광선의 영향에 따른 감자의 Chlorophyll과 Glycoalkaloid의 함량 변화

김정애,소궤신행,한재숙,Kim Joung-Ae,Nobuyuki Kozukue,Han Jae-Sook 동아시아식생활학회 2005 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.15 No.2

To determine changes of chlorophyll and potato glycoalkaloid(PGA) contents in potato tubers after lightening, Dejima potatoes cultivated in Korea were used and PGA was analyzed by HPLC. Potatoes were stored under fluorescent and UV light exposure or darkness for 7 days at $5^{\circ}C$. The contents of chlorophyll and glycoalkaloid in the peel of potatoes exposed to fluorescent light were increased to $84\%,\;69.5\%$ respectively compared to potatoes stored without lightening. While a marked effect of lightening on the peel of potatoes exposed to fluorescent light, UV light lead to no change of chlorophyll and less increase in glycoalkaloid than fluorescent did. The increase of chlorophyll was provoked by only fluorescent light. Cortex part did not accumulate any chlorophyll or glycoalkaloid.

산 가수분해 방법에 의한 감자 glycoalkaloid성분의 정량성 검토

윤경순 ( Kyung Soon Yoon ),변광인 ( Gwang In Byun ) 한국식생활문화학회 2009 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.24 No.1

본 연구는 재배종 감자 덩이줄기에 존재하는 glycoalkaloid (PGA) 중특히 α-chaconine, α-solanine, demessine을 산가수분해 처리하여 분해 생성물인 아그리콘 및 배당체를 분석하는 방법으로 PGA의 정량 가능 유무를 조사하였다. 1. 표준품의 solanidine을 1 N-HCl로 가수분해하면 산 가수분해 반응 10분 후부터 solanidine이 급속하게 감소하였고 새로운 피크가 급증하였다. 이 피크를 GC-MS로 분석한 결과, 분자 이온 피크(M+=379)가 검출되어 이 물질을 solanthrene으로 분류하였다. 이 solanidine-solanthrene의 반응은 시간의 경과에 따라 진행되었다. 2. 표준품의 demissidine을 solanidine과 같은 방법으로 가수분해하여 GC-MS로 분석한 결과, solanidine의 경우와는 상이하게 solanthrene는 검출되지 않았고 demissidine (M+=399, 204,150)의 피크만이 검출되었다. 이로써 demissidine은 산 가수분해 처리에 의한 분해가 일어나지 않는 것을 추측 할 수 있었다. 3. α-chaconine, α-solanine, demessine를 산분해하면 α-chaconine과 α-solanine은 solanidine에서 solanthrene으로 분해 반응이 일어났다. 이 두 물질의 아그리콘인 solandine을 측정하는 방법으로는 PGA량을 산출하는 것은 불가능하리라 생각된다. 그러나 산 분해에 의해 생성된 배당체는 매우 안정하여 이 배당체의 당함량을 측정하여 이 두 물질의 PGA 함량을 산출하는 것은 가능하였다. demissine는 산 분해에 의해 생성된 아그리콘(demissidine)은 매우 안정하여 생성된 아그리콘의 양으로부터 demissine 함량을 산출하는 것은 가능하였다. This paper was conducted to evaluate aglycones and carbohydrates produced by acid hydrolysis of three potato glycoalkaloids [(PGA); α-chaconine, α-solanine, and demissine] in potatoes. Standard solanidine and demissidine were dissolved in 1N HCl and then heated at 100℃ for 10-120 min. Solanidine was rapidly decomposed during acid hydrolysis and one peak that was identified as solantherene (M+=379) by GC-MS was detected. The transformation solanidine to solanthrene was approximately 50% complete after 10 min, approximately 90% complete after 60 min and 100% complete after 120 min. Demissidine was hydrolyzed using the same method that was used to hydrolyze the solanidine. However, demissidine produced only one peak upon GC-MS (M+=399) analysis and was found to be very stable at increased temperatures. Acidy hydrolysis of α-chaconine, α-solanine and demissine resulted in the decomposition of α-chaconine and α-solanine to solanidine and solanthrene, respectively. Therefore, this hydrolysis method should not be utilized to produce PGA combining with solanidine as aglycone. The individual carbohydrates produced by the two PGAs by hydrolysis were very stable at increased temperatures; therefore, it was possible to quantify these PGAs based on calculation of the individual carbohydrate content. Conversely, because demissidine produced by the hydrolysis of demissine was extremely stable at increased temperatures, it was possible to quantify the PGA based on the aglycone produced by hydrolysis.

Production of glycoalkaloids from callus cultures of Solanum hainanense Hance

Nguyen Hoang Loc,양문식,김태금,Nguyen Huu Thuan Anh,Doan Huu Nhat Binh 한국식물생명공학회 2010 식물생명공학회지 Vol.37 No.1

Leaf explants of the Solanum hainanense plant,grown in vitro, were cultured in basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L kinetin and 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for callus initiation. For maintenance and proliferation, the callus was cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The glycoalkaloid content in the callus was at its maximum after ten weeks of culture (188.65 mg/g), whereas that of the one-year-old control was 22.22 mg/g in the root and 5.99 mg/g in the stem. The glycoalkaloid extracted from the callus inhibited the activity of collagenase on collagen gel. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that biotransformation occurred when a callus was grown on medium supplemented with various carbon sources. These results suggest that callus of S. hainanense is a good material for production of glycoalkaloid.

Production of glycoalkaloids from callus cultures of Solanum hainanense Hance

Loc, Nguyen Hoang,Anh, Nguyen Huu Thuan,Binh, Doan Huu Nhat,Yang, Moon-Sik,Kim, Tae-Geum The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2010 식물생명공학회지 Vol.37 No.1

Leaf explants of the Solanum hainanense plant, grown in vitro, were cultured in basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L kinetin and 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for callus initiation. For maintenance and proliferation, the callus was cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The glycoalkaloid content in the callus was at its maximum after ten weeks of culture (188.65 mg/g), whereas that of the one-year-old control was 22.22 mg/g in the root and 5.99 mg/g in the stem. The glycoalkaloid extracted from the callus inhibited the activity of collagenase on collagen gel. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that biotransformation occurred when a callus was grown on medium supplemented with various carbon sources. These results suggest that callus of S. hainanense is a good material for production of glycoalkaloid.

감자의 가공제품 종류와 조리방법에 따른 Glycoalkaloid의 함량

김정애,小机信行,한재숙 한국조리과학회 2004 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The potato tubers of Solanum tuberosum L. contain potato glycoalkaloids(PGA), a class of naturally occurring toxicants. The primary constituents of this class of compounds in potatoes are α-chaconine and α-solanine. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various cooking methods on the PGA contents in the common Korean potato Irish Cobbler variety and those in commercially produced patato products consumed in Korea. After cooking, most potatoes showed big decreases in their PGA contents compared to the uncooked samples, with the exception of baked potatoes, which maintained 90.86% of their PGA contents. The PGA levels in boiled and blanched potatoes were reduced by 91.68 and 84.17%, respectively. However, the levels in samples boiled in 1% salted water were only reduced by 52.10%. Potatoes fried and sauteed in oil had their PGA contents reduced to 49.42 and 49.51% of their original levels. The reductions in the relative PGA contents by cooking method were in the order boiling〉blanching〉boiling with 1% NaCl〉steaming〉sauteing〉frying〉microwaving〉baking. The highest remaining PGA content of the potato products in Korea was in potato chips, at 69.57㎎/100g, but made with imported potatoes.

감자의 이용 실태 및 Glycoalkaloid에 대한 인식도 조사

김정애,Kim, Joung-Ae 동아시아식생활학회 2006 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.16 No.5

This survey was conducted to investigate the usage of potato and recognition of glycoalkaloid among residents aged from their teens to over fifties in Daegu city and Gyeongbuk Province. The preferred purchase places for the respondents were traditional markets (41.8%), big discount markets (23.8%), and supermarkets (14.9%), in order. Freshness (52.1%) was the most important criterion followed by size (12.5%), sprout (10.1%) and producing district (6.6%), in order. Most (77.6%) respondents preferred small amount below $2{\sim}3kg$ per purchase. Potato recognition revealed that respondents knew relatively well that potato sprouts contain toxins (M=4.30), that the major potato toxin is solanine (M=3.86) and that potato contains toxins when its color turns to green (M=3.70). However, respondents did not recognized well that the potato peel contains toxins (M=3.00), or that this toxin is chaconine (M=2.48).

한국산 재배종 감자의 기관, 품종, 부위, 중량별 Glycoalkaloid의 변화

김정애,小机信行,한재숙 대한가정학회 2004 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.42 No.4

The concentration of potato(S0lanum tuberasum L.) glycoakaloids(PGA) (i.e., a-chaconine and α- solanine) in Korean cultivated potato pbnt, and in the different varieties, parts and t&&~ of the potato tubes, were clewmud ky highpedormance llqwd chrornatopphy(l-PLC). The hghest concentrations of PGA in potato plants were found in the roots, fdfaued by the stems and leaves. A hge quantity of PGA existed in the periderm of Adantic potatoes, whereas Irish W a contained the lowest amount in five culthated potato tubers. M cobbler potatoes were divided into three parts and the PGA content in each partwasdetennined. Ituasfound that both of the end parts of the potatoes contained higher PGA than the middle part. The FGA contents in four different sizes of potatoes increased toward the smaller size. The significantly tugh lewd of PGA was contained in the smallest size potato tubers, which have been used widely for Korean cooking.

감자껍질을 첨가한 기능성 쿠키의 품질 특성

한재숙,김정애,한경필,김동석,소기신행,이갑랑 한국조리과학회 2004 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.20 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of functional cookies made with potato peels (cortex layer) containing high amounts of glycoalkaloid. Cookies were processed by mixing ratios of 10, 15 and 20% potato peel relatively to flour. The spread ratio of the cookies was increased with increasing potato peel addition. Texture measurement for the cookies on substituting 10% of flour for potato peel showed a decreased hardness, but the cohesiveness and springiness were increased compared to the control and other ratios. The glycoalkaloid contents of the cookies on substituting 10, 15 and 20% of the flour forpotato peel were 6.27, 9.40 and 12.54mg, respectively, which according to the USAD guidelines are safe amounts for the human body, and also enough for making functional cookies. In the sensory evaluations, the cookies with 10% of the flour substituted for potato peel had the highest scores in flavor, taste, appearance and texture.

부위 및 조리방법에 따른 가지의 Glycoalkaloid와 Ascorbic Acid 함량 변화

박미란(Mi Lan Park),한재숙(Jae Sook Han),최수근(Soo Keun Choi),변광인(Gwang In Byun),서봉순(Bong Soon Suh),최석현(Suk Hyun Choi),소기신행(Kozukue Nobuyuki) 한국조리학회 2006 한국조리학회지 Vol.12 No.4

유전형과 재배환경의 상호작용에 따른 감자 수량성과 글리코알카로이드 함량 변화

김수정,손황배,이유영,박민우,장동칠,권오근,박영은,홍수영,서종택,남정환,정진철,구본철,김율호 한국작물학회 2017 한국작물학회지 Vol.62 No.4

The potato tuber is known as a rich source of essential nutrients, used throughout the world. Although potatobreeding programs share some priorities, the major objective is to increase the genetic potential for yield through breeding or to eliminate hazards that reduce yield. Glycoalkaloids, which are considered a serious hazard to human health, accumulate naturally in potatoes during growth, harvesting, transportation, and storage. Here, we used the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and GGE (Genotype main effect and genotype by environment interaction) biplot model, to evaluate tuber yield stability and glycoalkaloid content in six potato cultivars across three locations during 2012/2013. The environment on tuber yield had the greatest effect and accounted for 33.0% of the total sum squares; genotypes accounted for 3.8% and G×E interaction accounted for 11.1% which is the nest highest contribution. Conversely, the genotype on glycoalkaloid had the greatest effect and accounted for 82.4% of the total sum squares), whereas environment and G×E effects on this trait accounted for only 0.4% and 3.7%, respectively. Furthermore, potato genotype ‘Superior’, which covers most of the cultivated area, exhibited high yield performance with stability. ‘Goun’, which showed lower glycoalkaloid content, was the most suitable and desirable genotype. Results showed that, while tuber yield was more affected by the environment, glycoalkaloid content was more dependent on genotype. Further, the use of the AMMI and GGE biplot model generated more interactive visuals, facilitated the identification of superior genotypes, and suggested decisions on a variety of recommendations for specific environments. 감자 6품종인 수미(SP), 대서(AT), 하령(HR), 고운(GU), 홍영(HY), 자영(JY)을 대상으로, 해발고도별로 재배환경이다른 강릉(E1), 진부(E2), 대관령(E3) 지역에서 2012년과2013년 재배하여 괴경 수량성과 글리코알카로이드(PGA) 함량을 평가하였다. 품종이 가지고 있는 유전적 특성은 품종 고유의 유전형(G)과 재배환경(E)과의 상호작용(G×E)을거쳐 발현되므로 본 연구에서는 AMMI 모델과 GGE biplot 분석을 통해 지역별 수량성과 PGA 함량 변화 양상을 검토하였다. 1. 감자 수량은 재배환경과 상호작용이 차지하는 비율이높고, PGA 함량은 유전형(품종)의 효과가 차지하는비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2. 지역별로 높은 수량을 나타내는데 적합한 품종으로 강릉에서 ‘수미’, 진부에서 ‘고운’, 대관령 에서 ‘하령’이었으며, 수량이 높으면서 생산 안정성을 보인 품종은수미였다. 3. 지역별로 높은 PGA 함량을 보이는 품종으로 강릉에서 ‘하령’, 진부에서 ‘대서’, 대관령에서 ‘수미’이었으며, PGA 함량이 낮으면서 재배환경에 영향을 덜 받는안정성이 뛰어난 품종은 ‘고운’이었다. 4. 감자 품종의 양적 농업 형질인 수량은 재배환경에 따라 차이를 보였으며, PGA 함량은 품종 고유의 형질차이에 의해 다르게 나타났다. 5. 감자의 수량성을 확보하기 위해서는 재배 적지의 선정이 중요하고, PGA 함량을 낮추기 위해서는 저함유 품종 개발이 선행되어야 한다고 판단되었다.