Ecological Attributes by Forest Types in the Natural Forest of Mt. Odae

최영화,김지홍,정상훈 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2017 Journal of Forest Science Vol.33 No.1

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological attributes of forest types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Mt. Odae on the basis of the vegetation data (232 sampling points) from the point-quarter sampling methods. For the classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value to describe the stand structure and the species diversity was quantified using the Shannon’s diversity index. Recognized forest types were 1) Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora-Betula ermanii forest type, 2) Mixed mesophytic forest type, 3) Q. mongolica forest type, 4) B. ermanii forest type. Species diversity indices of total and overstory were highest in the Mixed mesophytic forest type (3.465 and 2.942), and lowest in the B. ermanii forest type (0.118 and 0.832). In addition to that, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-B. ermanii forest type was calculated as 3.226 and 2.565, and Q. mongolica forest type was calculated as 2.776 and 1.218 in total and overstory, respectively. It was considered that after the P. densiflora and B. ermanii first invaded and site condition became good, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-B. ermanii forest type was dominated by Q. mongolica. Mixed mesophytic forest type showed the most stable stand structure with various species distributed uniformly. Q. mongolica forest type would preserve the present stand status for a while, and the B. ermanii in B. ermanii forest type would be pressed by other species over time.

지리산 천연림의 유형 분류 및 천이지수 추정

임선미 ( Seon Mi Lim ),김지홍 ( Ji Hong Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.3

On the basis of vegetation data by point quarter sampling method, the natural forest of Jirisan(Mt.) was classified into eight forest types by cluster analysis. They were Quercus mogolica forest type, Fraxinus mandshurica - Betula costata forest type, Mixed mesophytic forest type, Abies koreana forest type, Carpinus laxiflora forest type, Quercus serrata forest type, Pinus densiflora forest type, and Quercus variabilis forest type. Then, succession index was estimated for each forest type so as to evaluate succession process comparatively among forest types. The results showed that Carpinus laxiflora forest type had highest succession index of 219.7, followed by Mixed mesophytic forest type with little difference of the index of 218.3. Pinus densiflora forest type had lowest index. Succession indices were hardly correlated with species diversity indices of forest types. We presumed that the higher value of succession index a forest type had, the closer toward the climax forest. However, the estimated index was not supposed to be absolute level of successional stage, but it could play a role of comparative assessment in the position of the seral stage among forest types.

Ecological Attributes by Forest Types in the Natural Forest of Mt. Odae

Yeong Hwa Choi,Ji Hong Kim,Sang Hoon Chung 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2017 Journal of Forest Science Vol.33 No.1

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological attributes of forest types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Mt. Odae on the basis of the vegetation data (232 sampling points) from the point-quarter sampling methods. For the classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value to describe the stand structure and the species diversity was quantified using the Shannon’s diversity index. Recognized forest types were 1) Quercus mongolica–Pinus densiflora–Betula ermanii forest type, 2) Mixed mesophytic forest type, 3) Q. mongolica forest type, 4) B. ermanii forest type. Species diversity indices of total and overstory were highest in the Mixed mesophytic forest type (3.465 and 2.942), and lowest in the B. ermanii forest type (0.118 and 0.832). In addition to that, Q. mongolica–P. densiflora–B. ermanii forest type was calculated as 3.226 and 2.565, and Q. mongolica forest type was calculated as 2.776 and 1.218 in total and overstory, respectively. It was considered that after the P. densiflora and B. ermanii first invaded and site condition became good, Q. mongolica–P. densiflora–B. ermanii forest type was dominated by Q. mongolica. Mixed mesophytic forest type showed the most stable stand structure with various species distributed uniformly. Q. mongolica forest type would preserve the present stand status for a while, and the B. ermanii in B. ermanii forest type would be pressed by other species over time.

Ecological Attributes by Forest Types in the Natural Forest of Mt. Odae

Choi, Yeong Hwa,Kim, Ji Hong,Chung, Sang Hoon Institute of Forest Science 2017 Journal of Forest Science Vol.33 No.1

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological attributes of forest types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Mt. Odae on the basis of the vegetation data (232 sampling points) from the point-quarter sampling methods. For the classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value to describe the stand structure and the species diversity was quantified using the Shannon's diversity index. Recognized forest types were 1) Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora-Betula ermanii forest type, 2) Mixed mesophytic forest type, 3) Q. mongolica forest type, 4) B. ermanii forest type. Species diversity indices of total and overstory were highest in the Mixed mesophytic forest type (3.465 and 2.942), and lowest in the B. ermanii forest type (0.118 and 0.832). In addition to that, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-B. ermanii forest type was calculated as 3.226 and 2.565, and Q. mongolica forest type was calculated as 2.776 and 1.218 in total and overstory, respectively. It was considered that after the P. densiflora and B. ermanii first invaded and site condition became good, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-B. ermanii forest type was dominated by Q. mongolica. Mixed mesophytic forest type showed the most stable stand structure with various species distributed uniformly. Q. mongolica forest type would preserve the present stand status for a while, and the B. ermanii in B. ermanii forest type would be pressed by other species over time.

Variations in Species and Functional Plant Diversity among Forest Types on the Ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains, South Korea

이창배,조현재,천정화,송호경,김형호 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2013 농업생명과학연구 Vol.47 No.5

This study was conducted to compare species and functional diversity of terrestrial plants among forest types by analyzing the variations in species and functional trait compositions in a large-scale natural forest ecosystem. Plant data were collected at 1,100 plots and a total of 802 plant species from 97 families and 342 genera were found along the ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains in South Korea. Forest types were divided into four categories including Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, other deciduous and other coniferous forest types. To analyze the variations in plant diversity among forest types, we used two species diversity indices such as species richness and the Shannon-Weaver index as well as a newly introduced functional diversity such as Rao’s index. In functional trait composition, megaphanerophyte, geophyte and hemicryptophyte were the dominant traits, whereas the relative proportion of helophyte and hydrophyte and epiphyte indicated less than 1%. In diversity patterns among forest types, species richness and diversity for total plants showed the lowest value in P. densiflora forest type, while other deciduous and Q. mongolica forest types had the highest values of species richness and diversity for woody and herbaceous plants, respectively. However, functional diversity did not depict a clear distinction among four forest types for plant groups. This study suggests that although taxonomical richness and diversity may be different among forest types, there may be no differences in functional diversity. Moreover, these indistinct patterns in functional diversity may be a result of disturbance and successional gradients compounded in a forest type in addition to the type of functional traits used for comparison and contrast among forest types. Therefore, a further study with various functional traits and different environmental gradients should be consistently evaluated to achieve a better understanding of the diversity patterns of plant communities in mountain ecosystems.

시계열 국가산림자원조사 자료를 이용한 전국 산림의 임상 변화 특성 분석과 미래 전망

김은숙,정병헌,배재수,임종환 한국산림과학회 2022 한국산림과학회지 Vol.111 No.4

Natural and anthropogenic factors cause forest types to continuously change. Since the ratio of forest area by forest type is important information for identifying the characteristics of national forest resources, an accurate understanding of the prospect of forest type change is required. The study aim was to use National Forest Inventory (NFI) time-series data to understand the characteristics of forest type change and to estimate future prospects of nationwide forest type change. We used forest type change information from the fifth and seventh NFI datasets, climate, topography, forest stand, and disturbance variables related to forest type change to analyze trends and characteristics of forest type change. The results showed that the forests in Korea are changing in the direction of decreasing coniferous forests and increasing mixed and broadleaf forests. The forest sites that were changing from coniferous to mixed forests or from mixed to broadleaf forests were mainly located in wet topographic environments and climatic conditions. The forest type changes occurred more frequently in sites with high disturbance potential (high temperature, young or sparse forest stands, and non-forest areas). We used a climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) to establish a forest type change model (SVM) to predict future changes. During the 40-year period from 2015 to 2055, the SVM predicted that coniferous forests will decrease from 38.1% to 28.5%, broadleaf forests will increase from 34.2% to 38.8%, and mixed forests will increase from 27.7% to 32.7%. These results can be used as basic data for establishing future forest management strategies. 우리나라 산림의 임상은 자연적·인위적 요인에 의해 지속적으로 변화하고 있다. 임상(침엽수림, 활엽수림, 혼효림) 면적의 비율은 국가 산림자원 특성 파악에 중요하게 활용되는 정보이기 때문에 임상 변화에 대한 정확한 이해와 전망이필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국가산림자원조사 시계열 자료를 이용하여 임상 변화 발생 특성을 이해하고 이를 기반으로 미래 임상 변화 예측치를 도출하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 제5차, 제7차 국가산림자원조사 자료의 10년 기간 임상 변화정보와 임상 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변수(기후, 지형, 임분, 교란 등)를 이용하여 임상 변화 특성을 분석한 결과, 우리나라 산림은 침엽수림이 감소하고 혼효림과 활엽수림이 증가하는 방향으로 변화하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 침엽수림에서 혼효림으로, 혼효림에서 활엽수림으로 변화되는 지역은 주로 지형적으로 습윤하고 강수량이 많아서 수분관련 생육환경이 양호하며 주변에 활엽수림이 많은 지역이었다. 또한 기온이 높은 지역, 임분의 임령과 밀도가 낮은 지역, 주변 지역에비산림이 많은 지역 등 교란 가능성이 높은 지역에서 변화가 많이 발생했다. 이러한 임상의 변화 특성을 반영하여 기계학습 모형(SVM)을 구축하고 기후변화시나리오(RCP 8.5)를 이용하여 미래의 임상 변화를 전망한 결과, 2015년에서 2055년까지 40년 동안 침엽수림은 38.1%에서 28.5%로 감소, 활엽수림은 34.2%에서 38.8%로 증가, 혼효림은 27.7%에서 32.7% 로 증가할 것으로 예측되었다. 본 미래 임상분포 변화 정보는 향후 산림관리 전략 수립의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

The Ecological Characteristics of Classified Forest Cover Types in the Natural Forest of Sobaeksan

Seon-Mi Lim,Ji Hong Kim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2015 Journal of Forest Science Vol.31 No.2

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological characteristics of forest cover types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Sobaeksan on the basis of the vegetation data from the point-quarter sampling method. Recognized forest cover types were 1) Mixed mesophytic forest, 2) Taxus cuspidata forest, 3) Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Quercus mongolica forest, 4) Betula ermanii forest, 5) Pinus densiflora forest, 6) Quercus mongolica mixed forest, and 7) Quercus mongolica pure forest. For those of classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value (IV) to describe the community floristically. The species diversity was quantified using the Shannon's diversity index. The results showed that the forest cover types were characteristically different from one another in growing species and compositional rates, depending upon the type which was formed by a number of similar vegetational sample points. Species diversity indices (H') of total and overstory both were the highest in the mixed mesophytic forest (3.530 and 2.880, respectively), and lowest in the Q. mongolica pure forest (2.122 and 0.000, respectively) with only one canopy species. The highest species diversity in the mixed mesophytic forest may due to the relatively high species richness and evenness in the forest cover types. The description on ecological characteristics were suggested to understand the formation and development of forest cover types in this study area.

속리산 천왕봉 일대의 산림형 분류와 생태적 특성

정상훈 ( Sang Hoon Chung ),황광모 ( Kwang Mo Hwang ),성주한 ( Joo Han Sung ),김지홍 ( Ji Hong Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.3

We classified the forest type and figured out the ecological characteristics for each of the types in order to provide the basic informations for being induced ecologically efficient forest practice plan by vegetation units in the natural forest of Songnisan. We established the 250 sample points and collected the vegetation data of vertical distribution for each sample. A variety of multivariate statistical methods were applied to classify the forest types. The species diversity index were analyzed to estimate the stability and maturity for forest vegetation in each the type. The types were divided from two to ten clusters by cluster analysis. The appropriate number of clusters was estimated five clusters by indicator species analysis. It was verified through the multiple discriminant analysis that the estimated number of clusters had been suitable. Based on the species composition for each the type, this study site was classified into five forest types: 1) Quercus serrata and 2) mixed mesophytic forest in the valley area, 3) Q. mongolica forest in the main ridge, 4) Pinus densiflora forest in the sub-ridge extending from the main, and 5) Q. variabilis-P. densiflora forest between the sub-ridge and valley. The species diversity index of the pine forest that had been a simple species composition was the lowest while that of the mixed mesophytic forest of which the composition had been diverse was the highest. As the forest vegetation was more varied, the index showed a tendency to increase.

The Ecological Characteristics of Classified Forest Cover Types in the Natural Forest of Sobaeksan

Lim, Seon-Mi,Kim, Ji Hong Institute of Forest Science 2015 Journal of Forest Science Vol.31 No.2

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological characteristics of forest cover types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Sobaeksan on the basis of the vegetation data from the point-quarter sampling method. Recognized forest cover types were 1) Mixed mesophytic forest, 2) Taxus cuspidata forest, 3) Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Quercus mongolica forest, 4) Betula ermanii forest, 5) Pinus densiflora forest, 6) Quercus mongolica mixed forest, and 7) Quercus mongolica pure forest. For those of classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value (IV) to describe the community floristically. The species diversity was quantified using the Shannon's diversity index. The results showed that the forest cover types were characteristically different from one another in growing species and compositional rates, depending upon the type which was formed by a number of similar vegetational sample points. Species diversity indices (H') of total and overstory both were the highest in the mixed mesophytic forest (3.530 and 2.880, respectively), and lowest in the Q. mongolica pure forest (2.122 and 0.000, respectively) with only one canopy species. The highest species diversity in the mixed mesophytic forest may due to the relatively high species richness and evenness in the forest cover types. The description on ecological characteristics were suggested to understand the formation and development of forest cover types in this study area.

Landsat 위성영상을 이용한 충청남도임상 분석 및 산림 탄소저장량 추정

김성훈(Sung Hoon Kim),장동호(Dong Ho Jang) 한국지역지리학회 2014 한국지역지리학회지 Vol.20 No.2

본 연구는 Landsat 위성영상과 수치임상도 등을 이용하여 충청남도의 임상을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 산림 탄소저장량을 추정하였다. 임상분석은 NDVI 방법과 Tasseled Cap, ISODATA, 감독분류 등을 사용하였으며, 분류된 결 과를 기초로 임상통계를 활용하여 충청남도의 산림 탄소저장량을 추정하였다. 그 결과, 위성영상을 이용한 임상분석에 서는 감독분류를 통한 임상분석이 가장 높은 전체정확도를 보였으며, 충청남도 전체 임상에서 차지하는 비율은 침엽 수(49.3%), 활엽수(28.0%), 혼효림(22.7%)로 나타났다. 수정된 수치임상도를 통해 추정된 산림 탄소저장량과 다른 추 정 방법들을 비교분석한 결과에서는 Tasseled Cap과 무감독분류를 이용한 방법이 가장 유사한 산림 탄소저장량을 추 정하였지만, 단순히 수치임상도만을 이용한 경우 가장 많은 차이가 나타났다. 향후 위성영상 및 수치임상도를 통합하 여 탄소저장량을 추정한다면 국가단위 산림 탄소저장량 추정에 있어서 보다 정확한 결과를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. In this study, forest types in Chungheongnam-do were analyzed using Landsat satellite images and igital forest type map as a means to estimate forest carbon stocks. NDVI and Tasseled Cap, ISODATA, and upervised classification among others were used to analyze the forest types. The forest carbon stocks of hungcheongnam-do were estimated utilizing forest statistical data derived from the classified results. The resultsindicate that the analysis of forest types through supervised classification yielded the highest overall accuracy inanalyzing forest types using satellite images. Coniferous forests(49.3%) accounted for the highest proportion in allthe forest types of Chungcheongnam-do, followed by deciduous forests(28.0%) and mixed forests(22.7%). Theresults of a comparative analysis between forest carbon stocks estimates made using the modified digital forest typemap and other estimation methods showed that the method using Tasseled Cap and unsupervised classificationyielded the most similar forest carbon stock estimates. The most significant difference, though, was made whenonly the digital forest type map was used. It is expected that if carbon stocks are estimated by integrating satelliteimages and digital forest type maps in the future, more accurate results can be derived in estimating forest carbonstocks at a national level.