been developed for the $60{\mu}m$ pitch SoP using screen printing process. SBM, which is composed of ternary Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder powder and a polymer resin, is a paste material to perform a fine-pitch SoP in place of the electroplating process. By optimizing the volumetric ratio of the resin, deoxidizing agent, and SAC305 solder powder; the oxide layers on the solder powder and Cu pads are successfully removed during the bumping process without additional treatment or equipment. The Si chip and substrate with daisy-chain pattern are fabricated to develop the fine pitch SoP process and evaluate the fine-pitch interconnection. The fabricated Si substrate has 6724 under bump metallization (UBM) with a $45{\mu}m$ diameter and $60{\mu}m$ pitch. The Si chip with Cu pillar bump is flip chip bonded with the SoP formed substrate using an underfill material with fluxing features. Using the fluxing underfill material is advantageous since it eliminates the flux cleaning process and capillary flow process of underfill. The optimized interconnection process has been validated by the electrical characterization of the daisy-chain pattern. This work is the first report on a successful operation of a fine-pitch SoP and micro bump interconnection using a screen printing process.

Decentralized Sampled-Data Fuzzy Observer Design for Nonlinear Interconnected Systems

Geun Bum Koo,Jin Bae Park,Young Hoon Joo Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2016 IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems Vol. No.

<P>This paper presents the decentralized sampled-data fuzzy observer design techniques for nonlinear interconnected systems, which are assumed to be composed of fuzzy subsystems and unknown interconnections. To design the decentralized fuzzy observer, the estimation error dynamics is obtained, and the performance function is defined. Based on the estimation error dynamics and the performance function, the continuous-time decentralized fuzzy observer is first proposed to minimize the interconnection bound to attenuation degree ratio. In addition, the decentralized sampled-data fuzzy observers are designed by using the approximate discretization and the exact discrete-time design approaches, respectively. Each proposed observer design technique is formulated into the optimal problems with the linear matrix inequalities. Finally, several simulation examples show the validity and superiority of the proposed observer design techniques by comparing with the conventional techniques.</P>

The Influence of Changing PV Array Interconnections under a Non-uniform Irradiance

Kun Ding,Li Feng,Si-Yu Qin,Jing Mao,Jing-Wei Zhang,Xiang Wang,Tao Peng,Quan-Xin Zhai 전력전자학회 2016 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.16 No.2

Usually, the output characteristics of a photovoltaic (PV) array are significantly affected by non-uniform irradiance which is caused by ambient obstacles, clouds, orientations, tilts, etc. Some local maximum power points (LMPP) in the current-voltage (I-V) curves of a PV array can result in power losses of the array. However, the output power at the global maximum power point (GMPP) is different in different interconnection schemes in a PV array. Therefore, based on the theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation of different topological structures of a PV array, this paper investigated the output characteristics of dual series PV arrays with different interconnections. The proposed mathematical models were also validated by experimental results. Finally, this paper also concluded that in terms of performance, the total cross tied (TCT) interconnection was not always the optimal structure, especially in a dual series PV array. When one of the PV modules was severely mismatched, the TCT worked worse than the series parallel (SP) structure. This research can provide guidance for switching the interconnection to gain the greatest energy yield in a changeable- structure PV system.

소비자 무지하에서의 유무선 상호접속료 책정과 최적규제모델

정충영,Jung, Choong-Young 한국통신학회 2006 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.31 No.12b

본 연구는 유무선망간 상호접속모형을 다루고 있다. 특히, 발신자 입장에서 착신망 혹은 요금에 대한 무지가 존재하는 경우 상호접속료와 발신요금이 어떻게 책정되는 것인가를 분석하고 있다. 소비자 무지가 존재하는 경우 없을 경우 보다 착신접속료는 더욱더 높으며, 따라서 발신요금도 높아진다. 본 연구에서는 발신요금 상승을 억제 할 수 있는 여러가지 규제적 대안을 비교분석 하고 발신요금과 유무선착신접속료를 동시에 규제할 수 있는 최적 규제방안을 제안한다. This Paper deals with the model of fixed-mobile interconnection. Specifically, how interconnection charge and originating price are determined when there is customer ignorance about terminating network or the price. This paper shows that the terminating charge with customer ignorance is higher than without that, and therefore the retail price becomes higher. This paper discusses the several methods to prevent the increase of the retail price and suggests the scheme to regulate the retail price and interconnection charge, simultaneously.