한국사회의 젠더와 건강 불평등 연구(Ⅰ)

김동식(Dong-Sik Kim),황정임(Jung-Im Hwang),김영택(Young-Taek Kim),우영지(Young-Jee Woo),정다은(Da-Eun Jung) 한국여성정책연구원(구 한국여성개발원) 2017 한국여성정책연구원 연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

There are many issues related to women’s health. Reproduction is a very important issue for women, because it accounts nearly for half of a woman’s life. Sex is also a critical issue, but is treated as a private realm. Both things are a significant factor for not only women’s current health but also their later health. It is the first wave study for exploring gender inequalities in health, especially focusing on sexual and reproductive health (hereafter SRH) in Korean society. SRH is well known to be influenced by gender inequality. Gender hierarchy and norms in Korean society could be involved to SRH between men and women. The study had four purposes as follows: firstly, it was understood that the unequal relationships between men and women in sub-subjects related SRH, such as contraception, sexual intercourse, unwanted pregnancy, abortion and infertility, are presented; secondly, it confirmed the recent trends of patients and medical costs regarding SRH; thirdly, it grasped the gender risk factors of SRH; and lastly, it developed gender issues and policy tasks related SRH according to women’s life. As the results, all subjects related to SRH were clearly shown that women are subordinated to men, and women’s opinions have been ignored in contraception and sexual intercourse. Also, when a woman refuses to have sex, she has had violence by a partner and has experienced an abortion because of her unwanted pregnancy. Women wondered how to prevent contraception and unwanted pregnancies, and there was a great demand for counseling. Male sexually transmitted diseases are caught through prostitution during nightclubs or foreign business trips, but women have been caught by the partner’s affair. Regarding the sanitary pad, many women said they experienced side effects while using it. In the analysis of health insurance data, the number of patients who belong to the SRH related to diseases and the medical expenses have increased significantly in the past 10 years. In addition, men and women with sexually transmitted diseases have a higher likelihood of developing reproductive diseases, since then, the risk of chronic illness has also increased. Expert Delphi survey pointed out that there are health issues related to SRH in the life cycle of men and women, which are also related to gender inequality. From the above results, we proposed several policy tasks. First, social structure should be improved as a factor of inequality in SRH. Specifically, it is necessary to improve traditional gender and hierarchical environment, improve gender-based violence culture, analyze specific gender impacts on the legal system and public policy, improve negative and distorted social awareness of women’s sexuality, strengthen participation of civil society and social environment for correct sex consciousness and healthy gender values, and ensure universal access to SRH services. Second, gender education and monitoring should be strengthened to promote SRH. It is necessary to provide relevant gender education and information for the healthy sex consciousness contents of children and adolescents, and to establish cooperation channel of school, home and community for this purpose. Additionally, gender education for adolescents and parents should be strengthened and monitoring of distorted sex information and contents for pornography should be enhanced. Third, support for SRH vulnerable groups should be strengthened. For this proposal, improved accessibility of counseling and treatment services for abnormal physiological symptoms, cost support for women sanitary napkins and related supplies, strengthen women s empowerment from coercive and violent sexual intercourse by partners, prepare SRH support plan for each life, social class and disability of women, and enlarge the sanitary napkin to cope with emergencies can be alternatives. Ⅰ. 서론 □ 들어가면서 ○ 본 연구는 한국사회의 젠더 불평등이 여성과 남성의 건강 불평등에 미치는 영향을 분석하여, 국가차원의 성평등에 기반한 건강정책 방향을 모색하는데 있어 그 근거들을 제공하는 것을 목적으로 함. ○ 연구의 배경이 되는 ‘한국사회’의 여러 모습 중 본 연구는 ‘저출산·고령사회’ 그리고 이로 인한 ‘일·가정양립사회’에 초점을 두어, 현재뿐만 아니라 미래 사회를 대비하는 젠더와 건강 연구로 계획됨. 총 3개년(2017~2019년)으로 진행되며, 각 연도별 연구 분야 및 내용은 아래와 같음. □ 1차년도 연구 배경 및 필요성 ○ 여성과 남성 사이에 존재하는 건강의 차이는 생물학적 및 사회적 특성의 차이에 기인함. - 사회적 차이로서 젠더는 일반적으로 여성에 대한 불평등과 차별을 의미하므로, 특히 여성에게 중요한 영향을 미침. ○ 여성의 다양한 건강 이슈 중 성과 재생산은 여성의 생애 전반에 영향을 주는 이슈로서 매우 중요함. 여성의 건강 자율성를 극대화를 위해 성 권리(sexual right)와 제생산 권리(reproductive right)는 함께 고려해야 함. - 임신과 출산은 여성의 신체적·정신적 건강에 영향을 줌. 특히 원치 않는 임신과 그로 인한 출산이나 임신중단(낙태)은 더욱 위험한 요인이 될 수 있음. - 모성이 된다는 것은 여성의 삶에서 가장 큰 사건이지만, 최적의 안전하고 건강한 환경에서 능동적으로 선택되지 않는다면 여성의 건강은 그 순간뿐만 아니라 여성의 나머지 생애 전반에 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있음. - 여성의 피임법 선택이 남성의 성적 만족 부합에 따라 달라지고, 안전한 피임 없이 위험한 성 관계를 요구 받으면서 여성의 몸은 남성의 성적 호기심과 즐거움, 대를 잇기 위한 몸으로 전락하게 됨. 결국 많은 여성들이 파트너의 강압적이고 폭력적인 성 요구와 행위로 건강과 안전권이 침해를 받고 있음. ○ 1994년 국제인구개발회의(ICPD)에서 채택한 카이로 행동계획에서는 성과 재생산 건강을 인구통계학적 및 가족계획적 목적과 같은 좁은 관점에서 벗어나 남녀가 모두 임신과 출산을 할 것인지, 그 시기와 빈도를 결정할 수 있고, 이를 위해 필요한 모든 정보와 수단을 얻을 수 있도록 보장하는 것이 중요함을 강조하면서, 성·재생산의 건강을 인권으로 인식해야 함을 천명함. ○ 이상의 이유들로 여성의 다양한 건강 이슈들 중에 성·재생산 건강을 1차년도 주제로 정함. 이 연구의 목적은 다음과 같음. - 첫째, 우리나라의 성·재생산 건강의 성별 실태를 파악하고, 그것이 미치는 또 다른 건강의 문제를 살펴보고자 함. - 둘째, 성·재생산의 이슈별 젠더 차이와 그것이 젠더 규범 및 위계에 기인하는지 규명하고자 함. - 셋째는 오늘날 한국사회의 성·재생산 건강 및 관련 젠더 이슈들을 발굴하여, 성평등한 성·재생산 건강정책의 방향과 과제들을 모색하고자 함. □ 연구 내용 및 방법 ○ 연구 내용 - 첫째, 국내의 성·재생산 건강정책을 살펴보고, 해외의 관련 정책사례를 검토하여 그 시사점을 얻고자 함(본 연구의 II장). - 둘째, 일상생활 속의 성과 재생산 관련 상담자료를 분석하여, 그 안에서의 젠더 규범 및 위계와의 관련성을 살펴봄(III장). - 셋째, 성과 재생산 관련 질환자와 이들의 진료비 규모의 추이를 살펴보고, 관련 질환의 발생이 지닌 건강위험성을 규명함(IV장). - 넷째, 남녀의 성과 재생산의 시작시기라고 할 수 있는 초경과 몽정에서부터 음란물 접촉과 자위행위, 피임실천과 원치 않는 임신 및 임신중단(낙태) 행위, 그리고 성 매매 감염성 및 재생산(생식) 관련 질환의 실태를 살펴보고, 이 과정에서의 젠더 위계 및 성평등의 기인여부를 확인함(V장). - 다섯째, 남녀의 생애별 성·재생산 건강 이슈 발굴과 관련 정책대안을 도출함(VI장). □ 시사점 ○ 성 건강, 재생산 건강이 여성의 건강증진에서 매우 중요하게 다루어지고 있음. 그래서 이들 3개국은 국가차원의 건강전략에 성·재생산 주제를 포함하고 있음. ○ 성 건강과 재생산 건강을 단지 의료적·생물학적 측면을 넘어 여성과 남성의 관계적 맥락으로 넓히고, 그 안에서의 젠더 규범과 위계로 인해 발생되는 특정 성(주로 여성)의 피임과 임신·출산 및 성행위에서의 비자율성이 이들의 성과 재생산 불건강으로 발전되는지 폭 넓은 관점에서 접근함. 또한 이를 위해 근거 기반을 마련하고자 연구의 필요성을 강조함

문화콘텐츠 인력양성사업 성인지 예산 분석

양민석(Min-Suk Yang),유정미(Jeong Mi Yoo),이재경(Jae Kyung Lee) 한국여성정책연구원(구 한국여성개발원) 2009 여성연구 Vol.76 No.-

본 논문은 문화콘텐츠 인력양성 정책에 투여된 정부예산을 성인지 관점으로 분석한 것이다. ‘정책 영역의 성불평등구조 파악’, ‘성별 예산수혜 경향분석’, ‘예산배분의 성별 규칙이 성불평등 구조에 미치는 영향’, ‘성평등한 예산 배분을 위한 제안’, ‘제안에 대한 검토’로 분석단계를 설정하고 분석을 전개하였다. 분석결과 성별이 문화콘텐츠산업 인력양성정책 예산을 배분하는데 영향을 미치는 변수로 작동하고 있었다. 남성이 많이 참여하는 사업은 1인당 수혜액의 크기가 커서 양질의 예산이 투여되는 반면에, 여성이 많이 참여하는 사업의 경우는 수혜자에게 돌아가는 예산 규모가 크지 않음으로써, 예산의 질적 배분은 성별화된 결과를 보여주었다. 또 예산 배분에는 콘텐츠 산업 인력구성의 성불평등 구조에 대한 개선이 전혀 고려되고 있지 않아서, 콘텐츠산업의 불평등 구조인 ‘문화산업인력의 여성화’, ‘경력구조의 남성중심성’, ‘이중적 직무구조의 성차별성’을 개선하기보다는 답습하고 강화하는 효과가 컸다. 콘텐츠산업은 새롭게 주목받는 신성장산업이고, 젊은 인력이 다수 포진하고 있으며 여성의 선호도가 높은 산업이다. ‘문화산업인력의 여성화’는 콘텐츠산업의 특징이자 불평등 구조의 하나이다. 때문에 인력양성을 위한 예산배분이 인력의 성별 배치구조를 고려하지 않는다면 콘텐츠산업이 목표하는 인력양성의 과제를 달성하기 어렵다. 문화콘텐츠산업 인력양성정책을 수립하고 예산을 배분하는데 있어서 인력구성의 성별 특징을 고려하고 성평등한 전략을 모색할 필요가 있다. This paper analyzed the public expenditure used for culture contents specialists programs from a gender perspective. It consists of “analysis of gender inequality structures of the culture contents industry”, “gender-disaggregated benefit incidence analysis”, “evaluation of budget distribution effect of gender inequality” and “suggestion for a gender equality strategy”. We discovered through analysis that gender has had an impact on the budget distribution of the policy. The programs in which men mostly participated had more qualified budget because in these programs the size of benefit per person was bigger than others. Contrarily, the programs in which the rate of women participation was higher distributed much less benefit to participants. It shows that budget distribution was gendered. In the process of budget allocation, the gender inequality structure of the industry was not taken into consideration. Therefore, the result of distribution repeated and strengthened the gender inequality structure, “feminization of culture contents labor”, “male-dominated career development”, and “gender division of labor”, rather than weakened them. The culture contents industry is the new industry expected high growth, and is involving young work force and has the high level of favor from young women. “The feminization of culture contents labor” is both a distinctive feature and one of inequality structures. Accordingly, if the government does not consider gender in the policy formation and budget distribution, it cannot effectively achieve the objectives of this policy. A gender perspective need to be incorporated into the culture contents training programs and their budgets.

Perceptions of Gender Inequality at Work in Hong Kong

NGO, Hang Yue Asian Center Women's Studies Korean Women's Instit 2001 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.7 No.1

Gender inequality in employment is a complex phenomenon that consists of both objective and subjective dimensions. The latter has been overlooked in previous research. This study examines the subjective perceptions of gender inequality at work of Hong Kong people. It analyses a data set collected from a large-scale territory-wide survey of 2,020 respondents. First, it was found that there are significant gender differences in what constitutes gender inequality as well as the perceived prevalence of gender inequality in Hong Kong. In addition to gender, respondents' age, marital status, and education are found to affect their sensitivity to gender inequality. Results of two-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) also show a significant interaction effect of gender and employment status. More research is called for to advance our understanding of subjective perceptions of gender inequality in the workplace, particularly in the Asian context.

문화콘텐츠 인력양성사업 성인지 예산 분석

양민석,유정미,이재경 한국여성정책연구원 2009 여성연구 Vol.82 No.-

This paper analyzed the public expenditure used for culture contents specialists programs from a gender perspective. It consists of “analysis of gender inequality structures of the culture contents industry”, “gender-disaggregated benefit incidence analysis”, “evaluation of budget distribution effect of gender inequality” and “suggestion for a gender equality strategy”. We discovered through analysis that gender has had an impact on the budget distribution of the policy. The programs in which men mostly participated had more qualified budget because in these programs the size of benefit per person was bigger than others. Contrarily, the programs in which the rate of women participation was higher distributed much less benefit to participants. It shows that budget distribution was gendered. In the process of budget allocation,the gender inequality structure of the industry was not taken into consideration. Therefore, the result of distribution repeated and strengthened the gender inequality structure, “feminization of culture contents labor”, “male-dominated career development”, and “gender division of labor”, rather than weakened them. The culture contents industry is the new industry expected high growth, and is involving young work force and has the high level of favor from young women. “The feminization of culture contents labor” is both a distinctive feature and one of inequality structures. Accordingly, if the government does not consider gender in the policy formation and budget distribution, it cannot effectively achieve the objectives of this policy. A gender perspective need to be incorporated into the culture contents training programs and their budgets. 본 논문은 문화콘텐츠 인력양성 정책에 투여된 정부예산을 성인지 관점으로 분 석한 것이다. ‘정책 영역의 성불평등구조 파악’, ‘성별 예산수혜 경향분석’, ‘예산 배분의 성별 규칙이 성불평등 구조에 미치는 영향’, ‘성평등한 예산 배분을 위한 제안’, ‘제안에 대한 검토’로 분석단계를 설정하고 분석을 전개하였다. 분석결과 성별이 문화콘텐츠산업 인력양성정책 예산을 배분하는데 영향을 미 치는 변수로 작동하고 있었다. 남성이 많이 참여하는 사업은 1인당 수혜액의 크 기가 커서 양질의 예산이 투여되는 반면에, 여성이 많이 참여하는 사업의 경우는 수혜자에게 돌아가는 예산 규모가 크지 않음으로써, 예산의 질적 배분은 성별화 된 결과를 보여주었다. 또 예산 배분에는 콘텐츠 산업 인력구성의 성불평등 구조 에 대한 개선이 전혀 고려되고 있지 않아서, 콘텐츠산업의 불평등 구조인 ‘문화산 업인력의 여성화’, ‘경력구조의 남성중심성’, ‘이중적 직무구조의 성차별성’을 개선 하기보다는 답습하고 강화하는 효과가 컸다. 콘텐츠산업은 새롭게 주목받는 신성장산업이고, 젊은 인력이 다수 포진하고 있 으며 여성의 선호도가 높은 산업이다. ‘문화산업인력의 여성화’는 콘텐츠산업의 특징이자 불평등 구조의 하나이다. 때문에 인력양성을 위한 예산배분이 인력의 성별 배치구조를 고려하지 않는다면 콘텐츠산업이 목표하는 인력양성의 과제를 달성하기 어렵다. 문화콘텐츠산업 인력양성정책을 수립하고 예산을 배분하는데 있어서 인력구성의 성별 특징을 고려하고 성평등한 전략을 모색할 필요가 있다.

Measures of Women’s Status and Gender Inequality in Asia : Issues and Challenges

Lee, Jae Kyung,Park, Hye Gyong Ewha Womans University Press 2011 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.17 No.2

Women in Asia are facing persistent constraints in achieving gender equality and empowerment, despite their progress in recent years. Although quantitative indicators measuring women’s status and gender inequality have been used worldwide and produced by various international organizations, they offer somewhat incomplete stories about the nature of socioeconomic disparities. Cross- national comparisons among East and South Asian countries have illustrated some of the similarities and differences among countries in Asia, which also show inconsistent or sometimes contradictory implications. These aspects raise methodological issues regarding the multifaceted and complex nature of women’s status and gender inequality. We propose alternative dimensions to make up for the drawbacks in current quantitative indicators. Violence against women illustrates women’s status in the private sphere and broader society in general. Further, the fact that women are more vulnerable to natural disasters than men should also be considered in assessing the damage from such events. Thus, given the aims of gender equality, national socio-institutional mechanisms for ensuring it need to be taken into account.

젠더 관점에서 바라본 체육수업의 불평등 현상 탐구

이규일(GyuIlLee) 한국체육학회 2011 한국체육학회지 Vol.50 No.2

스포츠를 교육내용의 근간으로 삼는 체육수업에서 교사는 학생들의 젠더 문제를 언제나 고려해야 한다. 이에 체육교육학 분야 역시 젠더로 야기되는 불평등 문제를 해결하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 최근 젠더 관련 연구들은 보다 엄격한 젠더 관점을 요구하며, 첫째, 유동적 젠더 개념을 수용하여 젠더성을 ‘애매모호한 젠더’로까지 확장하고 있으며, 둘째, 젠더 문제를 개인의 문제로 한정하지 않기 위해 구조적 관점을 강조하고, 셋째, 개인의 젠더성 형성에 주목하며 개인사(史)적 이해를 강조하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 이상의 세 가지 젠더 관점을 토대로 체육수업의 불평등 현상을 바라보고, 이를 통해, 체육수업의 젠더 불평등 현상의 주요 특성을 밝히고, 실천지향적인 이해 전략을 제안하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 학생들의 젠더성에 영향을 준 과거 경험으로 성역할 학습 경험과 신체활동 경험을 밝혔으며, 둘째, 체육수업의 불평등 경험 및 인식적 태도 그리고 셋째, 불평등 경험의 대처 방식의 차이가 젠더성에 따라 나타나고 있음을 발견하였다. 연구 결과를 기반으로, 체육수업의 젠더 불평등 현상의 주요 특성을 젠더성과 불평등 인식의 측면에서 논했으며, 공평성을 기반으로 하는 이해의 방안을 제안하였다. Teachers had to consider problems being caused by difference of gender in P.E. lessons. Because of the content of the lessons was based on ‘sport’ built on ‘masculine culture’. Therefore, researchers in domain of sport pedagogy have tried to solve gender inequality of P.E. For theses, the next three perspective in relation on gender were needed. The perspectives were first, ‘fluid gender concept’ expanding to ambiguous gender, second, structural perspective to try to view a gender inequality phenomenon into the context of man based P.E. and, third, I thought that the researchers to comprehend the problem of inequality in P.E. had to consider the history life of students. Therefore, the purpose of the study were, first, to find the structural traits of gender inequality phenomenon in P.E., second, to propose ways to help practical understanding about the phenomenon. The results were as followings. First, I found out the experience of physical activity & gender role socialization as main reasons to influence on the experience and awareness of inequality. Second, I examined closely discriminative cognition of individual students. Third, I examined corresponsive ways of inequal experience and procedural conditions to influence on the attitudes of P.E. Lastly, I provided gender inclination and cognition about inequality as main trait of inequality phenomenon in P. E., and I provided a few practical understanding strategies.

일-가정 영역에서의 복합적 젠더불평등: 젠더수행론적 관점에서

한솔 ( Soul Han ) 아시아문화학술원 2018 인문사회 21 Vol.9 No.4

본 연구에서는 여성의 명목적 권리 신장, 남녀고용평등법, 높은 대학진학율 등의 사회변동에도 불구하고, 일-가정 영역에서 젠더불평등이 견고하게 지속 및 재생산되는 현실에 주목하여 이러한 현상을 설명하는 미시적 기초로서 젠더수행론을 제시한다. 이를 위해 우선 젠더수행론 개념을 검토하고, 이를 뒷받침하는 사회-심리의 연구들을 제시한다. 그 후, 일-가정 영역에서 해당 개념의 영향력을 밝히는 실증연구들을 체계적으로 종합한다. 연구결과 다음과 같은 젠더 불평등 구조가 젠더수행을 통해 재생산되고 있었다. 가사노동의 영역에서는 시간제약이론, 상대적 자원 이론, 성 이데올로기론으로 환원할 수 없는 젠더수행의 측면이 반영되어 있었다. 다음으로, 일자리의 영역에서는 여성에게 ‘어머니’라는 사회적 정체성이 강한 사회적 제약·차별 조건을 규정짓고 있음을 확인하였다. This study aims to explain the persistence of gender inequality structure in work and family after all the social changes that brought about Equal Employment Act, gender egalitarianism, and rising female college entrance rates. The author invokes the concept of “doing gender” to account for its micro-sociocultural foundations. After elaborating on the concept of “doing gender”, extensive literature review that empirically proves the influence of the concept in work and family will follow. The results drawn from the extensive review reveals the significant impact of “doing gender” on the reproduction of gender inequality structure. First, while there is relative shortcomings of time constraint theory and relative resource theory, “doing gender” has a explanatory power in determining unequal distribution of housework. Next, empirical work of motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus demonstrates how the prevalence of “motherhood” social identity imposed upon female workers brings about systemic gender discrimination in the workplace.

Gender, Professional and Non-Professional Work, and the Changing Pattern of Employment-Related Inequality in Poor Self-Rated Health, 1995-2006 in South Korea

김일호,강영호,조성일,천희란,Carles Muntaner 대한예방의학회 2011 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.44 No.1

Objectives: We examined gender differential changes in employment-related health inequalities according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) in South Korea during the last decade. Methods: Data were taken from four rounds of Social Statistical Surveys of South Korea (1995, 1999, 2003, and 2006)from the Korean National Statistics Office. The total study population was 55435 male and 33 913 female employees aged 25-64. Employment arrangements were divided into permanent, fixed-term, and daily employment. Results: After stratification according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) and gender, different patterns in employment - related health inequalities were observed. In the professional group, the gaps in absolute and relative employment inequalities for poor self-rated health were more likely to widen following Korea’s 1997 economic downturn. In the nonprofessional group, during the study period, graded patterns of employment-related health inequalities were continuously observed in both genders. Absolute health inequalities by employment status, however,decreased among men but increased among women. In addition, a remarkable increase in relative health inequalities was found among female temporary and daily employees (p = 0.009, < 0.001, respectively), but only among male daily employees (p = 0.001). Relative employment-related health inequalities had clearly widened for female daily workers between 2003 and 2006 (p = 0.047). The 1997 Korean economic downturn, in particular, seemingly stimulated a widening gap in employment health inequalities. Conclusions: Our study revealed that whereas absolute health inequalities in relation to employment status increased in the professional group, relative employment-related health inequalities increased in the nonprofessional group, especially among women. In view of the high concentration of female nonstandard employees, further monitoring of inequality should consider gender specific patterns according to employee’s occupational and employment Objectives: We examined gender differential changes in employment-related health inequalities according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) in South Korea during the last decade. Methods: Data were taken from four rounds of Social Statistical Surveys of South Korea (1995, 1999, 2003, and 2006)from the Korean National Statistics Office. The total study population was 55435 male and 33 913 female employees aged 25-64. Employment arrangements were divided into permanent, fixed-term, and daily employment. Results: After stratification according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) and gender, different patterns in employment - related health inequalities were observed. In the professional group, the gaps in absolute and relative employment inequalities for poor self-rated health were more likely to widen following Korea’s 1997 economic downturn. In the nonprofessional group, during the study period, graded patterns of employment-related health inequalities were continuously observed in both genders. Absolute health inequalities by employment status, however,decreased among men but increased among women. In addition, a remarkable increase in relative health inequalities was found among female temporary and daily employees (p = 0.009, < 0.001, respectively), but only among male daily employees (p = 0.001). Relative employment-related health inequalities had clearly widened for female daily workers between 2003 and 2006 (p = 0.047). The 1997 Korean economic downturn, in particular, seemingly stimulated a widening gap in employment health inequalities. Conclusions: Our study revealed that whereas absolute health inequalities in relation to employment status increased in the professional group, relative employment-related health inequalities increased in the nonprofessional group, especially among women. In view of the high concentration of female nonstandard employees, further monitoring of inequality should consider gender specific patterns according to employee’s occupational and employment status.

성평등과 관광의 상호작용이 소득불균형 완화에 미치는 효과

김준호 한국호텔리조트학회 2024 호텔리조트연구 Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the individual and interactive effects of gender equality and tourism competitiveness on alleviating income inequality. The research method uses multiple regression analysis with the gender gap index and tourism competitiveness index as independent variables, the Gini coefficient as dependent variable, and national income, GDP, and economic growth as control variables. This study strengthens the usability of research results at a global level by targeting countries around the world using indicators of gender equality, tourism, and income inequality that reflect the overall conditions of the country. The results of the study showed that gender equality did not individually affect income inequality, but tourism competitiveness individually deepened income inequality. Additionally, the interaction between gender equality and tourism competitiveness was found to significantly reduce income inequality. Therefore, in order to strengthen the role of tourism in improving income distribution, the social and cultural gender equality system must be reorganized and the education of female personnel must be expanded to secure tourism competitiveness based on gender equality.

인지된 성불평등과 공공봉사동기(PSM)에 관한 연구: 조직 공정성 관점에서 접근

박정호 한국행정학회 2016 韓國行政學報 Vol.50 No.3

This study primarily examines the effect of organizational justice on public service motivation (PSM) in public organizations. Despite the Korean government’s ongoing efforts to resolve various types of social discrimination, domestic and global reports still reveal that organizational justice can suffer due to gender inequality. This research focuses on the issues of organizational justice in the sense that widespread perceptions about gender inequality may deteriorate organizational health and individuals’ work motivation. Based upon this line of questioning, this study empirically examines the role of organizational justice in explaining the change of PSM in organizational settings. Specifically, this study examines the perceived gender inequality in aspects of human resource management (i.e., promotion, personal evaluation, compensation, etc.). The results of the analysis indicate that perceived gender inequality in organizational settings negatively affects PSM. While the public tends to believe that government agencies have achieved a higher level of gender equality for organizational justice, in reality, the level of perceived gender inequality was higher than that of private companies. In particular, the longer public employees work in their organizations, the more their perceived gender inequality rises, regardless of their own gender. Based on the results of the empirical analysis, this research suggests policy approaches and research issues for further analysis. 본 연구는 인지된 성불평등이 공공봉사동기에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 정부경쟁력을 높이기 위해 공공기관은 사회수준의 양성평등을 위한 제도적·정책적 수단들을 도입하였음에도 불구하고 국내·외 실증연구들과 국제기구 보고서들은 성별을 중심으로 사회수준뿐만 아니라 조직 내에서 불평등 혹은 불공정성이 발생하고 있다는 점을 지적하고 있다. 성별을 중심으로 성불평등이 존재하며, 이로 인해 조직내 공정성이 낮다는 인식이 구성원들 사이에서 확산될 경우, 개인의 근무동기 저하와 다양한 측면의 조직풍토가 악화될 우려가 있다. 이러한 문제의식에서 본 연구는 조직 내 공정성을 인사관리 분야에 초점을 두고, 인지된 성불평등 인식이 공공봉사동기에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과 성별을 이유로 인사관리(승진, 평가, 임금 등)가 특히 불공정하게 운영된다는 인식은 공공봉사에 부정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 분석됐으며, 이러한 현상은 민간조직에 비해 공공조직에서 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 또한 입직 후 5년 미만의 응답자들은 성별로 인한 차별에 대해 인식 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 근무기간이 5년 이상을 초과하는 응답자들은 차별에 대한 인식 차이가 크게 나타났다. 분석결과를 토대로 인지된 성불평등을 중심으로 발생하는 조직 공정성 문제가 공공봉사동기에 미치는 영향을 설명하고 조직 공정성과 관련한 연구들의 필요성을 제기하였다.