Factors Predicting Early Release of Thyroid Cancer Patients from the Isolation Room after Radioiodine-131 Treatment

Fatima, Nosheen,Zaman, Maseeh uz,Zaman, Areeba,Zaman, Unaiza,Tahseen, Rabia,Shahid, Wajiha Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.1

Background: Patients with differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC) who receive radioactive iodine-131 (RAI) are released from isolation when their dose rate is below the regulatory requirements. The purpose of this study was establish predicting factors for early release from the isolation facility after RAI administration in patients with DTC. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study which included 96 (58 females and 38 males) patients with DTC who had received RAI from April 2013 till August 2015. The study was duly approved by the ethical committee of the institute. Patients who had complete information of primary tumor size (PTS), serum TSH, stimulated thyroglobulin level [sTg] with antibodies (IU/ml) at the time of RAI treatment were included. All had a normal serum creatinine level. To attain lower effective half-life good hydration and administration of soft laxative were ensured. Dose rate was measured (immediately, 24 h and 36 h) at 1 meter distance from anterior mid trunk and a dose rate <$50{\mu}Sv/h$ was considered as the releasing criterion. At 24 h 50 patients were released while the remaining 46 patients were released at 36 h. A post-ablative whole body scan (PA-WBIS) was performed 5-8 days after RAI ablation in all patients. Results: Patients released after 24 h were significantly younger, had smaller lesions with higher proportion of papillary cancer, lower sTg, lower sTg/TSH ratio and had received a lower dose of RAI as comapred to those who were discharged after 36 h. Serum TSH and gender were not found to have any significant correlation between two cohorts. ROC and multivariate analysis have shown age ${\leq}37years$, PTS ${\leq}3.8cm$, $RAI{\leq}150mCi$, $sTg{\leq}145ng/ml$ and $sTg/TSH{\leq}1.085$ as strong indepedent predictors for early release. Conclusions: We conclude that younger age (${\leq}37years$), smaller tumor size (${\leq}3.8cm$), lower RAI dose (${\leq}150mCi$), lower sTg (${\leq}145ng/ml$) and a lower sTg/TSH ratio (${\leq}1.085$) are significant independent predictors for release at 24 h after RAI treatment in DTC patients. Effective utilization of these factors could help the treating physicians to use limited number of internment facilities with higher throughput, lower cost and lower psychological stress to patients.

Job Shop 환경에서의 주문 투입 방법 경제성 비교

도재성,이지수 한국경영공학회 2008 한국경영공학회지 Vol.13 No.1

This paper develops a new method for flow time prediction in a job shop, and proposes a new order review/release(ORR) method based on the predicted flow time. A new method estimates flow time by using exponentially smoothed feedback of waiting time updated at each job completion. The proposed ORR method utilizes both due date and estimated flow time. A series of tests is conducted with computer simulation experiments to evaluate performance of proposed methods. The experimental results show that the proposed flow time prediction method is superior with respect to the mean absolute percent error measures. The experimental results also show that the proposed new ORR method based on the predicted flow time is more economical than commonly used immediate release method(IMR) with respect to earliness/tardiness cost structures.

중추성 성조숙증 및 조기 사춘기 여아에서 성선자극호르몬 방출호르몬작용제의 용량에 따른 사춘기 억제 효과 비교

심계식,배종우,양유정 대한소아청소년과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.51 No.6

Purpose:There has been considerable disagreement regarding the most appropriate dosage of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in cases of central precocious puberty. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate dosage for suppression of the puberty in girls with central precocious or early puberty. Methods:Twenty-two girls with early puberty were randomly subjected to 3 types of dosages of leuprolide acetate for at least 6 months. The number of cases in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 7, 7, and 8, and dosages were 70, 90, and 110 µg/ kg/-month, respectively. Height, weight, bone age, Tanner stage of breast development, and serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone were measured before treatment and after 6 months of treatment. The number of cases of puberty suppression was compared using a modified puberty suppression score with a nonparametric chi-square test. Results:There were no significant differences of chronologic and bone ages among the groups. There was a significant decrease in height SDS gain after 6 months in group 3 (P<0.05) compared with groups 1 and 2. Serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone were all significantly decreased after treatment in all 3 groups (P<0.05). The number of cases of puberty suppression in each group were 4 (57%), 5 (71%), and 8 (100%). There was a significantly increased proportion of suppression of puberty in group 3 (P<0.05). Conclusion:It was necessary to use a higher dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist to suppress early puberty in girls; however further longitudinal study will be needed for their prognosis of final adult height. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:635-639) Purpose:There has been considerable disagreement regarding the most appropriate dosage of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in cases of central precocious puberty. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate dosage for suppression of the puberty in girls with central precocious or early puberty. Methods:Twenty-two girls with early puberty were randomly subjected to 3 types of dosages of leuprolide acetate for at least 6 months. The number of cases in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 7, 7, and 8, and dosages were 70, 90, and 110 µg/ kg/-month, respectively. Height, weight, bone age, Tanner stage of breast development, and serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone were measured before treatment and after 6 months of treatment. The number of cases of puberty suppression was compared using a modified puberty suppression score with a nonparametric chi-square test. Results:There were no significant differences of chronologic and bone ages among the groups. There was a significant decrease in height SDS gain after 6 months in group 3 (P<0.05) compared with groups 1 and 2. Serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone were all significantly decreased after treatment in all 3 groups (P<0.05). The number of cases of puberty suppression in each group were 4 (57%), 5 (71%), and 8 (100%). There was a significantly increased proportion of suppression of puberty in group 3 (P<0.05). Conclusion:It was necessary to use a higher dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist to suppress early puberty in girls; however further longitudinal study will be needed for their prognosis of final adult height. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:635-639)

The Estimation of Early Health Effects for Different Combinations of Release Parameters and Meteorological Data

Jeong, Jongtae,Jung, Wondea Korean Nuclear Society 2001 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.33 No.6

Variations in the number of early health effects resulting from the severe accidents of the YGN 3&4 nuclear power plants were examined for different combinations of release parameters and meteorological data . The release parameters and meteorological data were selected in combination to define a limited number of basic spectra characterized by release height, heat content, release time, warning time, wind speed, rainfall rate, and atmospheric stability class. Variant seasonal spectra were also defined in order to estimate the potential significance of seasonal variations as a factor determining the incidence or number of early health effects. The results show that there are large differences in consequences from spectrum to spectrum, although an equal amount and mix of radioactive material is released to the atmosphere in each case. Also, there are large differences in the estimated number of health effects from season to season due to distinct seasonal variations in meteorological combinations in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to consider seasonal characteristics in developing optimum emergency response strategies.

A STUDY ON METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING CORRELATIONS BETWEEN LERF AND EARLY FATALITY

Kang, Kyungmin,Jae, Moosung,Ahn, Kwang-Il Korean Nuclear Society 2012 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.44 No.7

The correlations between Large Early Release Frequency (LERF) and Early Fatality need to be investigated for risk-informed application and regulation. In Regulatory Guide (RG) -1.174, while there are decision-making criteria using the measures of Core Damage Frequency (CDF) and LERF, there are no specific criteria on LERF. Since there are both huge uncertainties and large costs needed in off-site consequence calculation, a LERF assessment methodology needs to be developed, and its correlation factor needs to be identified, for risk-informed decision-making. A new method for estimating off-site consequence has been presented and performed for assessing health effects caused by radioisotopes released from severe accidents of nuclear power plants in this study. The MACCS2 code is used for validating the source term quantitatively regarding health effects, depending on the release characteristics of radioisotopes during severe accidents. This study developed a method for identifying correlations between LERF and Early Fatality and validates the results of the model using the MACCS2 code. The results of this study may contribute to defining LERF and finding a measure for risk-informed regulations and risk-informed decision-making.

양형기준의 도입과 가석방

최준혁(Choi, Jun-Hyouk) 한국형사정책학회 2012 刑事政策 Vol.24 No.1

Parole Board in England and Wales is the independent body that protects the public by making risk accessments about prisoners to decide who may safely be released into community and who must remain in or be returned to custody. Slowly it becomes a civil liberties court, safeguarding the rights of the prisoner quite as much as the rights of the public. And offenders who receive ordinary determinate sentences of imprisonment of 12 months or longer are to be released automatically at the halfway point of ther sentences. Once released, the will - except for ‘recall’ case - remain on licence in the community and under the supervision of an offender manager until their full sentence has expired. parole procedure became also much fairer. Prisoner can make access to their dossiers, have the opportunity to make representation on their contents and hear reasons for the decisions that were taken. Sentencing guidelines in England and Wales are applicable in all criminal courts to ensure a consistent approach and transparency in sentencing. Even if Sentencing Council make these guidelines to promote a clear, fair and consistent approach to sentencing, guidelines are intended to create an approach and within that approach, judicial discretion is preserved. The Coronors and Justice Act (2009) allows sentence outside the guideline for particular case. This research shows, there is no definitive nexus between sentencing guideline and early release in Practice of England. Sentencing guideline and early release are different institutions with different purposes. Reform of parole system toward a fairer and transparent decision-making procedure by a courtlike body and safeguarding the rights of prisoners are that we must learn in parole system in England.

조기 사춘기 여아에서 생식샘 자극호르몬 분비호르몬 유사체 단독치료와 성장호르몬 병합치료가 예측성인신장에 미치는 효과

이병철,노승림,김준범,정민호,서병규 대한소아내분비학회 2007 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.12 No.1

Purpose : Many recent studies have been performed to improve adult height in short normal girls with early puberty by arresting rapid pubertal progression. We evaluated the effect of combined therapy with growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on predicted adult height in girls with early puberty, comparing them with a group treated with GnRHa alone. Methods : Twenty eight girls with early puberty were classified into two groups and treated for an average 18 months. Group I of 18 girls was treated with GnRHa alone (leuprolide acetate; dosage: 30- 90 mcg/kg, s.c. every 28 days) and group II of 10 girls was treated in combination with GH (dosage: 0.1 IU/kg, s.c. 5-7 days/week). Two groups were compared in terms of bone age, height, sexual maturity, and predicted adult height at the start and after the treatment. Results : Two groups were not significantly different from each other in chronologic age, bone age, weight, target height, and sexual maturity before and after treatment. After treatment, group I showed predicted adult height (157.1±6.2 cm) which was comparable to target height (157.1±3.7 cm) and was not significantly higher than predicted adult height before treatment (156.0±6.5). On the contrary, group II showed predicted adult height (158.5±4.6 cm) which was comparable to target height (156.2±3.6 cm), but significantly higher than predicted adult height before treatment (154.2±7.4 cm) (P<0.05). Conclusions : GH and GnRHa combination treatment is more effective than GnRHa treatment alone to improve predicted adult height in girls with early puberty. 목 적 : 최근 키가 작은 조기 사춘기 여아에서 사춘기 진행을 억제함으로써 성인신장을 개선하려는 연구가 계속되고 있다. 이에 조기 사춘기 여아에서 생식샘 자극호르몬 분비호르몬 유사체(GnRH agonist) 단독치료와 성장호르몬(GH) 병합치료가 이들의 예측성인신장에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 이 연구를 시도하였다. 방 법 : 조기 사춘기 여아 28명을 대상으로 GnRH agonist 단독치료군(18명)과 GnRH agonist와 GH의 병합치료군(10명)으로 나누어 평균 18개월(12-36개월)동안 치료하였다. GnRH agonist 치료는 Leuprolide acetate (30- 90 mcg/kg)를 4주에 1회, GH치료는 0.1 IU/kg/day의 용량을 일주일에 6-7회 주사하였다. 치료 시작 시와 치료 후의 골연령, 신장 및 표준편차, 예측성인신장, 표적키를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 치료시작 전과 후에서 역연령, 골연령, 체중, 표적키, 성성숙도는 두군 간에 차이가 없었다. GnRH agonist 단독치료군에서 치료 후 예측성인신장은 157.1±6.2 cm로 표적키 157.1±3.7 cm와 같았고 치료 전 예측성인신장 156.0±6.5 cm 보다는 약간 개선되었으나 유의한 차이는 아니었다. 한편 GnRH agonist와 GH 병합치료군에서 치료 후 예측성인신장은 158.5±4.6 cm로 표적키 156.2±3.6 cm보다 약간 컸으나 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았는데 치료 전 예측성인신장 154.2±7.4 cm보다는 유의하게 개선됨을 알 수 있었다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 조기 사춘기 여아에서 예측성인신장을 개선하기 위해서는 GnRH agonist 단독요법보다는 GnRH agonist와 GH 병합요법이 더 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

김지하 초기시에서 “수동적 적극성”의 의미

전병준 우리어문학회 2012 우리어문연구 Vol.43 No.-

This thesis is written to clarify the meaning of the passive activity(Gelassenheit) in the Kim, Ji-ha's early poems. It has been mostly agreed that Kim's poems are divided to two main streams. One is the political resistance poems, and the other is the lyrical life poems. Consented to the precedented inquiries, this study focused on the speech Kim addressed, which shows the important characteristic. It can be thought as the passive activity(Gelassenheit) which Heidegger mentioned, i.e. accepting the other he comes to notice the inter-subjectivity between the subject and the object. The subject becomes the subject through the process that he comes under the territory of the passivity by letting himself to the other. In that process the Zen-Buddhism played the important role to overcome the grudge and the abhorrence to the people who performed the violence to him. By passing this course the subject can meet the other as the personal subject. This paper concluded that Kim comes to understand the meaning the generous affirmation of the whole life through this series of course. 본 논문은 정치시와 생명시라는 이분법적 논리에 의해 재단되어온 김지하의 시를 연속성 속에서의 변화라는 관점에서 논의하기 위한 출발점으로서 그의 초기시에 집중하여 논의하였다. 이러한 문제 의식 아래 김지하가 ‘로터스 상’과 ‘크라이스키 인권상’을 수상하며 행한 연설의 내용에 착안하여 김지하 시의 내적 일관성을 추출할 수 있는지를 살펴보았다. 이와 같은 문제 의식을 실행하기 위한 방법으로 그가 언급한 “수동적 적극성”을 선(禪)의 전통에서 살펴볼 수 있음을 논구하였으며, 이것이 그가 부정적 사태를 극복할 수 있는 중요한 사유의 출발점임을 밝히고자 하였다. 김지하의 초기시는 주지하는 대로 독재 정권에 대한 저항과 거부의 수단으로 점철되었으나, 그럼에도 거기에는 이후 시적 편력에서 중요하게 부각되는 생명에 대한 긍정을 찾아볼 수 있는 가능성이 있었다. 이것은 그가 선불교와 참선 활동을 통해 경험하게 된 사유의 전환에서 비롯한 것이라 할 수 있는바, 자신에게 가해지는 자극과 폭력을 다만 증오와 원한의 감정으로 대하지 않고 오히려 그것들을 강인하게 긍정하는 용기를 발휘하면서 가능하게 된 것이라 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 김지하의 문학적 여정을 이분법적으로 재단하는 기존의 논의에 비판을 제기하기 위해 그가 행한 연설의 “수동적 적극성”을 의미 있게 해석함으로써 구체적인 시작품 분석에 적용하고자 하였다. 그의 시에 비극적인 역사에 대한 비판과 부당한 권력에 대한 저항이 담겨 있는 것은 사실이나 그럼에도 그러한 시편에 비극과 부정을 강인하게 긍정하고자 하는 태도가 있음을 확인할 수 있었거니와, 이러한 특성을 그가 말한 “수동적 적극성”의 태도와 관련하여 논의될 필요가 있음을 제기하고자 하였다. “수동적 적극성”을 통해 타자를 강인하게 긍정하는 태도는 초기시뿐 아니라, 그의 시적 편력이 변화하게 되는 1980년대 이후에 대해서도 적용 가능하다고 판단된다.

이산화탄소소화설비 진압실패확률에 대한 밸브 기여도의 정량적 분석

임현태(Hyun-Tae Yim),김주성(Joo-Sung Kim) 한국화재소방학회 2020 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.34 No.6

원자력발전소에는 비상디젤발전기, 유류 및 전기설비 등이 설치된 지역의 신속한 화재진압을 위하여 이산화탄소소화설비가 설치되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 이산화탄소소화설비에 설치된 밸브의 작동 시나리오가 진압실패확률에미치는 기여도를 정량적으로 분석하고, 화재 확률론적 안전성 평가[이하 화재 Probabilistic safety assessment (PSA)]에서 적용한 진압실패확률이 적절한지를 평가하였다. 공기조기방출장치의 적용/미적용 이산화탄소소화설비에 대한 신뢰도분석모델은 고장수목형태로 개발하였으며, 설비를 구성하는 주요 구성품에 대한 신뢰도데이터를 분석하였다. 신뢰도분석 결과에 따르면 공기조기방출장치를 적용한 이산화탄소소화설비의 실패확률은 6.22 × 10-3/회로 평가되었으며 공기조기방출장치를 미적용한 이산화탄소소화설비의 실패확률에 비해 2.67배 높은 값이다. 이 결과는 화재지역으로 이산화탄소가 공급되기 이전에 장배관내의 잔류 공기를 대기로 방출하기 위한 급속배기밸브 및 우회유로 격리밸브의 추가로 인한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 공기조기방출장치를 적용한 이산화탄소소화설비의 실패확률은 화재 PSA에서 적용한 진압실패확률의 15.6% 수준으로, 화재 PSA에서 사용한 진압실패확률이 보수적임 값임을 확인하였다. 이산화탄소 소화설비에 대한 국내·외의 신뢰성 분석 경험이 없으며, 모든 화재 PSA에서는 NSAC-179L에서 권고하는진압실패확률을 사용하고 있다. Carbon dioxide suppression systems are used in nuclear power plants to extinguish oil fires and ensure integrity ofcritical equipment. In this study, the contributions of the valves in the carbon dioxide suppression system to the failureprobability of suppression were quantitatively analyzed, and the failure probability of the fire suppression system appliedto the fire Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) was evaluated for appropriateness. Then, a reliability evaluation modelwas developed in the form of a fault tree, and the reliability data were analyzed for the major component. The failureprobability of the carbon dioxide suppression system with early air-release equipment was assessed as 6.22 × 10-3/demand,which is 2.67 times that of the system without such equipment. The results were attributed to the addition of the divertedline isolation valves and quick exhaust valve to release residual air into the atmosphere before supplying carbon dioxideto the fire area. It was also confirmed that the failure probability of the carbon dioxide suppression system with the earlyair-release equipment was 15.6% that of the suppression provided by the fire PSA and that the failure probability ofsuppression by the fire PSA was conservative. There are no reported guidelines in literature for analyzing the reliabilitiesof carbon dioxide fire suppression systems, and the fire PSA currently use the failure probability of suppressionrecommended by the NSAC-179L.

보수주의가 사전이익공시에 미치는 영향

김미숙,임학빈,정 훈 한국회계정책학회 2019 회계와 정책연구 Vol.24 No.2

[Purpose]This study is to examine the impact of conservatism on the preliminary earnings announcement. According to prior literatures, preliminary earnings announcement and early announcement of earings have mitigated the risk of information leakage and have provided positive effect on firm’s value. However, in spite of these positive aspects, not all listed firms have released preliminary earnings announcement or early announcement of earings. We presume that this is due to time constraints for early closing or time-consumed on external audit. Also, burdens for accuracy would discourage the firms from releasing the preliminary earnings announcement. [Methodology]Variables that represent conservatism are used by various methods through Cscore and Qscore of Penman and Zhang(2002), Basu(1997) model, Book to market ratio of Feltham and Ohlson(1995) and Zang(2000) and non-operating accruals of Givoly and Hayn(2000). Methodologies used in this study were logistic regression model (ordered logistic regression analysis). [Findings]The result of this study supports that the variables that represent conservatism except one measured by non-operating accruals have impact on preliminary earnings announcement and its timing. In other words, more conservative accounting makes firms to release preliminary earnings announcement and at earlier time. This evidence suggests that managers have an incentive to choose earning announcement types and its timing according to the level of conservative accounting. [Policy Implications]Even though there is no more ‘conservatism’ concept in conceptual framework for financial reporting through adoption of the K-IFRS, this study indicates that conservatism still accelerates disclosure that contributes to efficiency of capital market by reducing agency cost. [연구목적]본 연구는 보수주의가 기업의 영업실적 사전공시에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 선행연구에 따르면 기업의 영업실적 사전공시 및 이의 조기공시는 미공개정보 유출에 대한 위험을 완화해주며 기업가치에 긍정적인 영향을 보고한다. 그러나 이러한 장점에도 불구하고 모든 기업이 영업실적 사전공시 및 이의 조기공시를 수행하고 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 회계결산 또는 외부감사에 대한 시간적 한계와 영업실적 사전공시의 정확성에 대한 부담이 원인일 것으로 보았다. [연구방법]보수주의는 다양한 방법으로 측정되어 왔으며 이에 대한 우선순위가 존재하지 않으므로, 다양한 방법으로 보수주의를 측정하고 이러한 측정치가 영업실적 사전공시에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 구체적으로 보수주의의 측정은 Penman and Zhang(2002)의 C score와 Q score, Basu(1997)모형, Feltham and Ohlson(1995)과 Zang(2000)의 주가와 순자산 크기를 이용한 모형 및 Givoly and Hayn(2000)의 비영업발생액모형을 사용하였다. 이후 이를 통해 측정된 보수주의가 기업들의 연간 영업실적 공시여부와 시기에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 로지스틱 분석을 이용하였다. [연구결과]분석결과 비영업발생액 모형을 제외한 모든 보수주의 측정치가 영업실적의 사전공시와 조기공시에 영향을 미치고 있다. 즉, 보수주의 수준이 높을수록 기업들은 영업실적을 사전공시하며 사전 공시하는 경우 조기에 공시하는 것으로 나타났다. [정책적 시사점]한국채택국제회계기준의 도입으로 개념체계에서 보수주의를 언급하고 있지 않지만, 기업들의 보수주의 회계처리 성향은 영업실적의 사전공시 혹은 이의 조기공시를 유도하는데 기여하고 있다. 본 연구는 보수주의 회계처리가 영업실적의 사전공시를 촉진함으로써 기업의 대리인비용을 감소시키고 자본시장의 효율성을 증대하는 실증결과를 제시한다.