Development of Culinary Tourism in European Countries

Boiko, Viktoriia,Liubynskyi, Oleksandr,Strikha, Liudmyla,Zarakhovskyi, Oleksandr Y.,Neilenko, Sergii International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2021 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.21 No.4

The scientific paper studies the impact of tourism and traveling on the economic level of development of countries at the macro level and its relationship with other sectors of the economy. Tourism is one of the budget-forming factors of every economy. This work describes the main trends in the development of tourism. It is determined that about one third of tourism revenues are generated by the food sector, i.e., the culinary niche of tourism. Culinary tourism is a new direction of tourism, but it is developing quite dynamically in the EU. Culinary is an important part of rural tourism in the EU and culinary tourism is actively promoted at fairs and festivals. In recent years rural tourism has been developing both at the international level and in Ukraine, primarily due to its features, which include the implementation of the principles of sustainable community development, preservation of local traditions and cultural values, gastronomic events to promote them. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical aspects of the development of gastronomic tourism in the world, to analyze the actual condition of gastronomic tourism in the EU and Ukraine, identifying prospects and ways to develop regional gastronomic tourism. The methodological and informational basis of the work is analytical reports and researches related to the development of event tourism and statistics. Systematic and logistical approaches to the studied problems were used to achieve this goal. Various general scientific and special research methods were also used. Based on PESTLE analysis, key aspects of the external environment of gastronomic tourism in Ukraine are identified. We took into account the principles of sustainable development: political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental. The main trends in the development of gastronomic tourism in the world are studied and it is found that the greatest development in the coming years will be the trend of combining gastronomic and event tourism on the basis of sustainable development. The main preconditions and possibilities of introduction of this holistic approach to the strategy of development of the tourist branch of Ukraine are determined. A model of sustainable value chain of gastronomic tourism in the region is formed and the main advantages of its implementation are identified: formation of a regional brand, preservation of culinary traditions, development of green farming, minimization of negative impact on the environment, sustainable development of communities.

可持續發展的網絡治理模式: 中國城市發展轉型的深圳經驗

朱旭峰 ( Zhu Xufeng ),张超 ( Zhang Chao ) 성균관대학교 성균중국연구소 2019 중국사회과학논총 Vol.1 No.1

Development is the core theme for the forty years’ progress since the Reform and Open in China. Unlike the single target of economic growth, the development in Chinese cities has gradually incorporated various values and meanings. Especially, Sustainable Development, as a development approach requesting the coordination of economy, society and environment, has been a main trend now. The Sustainable Development Goal has launched the greatest ever policy experiment for human-beings, and it also provides a precious opportunity for the development of researches on public management. However, compared with the theoretical discussion on economic growth, the exist literature cannot fully reply on the questions of how is public governance works in China for sustainable development, what’s has changed in the governance models along with the transfer of development targets? How will different actors coordinate and cooperate for achieving SDGs? As a typical city of Reform and Open and also a demonstration zone for sustainable development, Shenzhen acts as a model providing precious experiences for reference. Based on multiple rounds of interviews and on-site visits, this study chooses Shenzhen as a case of transformational development. With a discussion on the theories of governance, this paper points out a network governance model, integrating governments, companies and society, for promoting sustainable development. This Shenzhen model is illustrated by “Small government” of public service, “Big society” of improving wellbeing, and “Companies leading” of an innovative approach. This paper is intended to provide solid and beneficial reference for sustainable development in other cities.

중국 환경경제의 발전과정과 전망

서정우,최영 한국경영사학회 2023 經營史學 Vol.108 No.-

환경경제학은 1960년대 이후 급속도로 발전한 경제학의 한 분야로서 현대경제학의 원리와 방법을 이용하여 환경문제를 연구하고 있다. 환경경제학은 환경과학과 경제학의 교차점으로, 경제적 지렛대를 최대한 활용하여 환경오염 문제를 해결하고, 환경 가치를 보다 구체적으로 만들고 환경가치를 생산 및 생활비용에 통합시켜 무료 사용 및 환경오염을차단하는 방법을 연구한다. 중국의 환경경제 발전은 지난 1970년대 중반 이후 중국이 개혁개방을 시작하면서 세계경제에 적극 편입되어 환경오염을 통제하기 시작하였다. 초기에는 건설업과 제지업이중심이었는데, 이 두 산업은 생산과정에서 많은 산업폐수를 발생시키고 폐수를 방류하여하천의 심각한 오염문제를 야기하여서 수질오염 관리사업을 진행하였다. 또한 사회적경제의 지속적인 발전과 함께 사람들의 환경의식도 향상되어 환경경제가 다양한 산업에 침투하게 되었다. 앞으로 전세계는 자연과학적인 방법으로 오염문제를 해결해야 할 뿐만 아니라 동시에개발과정에서 발생하는 제반 환경문제를 해결하기 위해 보다 완전한 방법을 사용해야 할것이다. 본 연구는 중국환경경제의 역사적 발전단계를 크게 세 단계로 나누어, 즉 환경정책의전무시기, 환경정책의 틀 구축 시기, 환경정책의 발전 시기로 나누어 살펴보고, 제Ⅳ장에서 중국 환경경제의 발전을 위한 요건과 발전규모 예측 및 미래 전망을 제시해 보고자한다. Environmental economics was born in advanced Western countries, and in economic philosophical books, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels explained in depth the relationship between humans and nature and the impact of human activities on the natural environment and pointed out the economic source of environmental problems. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on Human Environment was held in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and a landmark historical document was written to protect the global environment, officially under the slogan “There is only one Earth.” The United Nations Declaration on the Human Environment, adopted by all countries around the world, is an important milestone in the history of human environmental protection. The Stockholm Conference pointed out that environmental issues are not only technical but also important economic issues. In the future, we must not only solve pollution in natural scientific ways, but also use more complete methods to solve environmental problems that arise during development. From the 1970s to the early 21st century, the environmental economy developed rapidly in developed countries. China is currently facing an important bottleneck in sustainable economic and social development, with stronger resource constraints, severe environmental pollution, and worsening ecosystems. Meanwhile, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China suggested that socialism unique to China has entered a new era, and pointed out that major contradictions in Chinese society have turned into contradictions between rising demand for a better life and disproportionate and inadequate development. Thus, these major social contradictions presented new requirements for China’s future development. In 2015, the Chinese government emphasized the need to maintain and accelerate sustainable development by establishing basic national policies of resource conservation and environmental protection, including green development and cooperative development as five development concepts leading to future development. At the same time, it was announced that we should save resources and build an environmentally friendly society. Meanwhile, the 19th Five-Year Conference of the Communist Party of China presented a blueprint for the construction of a “beautiful China” and the development of a high-quality economic and social society in 2035 during the “14th Five-Year (2021~2025) Plan.” Specifically, it was announced that it should firmly maintain the direction of ecological priority and green development, actively promote social governance patterns of joint construction, joint governance, and sharing, and maintain nationwide action for beautiful Chinese construction. In fact, good ecological environment and economic policy are oriented in the same direction, and such high-quality economic development and high-level protection of the ecological environment will eventually lead to an upward march, making it a good start for the construction of a Chinese state. Marking the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 2019, China should review the harmonious development process of the Chinese environment and economy, seek ways to make good use of ecological environment policies, and promote harmonious development of the ecological environment and economy. In addition, it is necessary to take the path of production development, people’s lives are rich and ecological, form a new pattern of modernization on the harmonious development of humans and nature, and at the same time contribute greatly to the ecological safety of the Earth. This is because in order to prevent the collapse of the environmental crisis, human attitudes toward the natural environment must first be fundamentally changed, and human civilization itself can achieve destruction if it is not treated with nature in this attitude.

발달장애유아의 그림발달단계 선호 색채 사용 색채 수 분석

이규순 한국예술심리치료학회 2009 예술심리치료연구 Vol.5 No.2

The Purpose of this study was to analysis of development-disorder infant's drawing focusing on their drawing's developmental stages, preferred colors, and number of color. First, with regard to stages of development in drawings based on sex and age, I came to know that most infants with development disorders are in the scribing stage, which is the first stage of the 6 stages on development in drawings that V. Lowenfeld crafted for infants. And, it was also found that female infants are relatively in higher stages than their male counterparts in terms of development in drawings. Along with this, though individual differences in the development are stark based on the severity of disorders, infants with development disorders also show progress in drawings as they grow older, and I could see that to some extent, they are able to express their emotions more freely. Second, I studied whether colors they like are different according to sex and age. I found out that male infants with development disorders prefer a black color the most, and female infants like a green color the most, showing that male and female infants with development disorders have different color preferences. In addition, it turned out that those who are at 4 like orange, reddish brown and black colors the most, and infants of 5 years old prefer a yellow color the most. Many people have conducted research on color preferences, and they are showing much different views on this matter. Third, regarding whether there are differences in the number of colors they use according to sex and age, a lot of male infants drew pictures using one color, and in the case of female infants, many of them used two kinds of colors. For infants with development disorders, I could see that the number of colors they used according to sex has statistical importance. Infants with development disorders of 4 years old turned out to use two colors when they draw pictures, and in the case of those who are at 5, many of them used one color. For infants with development disorders, the number of colors they use based on age has no statistical importance.

Development of a Sustainable HRD Ecosystem Model and Indicators

김주석(Kim, Juseuk) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2021 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.21 No.10

목적 지식기반사회 및 100세 시대에 돌입하면서 지속가능한 교육생태계 구축 및 이를 지원 할 수 있는 인적자원개발에 관한 연구는 매우 필요한 주제이다. 또한, 미래사회에 대처하기 위한 국가차원의 지속가능한 인재육성 체제를 구축하는 것이 매우 필요하지만, 이러한 활동이 얼마나 잘 수행되고 있는지에 대한 국가별 진단 및 평가는 부족한 실정이다.방법 기존의 각 국별 교육성취도 및 인적자원능력을 측정하려는 노력이 있었지만, 지속가능한 인적자원체계를 비교 평가하는 지표로서는 한계가 존재한다. 따라서 본 연구는 국제적으로 비교 평가할 수 있는 지속가능한 인적자원개발 지표를 개발하고 적용하는 것을 목표로 한다.결과 이 연구는 세 부분으로 구성된다. 첫째, 지속가능한 인적자원개발에 대한 이론적 검토 및 기존 인적자원개발 지표들을 비교한다. 둘째, 선행연구를 바탕으로 지속가능한 인적자원개발 지표개발 과정을 소개한다. 셋째, 이러한 과정을 통해 개발된 지표를 바탕으로 인적자원개발 지속가능성 국가 순위를 도출한다.결론 그리하여 본 연구에서 선정한 지표는 각국의 지속가능한 인재육성 체제를 평가하는데 사용될 뿐만 아니라, 주요국가들과의 비교를 가능하게 한다. 또한 각 국가의 지속가능한 인적자원개발 시스템과 관련된 정책을 평가함으로써, 이를 기반으로 각국별 인적자원개발의 지속가능성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Objectives Despite the knowledge-based society and the age of 100, research and practical tools for sustainable education ecosystem and human resource development that can support it are currently very scarce. In addition, building a sustainable human resource development system at the national level is very important for improving human life quality and coping with the future society, but there is a lack of diagnosis and evaluation of how well these activities are performed. While there are efforts to measure national educational achievement and human resource abilities, there are limitations as indicators for comparing and evaluating sustainable human resources systems. Therefore, this study aims to provide an index of sustainable human resource development that can be compared and evaluated internationally. Methods This study consists of three major parts. The first part is a comparison between the theoretical review of sustainable human resource development and the index related to existing human resource development. The second is an introduction to the development process of sustainable human resource development index based on these prior studies. The third part compares the national ranking of human resource development sustainability based on the indexes developed through this process. Results The indexes selected in this study will not only be used to assess sustainable human resources development systems in each country, but will also enable them to compare with those of major countries in the world. Conclusions The indexes selected in this study will not only be used to assess sustainable human resources development systems in each country, but will also enable them to compare with those of major countries in the world. It is expected that countries around the world will be able to evaluate policies related to sustainable human resources development systems and use them as a basis for decision-making to enhance the sustainability of human resources development.

고등학생을 위한 가정교과 기반 예비부모교육 프로그램 개발 및 평가

노희연,조재순,채정현 한국가정과교육학회 2017 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.29 No.4

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate pre-parenthood education program(PPEP) based on Home Economics(HE) subject for high school students. The development and evaluation of PPEP based on HE subject in this study followed ADDIE model except implementation through 4 processes such as analysis, design, development, and evaluation. First, program development directions were set in three aspects such as ʻgeneral developmentʼ, ʻcontentsʼ, and ʻteaching and learning methodsʼ. Themes of the program are 11 in total such as ʻ1. Parenting, what is being a parentʼ, ʻ2. Choosing your spouse, happy marital relationship, the best gift to your childrenʼ, ʻ3. Pregnancy and birth, a moving meeting with a new lifeʼ, ʻ4. Taking care of a new born infant for 24 hoursʼ, ʻ5. Taking care of infants, relationship with my lovely baby, attachmentʼ, ʻ6. Taking care of young children, my child from another planetʼ, ʻ7. Parents and children in healthy familyʼ, ʻ8. Parent-child relationship, wise parents to make effective interaction with their childrenʼ, ʻ9. Parents safety manager at home,ʼ, ʻ10. Practice to take care of infantsʼ, and ʻ11. Practice of community nurturing support service developmentʼ. In particular, learning activities of the program have major characteristics such as 1) utilization of cases including practice problems related to parenting, 2) community exchange activities utilizing learned knowledge and techniques, 3) actual life project activities utilizing learning contents related with parenting, 4) activities inducing positive changes in current life of high school students, and 5) practice activities for the necessities of life such as food, clothing and shelter supporting development of children. Second, the program was developed according to the design. Teaching-learning plans and materials for 17 classes were developed according to 11 themes. The developed plans include class flow and teacherʼs reference. It starts with receiving a class-related message from a virtual child at the introduction stage and ended with replying to the message by summarizing contents of the class and making a promise as a parent-to-be. That is the basic frame of class flow. Learning materials included various plans and reports necessary for learning activities and they are prepared in details so that they can be play the role of textbooks in regular curriculum. Third, evaluation of developed program was executed by a 5 point Likert scale survey on 13 HE experts on two aspects of program development process and program development results. In the evaluation of development process, mean value was 4.61 and index of content validity was 97.4%. For development results, mean value was 4.37 and index of content validity was 86.9%. These values showed that validity in the development process and results in this study was highly secured and confirmed that PPEP based on HE was appropriate and valid to enhance parent qualifications of high school learners. 본 연구의 목적은 고등학교 교육과정에서 활용할 수 있는 가정교과 기반의 예비부모교육 프로그램을 개발하고 평가하여, 예비부모인 고등학생 학습자들이 훗날 우리 사회의 주역이 될 미래세대를 현명하게 보살필 수 있는 성숙한 부모가 되는데 필요한 역량을 갖추도록 하며 동시에 현재 정부가 추진하고 있는 부모교육 활성화 방안의 청소년 대상 예비부모교육을 실행하는 데 도움이 되는 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 본 연구의 예비부모교육프로그램 개발 및 평가 과정은 일반적체제설계모형인 ADDIE 모형을 따랐으며, ADDIE모형 중 실행단계(Implement)를 제외한 분석, 설계, 개발, 평가의 4가지 과정을 거쳐 이루어졌다. 먼저, 분석 단계에서는 프로그램 내용요소 추출과 프로그램 개발의 시사점을 얻기 위해 관련 선행연구와 2015 개정 중・고등학교 「기술・가정」 교육과정 문서를 대상으로 분석이 이루어졌다. 그 결과 가정교과 이 외의 분야에서 연구되어 온 예비부모교육의 9 가지 주제(1.자기이해, 2.예비부모의 성, 3.결혼, 4.임신과 출산, 5.부모됨, 6.부모역할, 7.부모 자녀관계, 8.부모와 가족, 9.부모와 사회)와 해당 내용요소들은 이미 가정교과 교육과정에 모두 포함되어 있음을 확인하였으며, 9가지 주제 이외에 가정교과만의 독자적인 주제(1.생애설계, 2.가정생활 내 의・식・주 실천역량, 3.가정생활과 자녀안전, 4.가족문화)와 해당 내용요소들을 별도로 확인함으로써 예비부모교육 시행에 있어 가정교과가 지닌 강점(청소년과 가정과 사회를 바라보며 부모교육 내용 뿐만 아니라 식・의・주・소비 생활 전반을 포함하는 총체적 관점의 교육과 실제로 부모 준비를 실천하게 하는 교육)을 확인하였다. 둘째, 프로그램 개발을 위한 설계는 가정교과와 예비부모교육 간의 접점을 찾고 이를 프로그램 구성요소(목적, 개발방향, 주제, 내용요소, 학습목표, 학습활동)에 반영하는 과정을 통해 이루어졌다. 이 연구의 예비부모교육 프로그램은 미래세대를 현명하게 길러낼 수 있는 성숙한 부모가 지녀야 할 관련 지식, 태도, 가치관, 실천적 문제 해결 능력을 고등학생 학습자가 갖추도록 지원하는 것을 일차 목적으로 두며, 부모됨의 준비 관점에서 학습자가 현재 생활 점검 및 개선을 통해 생활자립능력을 갖추도록 하는 것을 이차목적으로 둔다. 궁극적으로 이 두 가지 목적 달성을 통해 학습자가 장차 부모로서 살아갈 가정생활 영역과 개인적 성취와 관련된 직업생활 영역 그리고 사회 발전에 기여할 수 있는 민주시민으로서의 삶의 영역간의 균형을 이뤄 이를 조화롭게 영위할 수 있는 성숙한 부모로의 성장을 돕고자 하였다. 프로그램 개발방향은 ‘전체 전개’, ‘내용구성’, ‘교수・학습법 구성’으로 크게 세 가지 측면에서 설정되었다. 프로그램의 주제는 총 11개로 ‘1. 부모 됨: 부모가 된다는 건’, ‘2. 배우자선택: 행복한 부부관계, 자녀에게 주는 최고의 선물’, ‘3. 임신과 출산: 새로운 생명과의 감동적인 만남’, ‘4. 신생아 돌봄: 24시간 신생아 돌봄’, ‘5. 영유아자녀돌봅: 사랑스러운 나의 아기와의 관계, 애착’, ‘6. 유아기 자녀 돌봄: 별에서 온 내 아이, 유아기 자녀 돌보기’, ‘7. 부모와 건강가정: 건강가정 속 부모와 자녀’, ‘8. 부모 자녀 관계: 현명한 부모, 자녀와 효과적으로 상호작용하기’, ‘9. 가정생활 내 자녀안전: 가정생활 속 안전관리자, 부모’, ‘10. 영유아 돌봄 실습 ...

중학교 지리 교과서에 재현된 개발 담론 분석

조철기(Cho, Chul-Ki) 한국지역지리학회 2014 한국지역지리학회지 Vol.20 No.4

이 연구는 개발 담론의 변화에 대한 고찰을 통해 우리나라 중학교 지리교육과정 및 지리교과서에 재현된 개발 담론의 특징을 분석한 것이다. 개발 담론은 근대화이론, 종속이론, 신자유주의, 풀뿌리 개발, 지속가능한 개발, 탈식민 주의·탈구조주의 관점에서 살펴보았다. 이에 근거하여 지리교과서에 재현된 개발담론을 분석하였는데. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개발 및 지속가능한 개발에 대한 개념 정립과 조작적 정의가 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 개발의 척도는 주로 1인당 국내총생산 또는 1인당 국민총소득과 같은 평균적인 경제적 척도에 의존하고 있었다. 교육수준과 평균수명을 포함한 인간개발지수는 일부 교과서에서만 언급되고, 젠더 지수는 전혀 언급하고 있지 않았다. 셋째, 특정 교과서는 개발도상국 대신에 편견적인 저개발국, 최저개발국이라는 용어를 여전히 사용하고 있었다. 넷째, 경제적 불 평등 및 지리적 문제 해결을 위한 방안에서는 국제적, 국가적, 비정부조직의 차원에 대한 강조에 비해 개인적 측면에 대한 고려가 매우 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 지속가능한 개발 있어서 세대 간 공정만 언급할 뿐 세대 내 공정은 간과하고 있다. 그리고 지속가능한 개발에 대한 접근은 주로 생태중심적 접근보다는 기술중심적 접근에 토대 하고 있다. 이상과 같은 결과를 통해 볼 때, 지리교과서 서술에 있어서 개발 담론에 대한 더욱 더 신중한 접근이 요구된다고 할 수 있다. This study is to analyze the approaches of development discourse and its representation in geography curriculum and textbooks for middle school in Korea. The paper examines the spectrum of development discourse in terms of modernization theory, dependency theory, neoliberalism, grassroots development, sustainable development, postcolonism, post-structuralism and post-development. The findings on geography textbook analysis based on them are as follows. First, Most of the textbooks don"t include the definition and operational definition on development and sustainable development. Second, development indicators rely on normal economic indicators like GDP or GNI per capita. HDI that includes GDP per capita, level of education and life expectancy is treated in some of the textbooks, and gender index is never presented. Third, a textbook still uses biased terms such as developed and most developed countries instead of developing countries. Fourth, in plans to solve economic unequality and geographical problems, personal level is treated less than the global, nation and NGOs. Finally, statements on sustainable development contain only intergenerational equity, not intergenerational equity. And approaches on sustainable development are based on technocentric approaches more than ecocentric approaches. Thus geography textbooks should be carefully written on development discourse by authors.

윤리적 소비동기의 발달: 도덕성 발달 이론을 중심으로

전상민 ( Sang Min Jun ) 한국소비자학회 2016 소비자학연구 Vol.27 No.2

본 연구는 윤리적 소비동기가 소비자의 도덕성 발달 단계에 따라 어떻게 위계적으로 유형화되는지 Kohlberg의 도덕성 발달 이론을 중심으로 탐색하고, 소비자의 도덕성 발달이 윤리적 소비동기의 발달에 미치는 영향력을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 총 16명의 성인 소비자를 대상으로 심층면접을 진행하였고, 근거이론방법론을 사용하여 자료를 수집ㆍ분석하였다. 분석 결과, 소비자의 도덕성 발달 6단계에 따라 총 10개의 윤리적 소비동기가 유형화되었다. 도덕성 발달 단계인 6단계에서는 상생과 신념ㆍ양심, 희생적 배려, 죄책감의 4개의 상위범주가 생성되었고, 5단계는 공익을 위한 목소리 내기와 다음 세대를 위한 환경보존, 4단계는 올바름, 3단계는 타인 지향, 2단계에는 개인 이익, 1단계는 강제적 제도 범주가 생성되었다. 윤리적 소비동기의 핵심범주는 ‘개인주의 및 도구주의적 도덕성에 기반을 둔 개인 이익과 보편적 도덕원리 지향의 도덕성에 기반을 둔 상생의 양립’으로 분석되었다. 윤리적 소비동기의 주된 발달 단계는 개인 이익(도덕성 발달 2단계)이 충족된 상태에서 다음 세대를 위한 환경보존(도덕성 발달 5단계)을 거쳐 상생 및 신념ㆍ양심(도덕성 발달 6단계)으로 발달하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 과정에서 소비자의 도덕성 발달 수준이 긍정적 영향을 미쳤고, 도덕성 발달 P(%)점수가 50점 이상(0∼95점)인 경우, 상생 이상의 윤리적 소비동기로 발달하였다. 윤리적 소비동기의 발달이 개인 이익이나 다음 세대를 위한 환경보존에서 중단되면, 제한적 윤리적 소비 혹은 윤리적 소비의 회피ㆍ포기로 이어진 반면, 상생과 신념ㆍ양심으로 발달한 경우에는 포괄적 윤리적 소비인 지속적인 구매와 구입제품 범위의 확대가 나타났다. 윤리적 소비동기의 촉진요인은 가족주의, 윤리적 매장과 제품 이용의 편리함, 풍부한 정보, 성장배경으로 파악되었고, 저해요인은 지식적ㆍ시간적ㆍ경제적 여유 부족과 낮은 우선순위, 이기심ㆍ불신으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구는 윤리적 소비의 활성화를 위한 실질적이고 유용한 방안을 제안하였다. This study explored how ethical consumption motives were categorized according to consumers`` moral developmental stage and how the moral development level influenced the development of ethical consumption motives based on the theory of moral development by Kohlberg. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 adults and grounded theory methodology was used. We found 10 types of ethical consumption motives, which were matched with six stages of consumers`` moral development. There were four types of ethical consumption motives in the highest stage(sixth stage) of moral development: coexistence, belief/conscience, altruistic care, and guilty conscience. Other types of ethical consumption motives were recorded as follows: speaking out for public interests and environment preservation for the next generation(fifth stage), rightness(fourth stage), other-orientation(third stage), personal gain(second stage), and compulsory system(first stage). Core categories of ethical consumption motives included personal gain based on self-interest driven morality(second stage) and coexistence based on universal ethical principles driven morality(sixth stage). Ethical consumption motives have developed from personal gain(second stage) to coexistence and belief/conscience(sixth stage) via environment preservation for the next generation(fifth stage). The level of moral development positively affected the development of ethical consumption motives. Respondents who received 50 or more in P(%) scores of moral development had coexistence and belief/conscience which had developed from environment preservation for the next generation and personal gain. When the development of ethical consumption motives stopped in the personal gain and environment preservation for next generation, it led to restrictive ethical consumption or avoidance of ethical purchase. In contrast, ethical consumption motives which developed to coexistence and belief/conscience led to comprehensive ethical consumption, such as continuous ethical purchase and expansion of ethical product range. The study showed the promotive factors (i.e., familism, convenience of buying, having enough information, and backgrounds) and intervening factors (i.e., lack of knowledge, time and money, poor evaluation of ethical products, and selfishness/ distrust) of the development of ethical consumption motives. Based on the results, we suggested practical and useful ways to boost ethical consumption.

에티오피아의 참여적 개발: 농촌개발사업을 중심으로

이현정 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2015 국제지역연구 Vol.24 No.1

Development strategies of aid donor countries in early stages were implemented on the basis of developing countries’ growth of national income, economic scale, and infrastructure aiming poverty reduction through economic development of recipient countries. At the turn of 70s, perspectives about development were changed into participationof community residents in developing countries, sustainable environmentand good governance. Based on the goal of human centered development,participatory development methodology which overcomes poverty of developingcountries for themselves was emerging as a major issue through compromisesamong their needs, community residents’ needs, and provision of donor institutionsin the overall way of life such as politics, economy, and society. Participatorydevelopment is the overall process that development residents in developingcountries participate whole development projects and work with every proceduredirectly. Individual empowerment as well as development of a community could bepromoted through this participatory development. Accordingly, participation isregarded as not only ‘means’ but also ‘ends’ in participatory development. In this regard, this paper tries to study a rural development project in Arsi Zone,Ethiopia from the participatory development perspective. This paper will come upwith how participatory development is utilized in the actual project and it willcontribute to establishing more useful and precise rural development of the Republicof Korea. 원조공여국들의 초기 개발전략은 수원국의 경제성장을 통한 빈곤퇴치에 목표를 두고, 개도국의 국가소득, 경제규모, 인프라 등의 성장을 중심으로 시행되어졌다. 1970년대 들어서면서 개발에 대한 관점이 개도국 공동체 주민들의 참여, 지속가능한 환경, 굿거버넌스 등으로 전환되어졌다. 인간중심적 개발에 목표를 두고, 개도국 주민들이 정치, 경제, 사회등 삶의 전반적인 부분에 자신들의 요구, 공동체 주민들의 요구, 공여기관의 제공 사이에서 타협을통해 빈곤을 스스로 극복해 나가는 참여적 개발 방법론이 대두되었다. 참여적 개발은 개도국 주민들이 개발 프로젝트 전분야, 전과정에 직접 참여하고 활동하는 개발의 전과정이다. 참여적 개발을 통해지역사회의 개발은 물론 개개인의 역량강화(empowerment)까지 도모할 수 있다. 이에 따라 참여적 개발에서 참여는 수단(means)임과 동시에 목적(ends)이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 에티오피아 아르시존 농촌개발사업을 참여적 개발 관점에서 연구하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 참여적 개발이 실제 사업에서 어떻게 활용되어지는지 알 수 있게 될 것이고, 이를 바탕으로 보다 유용하고 적실한 한국의 농촌개발을 수립하고 확립하는데 기여할 수 있게될 것이다.

변화하는 제주도 개발 담론과 마을 주민 성원권의 젠더정치

김상애 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 2023 여성학논집 Vol.40 No.1

Recent discourses on the development of Jeju Island have raised the issue of 'being a resident' in relation to development in complex ways. This paper explores the meanings of local development and being a member of a local community, showing that the gender politics of village membership, place and community underlie the discourse of 'village development'. In Bengdi village, the meaning of local development was constructed in relation to the context of village life. While the development of Jeju was understood as a socio-economic process independent of the village, the development of the village was seen as essential for the social reproduction of the village. Village development projects were based on gendered participation, bringing different experiences of development to men and women in the village. This draws attention to the fact that the 'local people' that development, progress or conservation normatively presupposes is not a homogeneous group with a single set of interests, but a complex community of gendered members. Using a feminist post-development approach, this article shows that the power relations that local development discourses reshape are rooted in gender politics. 최근 제주도 개발을 둘러싼 담론에서는 개발과 관련하여 주민의 권리 및 자격, 참여 등 ‘주민됨’의 문제가 복잡하게 제기되고 있다. 이 연구는 제주도 마을의 현장 연구를 통해, 지역의 개발과 주민됨의 의미를 탐구하고, 마을이라는 장소, 그리고 공동체를 둘러싼 성원권의 젠더정치가 ‘마을 발전’ 담론의 근간을 이루고 있음을 드러내고자 했다. 연구 현장인 ‘벵듸’마을에서 지역 개발과 발전의 의미 구성에는 마을에 기반한 삶의 맥락과 밀접하게 관련되었다. 개발이 마을과 무관한, 마을의 것이 아닌 사회경제적 과정으로 이해되었다면, 발전은 마을의 사회적 재생산을 위해 반드시 필요한 것으로 간주되었다. 이같은 맥락에서 추진된 마을 발전 프로젝트는 주민들의 젠더화된 참여를 바탕으로 진행되었고, 마을의 남성과 여성에게 발전과 관련한 서로 다른 경험을 가져다 주었다. 이는 개발과 발전, 혹은 보존이 규범적으로 전제하는 ‘지역 주민’이 이해관계가 단일한 동질적 집단이 아니라, 젠더화된 성원으로 이뤄진 복잡한 공동체라는 점에 주목하게 한다. 이 글은 지역의 개발과 발전에 대한 페미니스트 포스트-발전주의적 접근을 통해 지역의 개발과 발전 담론이 재편하는 권력 관계가 젠더정치에 기반하고 있음을 밝혔다.