체질량지수와 공명주파수 간의 음향학적 특성

김무정,박찬울,김문정 한국언어치료학회 2019 言語治療硏究 Vol.28 No.2

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between body mass index, height and weight, and the correlation between body mass index and Formant frequency. Methods : The subjects of this study were 15 standard subjects and 15 obese subjects aged 19 to 29 who live in Gyeonggi - do. The relationship between body mass index and Formant frequency was analyzed. In order to compare the correlation between BMI and Formant frequency, we investigated the relationship of person 's correlation. Multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of BMI on height, weight, and Formant frequency. Body composition, body fat and body weight, percentage were measured using a body composition analyzer (Inbody, 770). The subjects' voice was recorded in a noise analysis room without noise. The equipment used for recording was a headset microphone (Sennheiser PC 320 G4ME) and an external sound card (Audio trak MAYA U5) connected to the notebook. Results : First, as a result of comparing the difference between the Formant frequencies of the Normal subject and the Over subject, F1 and F2 did not differ, and F3 showed a significant difference in / a / and / u / (p>.05). Second, the relationship between BMI and Formant frequency was examined. BMI and Formant frequency showed a low correlation (p<.05). Third, the effect of height and weight on Formant frequency according to BMI did not affect the Formant frequency according to BMI. Conclusions : This study suggests that physique and vocal cords are similar to independent views, and body mass index is not a factor to change the resonance frequency. Also, it can be seen that it differs, the slender person's vocal tract is long, and the vocal tract of obese people are short. 목적 : 본 연구에서는 표준과 비만을 대상으로 체질량지수와 신장 및 체중이 어떤 관계가 있는지, 체질량지수와 공명주파수간의 어떤 상관관계가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 연구 대상은 경기도에살고 있는 19세 이상 29세 이하인 표준 15명과 비만 15명을 대상으로 하며 체질량지수와 공명주파수간의 연관성을 분석하였다. 또한 BMI와 공명주파수 간에 상관이 있는지 비교하기 위해 Person’s 상관관계를 알아보았으며, BMI에 따른 신장, 체중, 공명주파수간의 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 검사도구는 체성분 분석기(Inbody, 770)를 이용하여 신장, 체중, 체지방률을 측정하였으며 대상자의 음성은 소음이 없는 음성분석실에서 녹음하였다. 녹음 시 이용한기기는 헤드셋 마이크(Sennheiser PC 320 G4ME)와, 외장형 사운드 카드(Audio trak MAYA U5)를노트북에 연결하여 실시하였다. 결과: 첫째, 표준 대상자와 비만 대상자의 공명주파수 차이를 비교한결과 F1, F2는 차이가 없었으며, F3에서 /a/, /u/에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p>.05). 둘째, BMI와공명주파수 간의 상관관계를 살펴보았는데 BMI와 공명주파수는 낮은 상관관계를 보였다(p<.05). 셋째, BMI에 따른 신장, 체중이 공명주파수에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 BMI에 따른 신장과 체중은공명주파수에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 결론 : 이 연구를 통해 선행연구의 상반되는 주장 중 체격과성대는 독립적으로 자라는 견해와 비슷한 입장이며 체질량지수는 공명주파수를 달라지게 하는 요인이될 수 없다. 또한 날씬한 사람의 성도의 길이는 길고, 뚱뚱한 사람의 성도의 길이는 짧다고 생각하는일반적인 견해와 다르다는 것을 알 수 있다.

벅아이 코퍼스에서의 젊은 성인 남성의 모음 포먼트 분석

윤규철,노혜욱 한국음성학회 2012 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.4 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to extract the vowel formants of the ten young male speakers from the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech [1] and to analyze them in comparison to earlier works in terms of various phonetic factors that are expected to affect the realization of the formant distribution. The first two formant frequency values were automatically extracted with a Praat script along with such factors as the place of articulation, the content versus function word information, syllabic stress information, the location in a word, location in utterance, speech rate of three consecutive words, and the word frequency in the corpus. The results indicated that the formant patterns from the corpus were very different from those of earlier works although the overall pattern was similar and that the factors were strongly responsible for the realization of the two formants.The purpose of this paper is to extract the vowel formants of the ten young male speakers from the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech [1] and to analyze them in comparison to earlier works in terms of various phonetic factors that are expected to affect the realization of the formant distribution. The first two formant frequency values were automatically extracted with a Praat script along with such factors as the place of articulation, the content versus function word information, the syllabic stress information, the location in a word, the location in an utterance, the speech rate of the three consecutive words, and the word frequency in the corpus. The result indicated that the formant patterns from the corpus were very different from those of earlier works although the overall pattern was similar and that the factors were strongly responsible for the realization of the two formants.

Praat을 이용한 아동 포먼트 자동 세팅 스크립트 구현

박지연,성철재 한국음성학회 2018 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.10 No.4

This study introduces an automated Praat script allowing optimal formant analysis for children’s vowels. Using Burg’s algorithm in Praat, formants can be extracted by setting the maximum formant value and the number of formants. The optimal formant setting was determined by identifying the two conditions, F1 and F2, with minimum standard deviations. When applying the optimal formant setting determined by the script, the results of normality tests were not significant among all vowels except /e/ for the maximum formant value, and among the vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ and /ʌ/ for the number of formants. This indicates that when analyzing the formants of children’s vowel sounds, the unilateral application of a parameter setting (the maximum formant value and the number of formants) to all vowels is problematic. The performance of the optimal formant setting script was evaluated along with 3 different algorithm in order to determine whether it properly extracts formants for children’s vowels. To this end, Korean monophghongs of 6-year-old children were collected and the Praat scripts were applied to the data. Resultant Formant plots and statistical analysis showed that optimum_script and qtone_script, which links to the perceptual unit, performed very well in formant extraction compared to the remaining 2 scripts.

Formant Frequency as a Measure of Physical Fatigue

Wook Hyun Ha,Hong Tae Kim,Sung Ha Park 대한인간공학회 2013 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

Objective: The current study investigated a non-obtrusive measure for detecting physical fatigue based on the analysis of formant frequencies of human voice. Background: Fatigue has been considered as a main cause in industrial and traffic accidents. Therefore, it is critical to detect worker"s fatigue for accident prevention. Method: After running exercises on a treadmill, participants were instructed to read a sentence and their voices were recorded under four different physical fatigue levels. Korean vowels of "아", "어", "오", "우", and "이" from the voice recorded were then used to collect formant 1 frequencies. Results: Results of separate ANOVAs showed a significant main effect of physical fatigue on formant 1 frequency of "아", "어", and "이". Furthermore, post-hoc comparisons revealed that formant 1 frequency of "아" was most sensitive to physical fatigue level employed in this experiment. Conclusion: Formant 1 frequencies of some vowels significantly decrease as the physical fatigue level increases. Application: Potential application of this study includes the development of a measure of physical fatigue state that is free from sensor attachment and requires little preparation.

실이에서 여자 음성 /ㅏ/, /ㅣ/, /ㅜ/의 포먼트 주파수 변화

허승덕(Heo, Seungdeok),강희라(Kang, Huira) 한국음성학회 2017 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.1

Formant frequencies depend on the position of tongue, the shape of lips, and larynx. In the auditory system, the external ear canal is an open-end resonator, which can modify the voice characteristics. This study investigates the effect of the real ear on formant frequencies. Fifteen subjects ranging from 22 to 30 years of age participated in the study. This study employed three corner vowels: the low central vowel /a/, the high front vowel /i/, and the high back vowel /u/. For this study, the voice of a well-educated undergraduate who majored in speech-language pathology, was recorded with a high performance condenser microphone placed in the upper pinna and in the ear canal. Paired t-test showed that there were significant difference in the formant frequencies of F1, F2, F3, and F4 between the free field and the real ear. For /a/, all formant frequencies decreased significantly in the real ear. For /i/, F2 increased and F3 and F4 decreased. For /u/, F1 and F2 increased, but F3 and F4 decreased. It seems that these voice modifications in the real ear contribute to interpreting voice quality and understanding speech, timbre, and individual characteristics, which are influenced by the shape of the outer ear and external ear canal in such a way that formant frequencies become centralized in the vowel space.

후두위치의 변화에 따른 Singer's Formant와 성대접촉률의 변화 연구

남도현,최성희,최재남,전석필,최홍식,Nam, Do-Hyun,Choi, Seong-Hee,Choi, Jae-Nam,Chun, Suck-Pil,Choi, Hong-Shik 대한후두음성언어의학회 2004 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.15 No.2

Background and Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference of Fundamental Frequency(Hz), Closed Quotient(Qx ; %), Intensity(dB), Vocal tract length and width(cm), formant frequency(Hz), level of formant frequency(dB) depending on the larynx position. Materials and Methods : One professional male singer(career : 28 years) produced sustained vowel /a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/ in two larynx position (higher, lower) with Dr. Speech and video fluoroscopy was used to quantify the vocal tract morphology. Results : In lower larynx position, CQ is increased 9.8% and Intensity is increased about 10% and level of Formant Frequency is increased. And also Vocal tract length is longer 2.4cm, Vocal tract width(Anterior width : 0.4cm, lateral width : 0.2cm) is wider than in higher larynx position. Conclusions : Singer's formant has a prominent spectrum envelope peak near 2400-2600Hz by clustering of F3, F4 and F5 near 3400Hz in lower larynx position.

모음 포먼트 분석을 통한 정신적 피로 평가

하욱현(Wook Hyun Ha),박성하(Sung Ha Park) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2014 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.37 No.1

Mental fatigue is inevitable in the workplace. Since mental fatigue can lead to decreased efficiency and critical accidents, it is important to manage mental fatigue from the viewpoint of accident prevention. An experiment was performed to evaluate mental fatigue using the formant frequency analysis of human voices. The experimental task was to mentally add or subtract two one-digit numbers. After completing the tasks with four different levels of mental fatigue, subjects were asked to read Korean vowels and their voices were recorded. Five vowel sounds of "아", "어", "오", "우", and "이" from the voice recorded were then used to extract formant 1 frequency. Results of separate ANOVAs showed significant main effects of mental fatigue on formant 1 frequencies of all five vowels concerned. However, post-hoc comparisons revealed that formant 1 frequencies of "아" and "어" were most sensitive to mental fatigue level employed in this experiment. Formant 1 frequencies of "아" and "어" significantly decrease as the mental fatigue accumulates. The formant frequency extracted from human voice would be potentially applicable for detecting mental fatigue induced during industrial tasks.

Acauisition of English Vowels by Korean ESL Speakers: A Phonetic Approach

김수정 대한언어학회 2006 언어학 Vol.14 No.2

Kim, Soo-Jung. 2006. Acquisition of English Vowels by Korean ESL speakers: A Phonetic Approach. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 14(2), 1-16. English has a phonemic distinction of tense and lax vowels that Korean does not have in its sound inventory. Discriminating tense and lax vowels in English is crucial in some cases to catch the right meaning of sentences. In this respect, this study is aimed to diagnose how accurately the tense and lax distinction is acquired by Korean ESL speakers. Specifically, the perception and production ability of Korean English learners are investigated. First, according to perception tests on three groups, high school students(early English learners) showed little difference from college students(late learners): 58 vs. 60%. The teachers group displayed a slightly higher identification rate of 71%. Second, the acoustic measurements of vowel duration and formant frequencies on the speech of Korean ESL and native English speakers suggested each group used different strategies in producing the vowels. The native speakers use both cues of vowel durations and formant frequencies. In contrast, the Korean ESL speakers showed a difference in vowel length, but no statistical difference in formant frequencies, indicating only the length feature is acquired and used in distinguishing the tense and lax vowels in English.

Voice Similarities between Brothers

Ko, Do-Heung,Kang, SunMee 한국음성과학회 2002 음성과학 Vol.9 No.2

This paper aims to provide a guideline for modelling speaker indentification and speaker verification by comparing voice similarities between brothers. Five pairs ofbrothers who are believed to have similar voices participated in this experiment. Before conducted in the experiment, perceptual tests were measured if the voices were similar between brothers. Tfhe words were measured in both isolation and context, and the subjects were asked to read five times with about three seconds of interval between readings. Recordings were made at natural speed in a quiet room. The data were analyzed in pitch and formant frequencies using CSL (Computerized Speech Lab), PCQuirer and MDVP(multi-dimensional Voice Program). It was found that data of the inital vowels are much more similar and homogeneous than those of vowels in other position. Tfhe acoustic data showed that voice similarities are strikingly high in both pitch and formant frequencies. It was also found that the correlation coefficient was not significant betgween parameters above.

표준어와 경상 지역 방언의 한국어 모음 발음에 따른 영어 모음 발음의 영향에 대한 연구

장수연(Soo-Yeon Jang) 한국음성학회 2021 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.13 No.4

본 논문의 목적은 한국어 표준어와 경상 지역 방언의 한국어 모음 발음의 영어 모음 발음에 대한 영향을 연구하는 데 있다. 데이터 자료는 한국인의 영어 발음 음성 코퍼스(Korean-Spoken English Corpus, K-SEC)를 활용하였다. 이 중 일곱 개의 한국어 단모음이 포함된 단어와 열 개의 영어 단모음이 포함된 단어가 선정되어 분석되었다. 선정된 자료는 외국 거주 경험이 없는 성인 남성 표준어 화자와 경상 지역 방언 화자에 의해 발화되었다. 녹음된 코퍼스 자료의 포먼트 주파수는 음성 분석 프로그램인 Praat에서 제공하는 스펙트로그램을 통해 측정되었다. 녹음된 자료들은 포먼트 구역 그래프로 나타내어 분석되었다. 결과에 의하면, 한국어와 영어 모음의 발화에서 경상 지역 방언 화자가 강한 후설성을 보인 반면에 표준어 화자는 비교적 전설성이 강하게 나타났다. 또한, 표준어와 경상 지역 방언의 한국어 모음 발음 차이 (/으/, /어/)는 대치되는 영어 모음 발음(/ə/, /ʊ/)의 조음 방식에 영향을 미쳤다. 지역 방언의 사용과 무관한 한국인의 일반적인 모음 발음 특징은 영어 원어민 화자보다 조음 구역이 좁다는 것이다. 이에 한국인은 전반적으로 긴장 모음과 이완 모음을 구별하는 데 어려움이 있지만, 영어 원어민 화자는 모음 조음에 명확한 구분이 있다. This study aims to enhance English pronunciation education for Korean students by examining the impact of standard Korean and Gyeongsang regional dialect on the articulation of English vowels. Data were obtained through the Korean-Spoken English Corpus (K-SEC). Seven Korean words and ten English mono-syllabic words were uttered by adult, male speakers of standard Korean and Gyeongsang regional dialect, in particular, speakers with little to no experience living abroad were selected. Formant frequencies of the recorded corpus data were measured using spectrograms, provided by the speech analysis program, Praat. The recorded data were analyzed using the articulatory graph for formants. The results show that in comparison with speakers using standard Korean, those using the Gyeongsang regional dialect articulated both Korean and English vowels in the back. Moreover, the contrast between standard Korean and Gyeongsang regional dialect in the pronunciation of Korean vowels (/으/, /어/) affected how the corresponding English vowels (/ə/, /ʊ/) were articulated. Regardless of the use of regional dialect, a general feature of vowel pronunciation among Korean people is that they show more narrow articulatory movements, compared with that of native English speakers. Korean people generally experience difficulties with discriminating tense and lax vowels, whereas native English speakers have clear distinctions in vowel articulation.