What was the groundwater quality before mining in a mineralized region? Lessons from the Questa Project

D. Kirk Nordstrom 한국지질과학협의회 2008 Geosciences Journal Vol.12 No.2

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department and supported by Molycorp, Inc (currently Chevron Minerals), has completed a 5-year investigation (2001-2006) to determine the pre-mining groundwater quality at Molycorp’s Questa molybdenum mine in northern New Mexico. Current mine-site ground waters are often contaminated with mine-waste leachates and no data exists on premining ground-water quality so that pre-mining conditions must be inferred. Ground-water quality undisturbed by mining is often worse than New Mexico standards and data are needed to help establish closure requirements. The key to determining pre-mining conditions was to study the hydrogeochemistry of a proximal natural analog site, the Straight Creek catchment. Main rock types exposed to weathering include a Tertiary andesite and the Tertiary Amalia tuff (rhyolitic composition), both hydrothermally altered to various degrees. Two types of ground water are common in mineralized areas, acidic ground waters in alluvial debris fans with pH 3-4 and bedrock ground waters with pH 6-8. Siderite, ferrihydrite, rhodochrosite, amorphous to microcrystalline Al(OH)3, calcite, gypsum, barite, and amorphous silica mineral solubilities control concentrations of Fe(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Al, Ca, Ba, and SiO2, depending on pH and solution composition. Concentrations at low pH are governed by element abundance and mineral weathering rates. Concentrations of Zn and Cd range from detection up to about 10 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively, and are derived primarily from sphalerite dissolution. Concentrations of Ni and Co range from detection up to 1 and 0.4 mg/L, respectively, and are derived primarily from pyrite dissolution. Concentrations of Ca and SO4 are derived from secondary gypsum dissolution and weathering of calcite and pyrite. Metal:sulfate concentration ratios are relatively constant for acidic waters, suggesting consistent weathering rates, independent of catchment. These trends, combined with lithology, mineralogy, and mineral solubility controls, provide useful constraints on pre-mining ground-water quality for the mine site where the lithology is known The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department and supported by Molycorp, Inc (currently Chevron Minerals), has completed a 5-year investigation (2001-2006) to determine the pre-mining groundwater quality at Molycorp’s Questa molybdenum mine in northern New Mexico. Current mine-site ground waters are often contaminated with mine-waste leachates and no data exists on premining ground-water quality so that pre-mining conditions must be inferred. Ground-water quality undisturbed by mining is often worse than New Mexico standards and data are needed to help establish closure requirements. The key to determining pre-mining conditions was to study the hydrogeochemistry of a proximal natural analog site, the Straight Creek catchment. Main rock types exposed to weathering include a Tertiary andesite and the Tertiary Amalia tuff (rhyolitic composition), both hydrothermally altered to various degrees. Two types of ground water are common in mineralized areas, acidic ground waters in alluvial debris fans with pH 3-4 and bedrock ground waters with pH 6-8. Siderite, ferrihydrite, rhodochrosite, amorphous to microcrystalline Al(OH)3, calcite, gypsum, barite, and amorphous silica mineral solubilities control concentrations of Fe(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Al, Ca, Ba, and SiO2, depending on pH and solution composition. Concentrations at low pH are governed by element abundance and mineral weathering rates. Concentrations of Zn and Cd range from detection up to about 10 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively, and are derived primarily from sphalerite dissolution. Concentrations of Ni and Co range from detection up to 1 and 0.4 mg/L, respectively, and are derived primarily from pyrite dissolution. Concentrations of Ca and SO4 are derived from secondary gypsum dissolution and weathering of calcite and pyrite. Metal:sulfate concentration ratios are relatively constant for acidic waters, suggesting consistent weathering rates, independent of catchment. These trends, combined with lithology, mineralogy, and mineral solubility controls, provide useful constraints on pre-mining ground-water quality for the mine site where the lithology is known

소규모 SCW 형식 지열히트펌프 시스템의 난방 시 지하수 온도 회복속도에 관한 연구

이원호(Lee Won-Ho),김주영(Kim Ju-Young),홍원화(Hong Won-Hwa),안창환(Ahn Chang-Hwan) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.7

The SCW ground heat pump system absorbs or releases ground energy from the ground water of ground heat exchanger. In other word, ground water is used to heating or cooling system through radiant ground energy or imbibe ground energy which oneself has. Especially when it is used as heating, the thermal efficiency of system is going to down because repetitive process of ground water will lost ground energy in standing column well system and if heating load is continually increase, energy of ground water may be frozen or there are no benefits to use ground energy as it owes just little energy. To solve these problems, exchanging water to ground heat exchanger discharge water to outside, and the way is used to maintain Efficiency continually as the way of to be supplied with fresh ground water into ground heat exchanger. However, this type causes waste of ground water. Therefore it is essential to discharge to discharge to outside and the repeat exchanging water timely on a heat exchanger, so there is not enough Study about this problem. Therefor through a study on restoration velocity of temperate ground water of ground heat exchanger, find out the best time to discharge water to outside and exchanging water to ground heat exchanger, and propose to the DB of design of the ground heat exchanger.

지하수의 헌법적 이해와 지하수 관리 체계

김연식(Younsik Kim) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2016 江原法學 Vol.49 No.-

본 논문은 지하수의 헌법적 의미에 대하여 논하고 지하수를 공동자원으로 이해함으로써 국유화와 사유화를 넘어 다양한 대안 모색이 가능할 수 있는 이론적 토대를 구축하고자 한다. 그동안 민법 및 행정법 학계와 실무에서는 지하수를 공수로 보는 견해와 사수로 보는 견해가 대립하였다. 그리고 이 두 입장과 관련하여 국유화와 사유화가 지하수 관리체계 방향으로 제시되고 있다. 지하수 공수론자 중 대다수는 지하수의 공공성에 근거하여 지하수를 국가적 관리체계 아래에 두어야 한다고 한다. 반면에 지하수 개발의 효율성을 강조하는 견해는 지하수의 사수성을 강조하고 이에 기반을 두어 지하수 이용권에 재산권적 성격을 부여하자는 주장을 한다. 하지만 공수론과 사수론 모두 지하수 관리체계의 방향에 관하여 명확한 방향을 제시해주지 못하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 물론 지하수의 공공성을 부각했다는 점에서 사수론보다는 공수론이 오늘날 지하수 문제를 해결하는데 더 적합한 개념적 틀이라고 생각한다. 하지만 기존의 공수론은 공수성 즉, 지하수의 공공성이란 개념을 ‘국가적인 것’이라는 개념 틀로 지나치게 축소하여 환원하고 있는 듯하다. 오히려 국가의 정치적 의사결정 과정이 이념적으로 개발주의 또는 경제적 합리성에 포획된다면, 국유화로 이해되는 지하수 공수론은 사유화의 길을 열어주는 중간 단계가 될 수도 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 논문은 지하수의 헌법적 성격을 밝혀 보고자 하였다. 본 논문은 지하수를 공동자원으로 이해하여 공수론과 사수론 그리고 이와 이어지는 지하수 국유화와 사유화라는 대립적 구도를 극복하기 위한 헌법적 개념적 틀을 제시하였다. 그리고 공유지의 비극이라는 개념을 통해 지하수를 비롯한 모든 공동자원이 극복해야 하는 문제 상황을 자세하게 분석하였다. 그리고 공유지의 비극을 극복하기 위해 제시된 전통적 대안들인 국유화와 사유화의 한계를 검토하였다. 마지막으로 이 두 전통적 입장에 근거하여 오스트롬이 제시한 새로운 대안인 지하수의 공공적 관리체계를 검토하였다. This research attempts to understand ground water in the context of constitutional legal theory, which considers ground water as the commons. This constitutional understanding is expected to make theoretical contributions that allows for a wider spectrum of policy alternatives beyond nationalization and privatization. Currently in Korean legal scholarship, there is a theoretical controversy between the two positions in understanding ground water. One position considers ground water as public water; while the other considers ground water as private water. Moreover, these public and private water theories seem to lead respectively to nationalization and privatization when designing water resource management systems. The public water theory argues that ground water should be controlled by state ownership. In contrast, private water theorists attempt to understand ground water resources as private property in order to promote efficient use of ground water resources. Instead, this research shows that the two seemingly opposing positions are common in the sense that both fail to show a normative direction for ground water resource management in light of the constitution. Of course, the public water theory seems to be suitable to modern society because it stresses the emerging importance found in the public character of the water resource. However, public water theory also appears to shrink and simplify the constitutional meaning of ground water within statehood, namely the realm of an institutionalized politics. If the political decision-making process of ground water resource management is captured by a one-sided ideology such as a developmentalism or economic rationality, the public water theory, in reality, has a risk of functioning as nationalization for privatization of a ground water resource under the name of state ownership. In this context, this research attempts to propose a policy alternative to overcome not only the public water theory, but also the private water theory. Especially, this research describes the problem of ground water resource management by applying the concept of the tragedy of the commons. And this paper, based on the Ostrom’s theory, demonstrates the failures of nationalization and privatization in managing a common resource pool in order to argue for an ambitious project aimed at a common management system for ground water resources.

4대강 유역 지하수 갈등의 제도적 프레임 분석

김창수(Chang Soo Kim) 한국지방정부학회 2022 지방정부연구 Vol.26 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 제도적 프레임 분석틀에 따라 4대강 유역 지하수 공동체 속성을 이해하고, 제도선택에 따라 공론의 장에서 이루어지는 찬반 프레임 갈등과 조정 그리고 합의형성 과정을 분석하는 것이다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 현장답사와 심층면접의 연구방법을 사용하였다. 연구결과 다음과 같은 새로운 발견이 이루어졌다. 첫째, 공동체 속성 측면에서 충적층 모래층에 주로 위치한 4대강유역 공동체는 4대강 사업으로 16개의 보가 건설되어 지하수의존성이 증대되고 주변 농경지의 농업방식 및 재배작물이 변화하였는데, 2018년 이후 정부의 수문개방에 따라 피해주민과의 갈등이 격화되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 제도적 측면에서 정권변화와 정책기조의 변화에 따라 4대강 보 건설과 개방이 일관성 없이 추진되면서 갈등을 초래하는 것으로 나타났으며, 물관리위원회의보 개방 의결이 미봉책에 머물고 있었다. 셋째, 4대강 유역 공론의 장에서는 정권교체에 따라 4대강 보에 대한 해체와 개방 논쟁이 가속화되고, 지하수 이용에 대한 이해관계가 변화하면서 찬반 프레임 집단이 침수피해와 동해피해 등에 선택적 주목을 하면서 강력하게 대응하고 있었다. 넷째, 4대강 보 개방에 따라 지하수위 변동으로 피해를 본 수막재배 농민들은 ‘조정의 효력’ 문제 때문에 국가물관리위원회보다는 ‘재판상 화해의 효력’을 가지는 중앙환경분쟁조정위원회를 통해 중재를 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 토대로 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 4대강 보 건설과 개방에 따른 공동체의 속성변화를 기본적으로 잘 이해하고 접근하는 것이 갈등해결에 첫출발임을 제안하였다. 둘째, 제도적 측면에서 보 개방을 전제한다면 지하수 장애 발생 지역에 대한 용수공급 대책으로서 지하수 인공함양과 대체관정 개발이 필요하며, 지하수법과 지하수관리계획을 공여규칙과 사용규칙 그리고 유역통합관리에 부합하게 재구성할 것을 제안하였다. 셋째, 찬반프레임을 중립적으로 이해하는 것이 소통을 통한 합의형성의 관건임을 제안하였다. 넷째, 보 개방과 해체 자체를 놓고 4대강 유역에서 지하수를 둘러싼 분쟁이 발생했을 때 이를 원만하게 해결해줄 수 있는 분쟁조정 장치의 통합과 조정 그리고 보완을 제안했다. The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship among the attributes of ground-water community around 4 Rivers, institutional choices, frame conflict under action arena, dispute resolution and consensus-building process based on institutional discursive framework and common-pool resources. I had extensive field survey on the conflict areas, and had deep interviews with different stake-holders for collecting objective and scientific data about ground-water around 4 River Basins. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, the dependency on the ground-water grew up because of dammed pools on 4 River Basins. Farming style and products have changed due to dammed pools and ground-water dependency born by 4 River Restoration Project. Secondly, institutional change according to political power change gave rise to conflict among related actors with contradictive interest and standpoint. If it is inevitable to release the dammed pools, it needs artificially recharging ground-water and developing alternative ground-water well in viewpoint of Integrated Water Resource Management. Thirdly, the release experiment of dammed pools gave rise to serious framing conflict between the pro paying selective attention to flooding damage and the contra paying selective attention to severe cold-weather damage resulting from destruction and release of dammed pools. Fourthly, farmers dependent on ground-water asked for compensating the damage resulting from releasing dammed pools during Winter season to the Environmental Dispute Resolution Commission rather than National Water Management Commission. So I suggest that ground-water survey for monitoring and collecting scientific data, institutional consistency, allowing framing conflict and consensus-building process, dispute resolution system revision for legally binding effect of decision from the National Water Management Commission should be needed for the sustainable provision and use of ground-water.

Comparative assessment of surface and ground water quality using geoinformatics

Giridhar, M.V.S.S.,Mohan, Shyama,Kumar, D. Ajay Techno-Press 2020 Advances in environmental research Vol.9 No.3

Water quality demonstrates physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. The quality of surface and groundwater is currently an important concern with population growth and industrialization. Over exploitation of water resources due to demand is causing the deterioration of surface water and ground water. Periodic water quality testing must be carried out to protect our water resources. The present research analyses the spatial variation of surface water and groundwater in and around the lakes of Hyderabad. Twenty-Seven lakes and their neighboring bore water samples are obtained for water quality monitoring. Samples are evaluated for specific physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Cl, SO₄, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Total Hardness (TH). The spatial variation of water quality parameters for the 27 lakes and groundwater were analysed. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were carried out to determine comparative study of lake and ground water. The study found that most of the lakes were polluted and this had an impact on surrounding ground water.

환경농업조성지구내 용수원 및 채수시기별 수질비교

김찬용,김창배,김종수,서영진,윤재탁 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.3

A study was conducted to investigate the seasonal changes in water quality of watershed in the Agricultural Environment Promotion Zone. samples collected were 12 GW (ground water), 2 IW (irrigation water), 2 SW (stream water) in An-Doug City, 4 GW, 6 IW, 11 SW in Young-Yang Gun, and sampling was conducted separately during dry and rainy season. In the ground water, EC and ionic species, except pH, were higher than those in stream water, and especially NO_3-N concentration exceeded the limitation of drinking water. Concentration of ions decreased as the sampling depth was far from the soil surface. During a rainy season, the concentrations of NO_3-N and K In the stream water were slightly higher than those during season. COD was lower during dry season in Yong-Yang, while the trend was contrasted to An-Doug. These results suggest that ground water was polluted by fertilization and compost while streamwater was polluted by loss of soil and organic during the rainy season. Principal chemical components related with changing water quality were EC, NO_3^-, Ca, Mg, Na, CI^-, SO_4^- in ground water, whereas NH_4-N, K, Mg, CI^-, SO_4^- in stream water.

지하수위와 세립분 함유량에 따른 지반함몰 메커니즘

김진영,이성열,최창호,강재모,강권수,정효진,홍재철,이재수,백원진,Kim, JinYoung,Lee, SungYeol,Choi, ChangHo,Kang, JaeMo,Kang, KwonSoo,Jeong, HyoJin,Hong, JaeCheol,Lee, JaeSoo,Baek, WonJin 한국농공학회 2017 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.59 No.5

Recently, ground subsidence frequently occurs in downtown area. The major causes of the subsidence on the subsurface were the damages of the water supply and sewer pipelines and excavation works in adjacent areas, etc. Because of these various factors, it is not easy to analyze the tendency of occurrence of ground subsidence. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of ground subsidence by the change of the fine particle content and ground water level and to establish the ground subsidence mechanism. In this study, a model soil-box was manufactured to simulate the failure of the old sewer pipe which is one of the causes on ground subsidence. And a model test was conducted to investigate the effects of fine contents and ground water level on the cavity occurrence. From the test results, firstly the higher the ground water level, the faster the primary cavity is formed as the seepage stress increases. As a result, the secondary cavity and the ground subsidence rapidly progress due to the relaxation of the surrounding ground. The total amount of discharged soil was decreased as the fine content increased.

유출지하수 열원 지열히트펌프시스템의 냉방성능

박근우(Park, Geun-Woo),남현규(Nam, Hyun-Ku),강병찬(Kang, Byung-Chan) 한국신재생에너지학회 2007 신재생에너지 Vol.3 No.4

Effluent ground water overflow in deep and broad ground space building. Temperature of effluent ground water is in 12{sim}20?C annually and the quality of that water is as good as living water. Therefore if the flow rate of effluent ground water is sufficient as source of heat pump, that is good heat source and heat sink of heat pump. Effluent ground water contain the thermal energy of surrounding ground. So this is a new application of ground source heat pump. In this study open type and close type heat pump system using effluent ground water was installed and tested for a church building with large and deep ground space. The effluent flow rate of this building is 800{sim}1000ton/day. The heat pump capacity is 5RT each. The heat pump cooling COP is 4.9{sim}5.2 for the open type and 4.9{sim}5.7 for close type system. The system cooling COP is 3.2{sim}4.5 for open type and 3.8{sim}4.2 for close type system. This performance is up to that of BHE type ground source heat pump.

유출지하수 열원 지열히트펌프시스템의 냉방성능

박근우(Park, Geun-Woo),남현규(Nam, Hyun-Ku),강병찬(Kang, Byung-Chan) 한국신재생에너지학회 2007 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.11

Effluent ground water overflow in deep and broad ground space building. Temperature of effluent ground water is in 12{sim}20?C annually and the quality of that water is as good as living water. Therefore if the flow rate of effluent ground water is sufficient as source of heat pump, that is good heat source and heat sink of heat pump. Effuent ground water contain the thermal energy of surrounding ground. So this is a new application of ground source heat pump. In this study open type and c lose type heat pump system using effluent ground water was installed and tested for it church building with large and deep ground space. The effluent flow rate of this building is 800{sim}1000 ton/day. The heat pump capacity is 5RT each. The heat pump cooling COP is 4.9{sim}5.2 for the open type and 4.9{sim}5.7 for close type system. The system cooling COP is 3.2{sim}4.5 for open type and 3.8{sim}4.2for close type system. This performance is up to that of BHE type ground source heat pump.

연구논문 : 지하수 개발 및 양수기간에 따른 수위 변동특성 분석

김민철 ( Min Chul Kim ),양성기 ( Sung Kee Yang ),이준호 ( Jun Ho Lee ) 한국환경과학회 2016 한국환경과학회지 Vol.25 No.1

This study analyzed fluctuations of ground water level of ground water wells developed in Seongsan watershed of Jeju Island until 2013 using MODFLOW, a numerical analysis model. Ground water level shows greater fluctuations from increase of pump capacity compared to the number of ground water wells. The development of ground water at the top of watershed was found to have direct influence on ground water level. Ground water wells developed until 2013 were used to continue pumping for 50 days, and ground water level of coastal region was reduced below 50% compared to the standard water level. In addition, the range of fluctuation of water level was large in the east coast region, which represents the direction of flow of ground water.