Conditions of Applications, Situations and Functions Applicable to Gesture Interface

Taebeum Ryu,Jaehong Lee,Joobong Song,Myung Hwan Yun 대한인간공학회 2012 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.31 No.4

Objective: This study developed a hierarchy of conditions of applications(devices), situations and functions which are applicable to gesture interface. Background: Gesture interface is one of the promising interfaces for our natural and intuitive interaction with intelligent machines and environments. Although there were many studies related to developing new gesture-based devices and gesture interfaces, it was little known which applications, situations and functions are applicable to gesture interface. Method: This study searched about 120 papers relevant to designing and applying gesture interfaces and vocabulary to find the gesture applicable conditions of applications, situations and functions. The conditions which were extracted from 16 closely-related papers were rearranged, and a hierarchy of them was developed to evaluate the applicability of applications, situations and functions to gesture interface. Results: This study summarized 10, 10 and 6 conditions of applications, situations and functions, respectively. In addition, the gesture applicable condition hierarchy of applications, situation and functions were developed based on the semantic similarity, ordering and serial or parallel relationship among them. Conclusion: This study collected gesture applicable conditions of application, situation and functions, and a hierarchy of them was developed to evaluate the applicability of gesture interface. Application: The gesture applicable conditions and hierarchy can be used in developing a framework and detailed criteria to evaluate applicability of applications situations and functions. Moreover, it can enable for designers of gesture interface and vocabulary to determine applications, situations and functions which are applicable to gesture interface.

Two-step rating-based ‘double-faced applicability’ test for sensory analysis of spread products as an alternative to descriptive analysis with trained panel

Kim, In-Ah,den-Hollander, Elyn,Lee, Hye-Seong Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 2018 Vol. No.

<P>Descriptive analysis with a trained sensory panel has thus far been the most well defined methodology to characterize various products. However, in practical terms, intensive training in descriptive analysis has been recognized as a serious defect. To overcome this limitation, various novel rapid sensory profiling methodologies have been suggested in the literature. Among these, attribute-based methodologies such as check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions showed results comparable to those of conventional sensory descriptive analysis. Kim, Hopkinson, van Hout, and Lee (2017a, 2017b) have proposed a novel attribute-based methodology termed the two-step rating-based 'double-faced applicability' test with a novel output measure of applicability magnitude (d'(A)) for measuring consumers' product usage experience throughout various product usage stages. In this paper, the potential of the two-step rating-based 'double-faced applicability' test with d'A was investigated as an alternative to conventional sensory descriptive analysis in terms of sensory characterization and product discrimination. Twelve commercial spread products were evaluated using both conventional sensory descriptive analysis with a trained sensory panel and two-step rating-based 'double-faced applicability' test with an untrained sensory panel. The results demonstrated that the 'double-faced applicability' test can be used to provide a direct measure of the applicability magnitude of sensory attributes of the samples tested in terms of d'(A) for sensory characterization of individual samples and multiple sample comparisons. This suggests that when the appropriate list of attributes to be used in the questionnaire is already available, the two-step rating-based `double-faced applicability' test with d'(A) can be used as a more efficient alternative to conventional descriptive analysis, without requiring any intensive training process.</P>

네일 국가기술자격증에 대한 인식이 네일숍 현장에서의 직무활용성 및 자격증취득 만족도에 미치는 영향

이선화(Sun-Hwa Lee),양정은(Chung-Eun Yang) 한국인체미용예술학회 2020 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.21 No.3

This study investigated the effects of the awareness of national nail-care technician certification on its applicability at work, satisfaction with license acquisition and the influence of such job applicability on satisfaction with license acquisition. It is anticipated that the study results would enhance people’s perception on the certification of national nail-care technicians and increase its usefulness at work. For this, a questionnaire survey was conducted among students majoring in cosmetology in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do, who had provided nail-care service at least once and those who earned certification as a national nail-care technician or who had taken the license test before among nail salon workers from July 19 to 25, 2019. For data collection, the questionnaire was distributed to nail salons, private cosmetology academies, colleges and others. The collected data were analyzed through frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 25.0, and the results found the following: First, in sub-factors of the awareness of national nail-care technician certification, ‘value’ and ‘appropriateness of constitution’ had an influence on ‘field applicability’ while ‘cost effectiveness’, ‘necessity’ and ‘utility’ revealed no effect. In addition, while ‘appropriateness of constitution’ and ‘necessity’ affected ‘task applicability’, ‘value’, ‘cost effectiveness’ and ‘utility’ did not show any influence. Second, ‘value’ and ‘appropriateness of constitution’ had an effect on ‘satisfaction with license acquisition’ while no influence was found in ‘cost effectiveness’, ‘necessity’ and ‘utility’. Third, ‘field applicability’ and ‘task applicability’ revealed an influence on ‘satisfaction with license acquisition’.

CISG의 적용배제(Opt-Out)에 관한 판단기준

오석웅(O, Seog-Ung) 한국국제사법학회 2017 國際私法硏究 Vol.23 No.2

“국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN협약(United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: CISG)”은 국제물품매매계약에 관한 법제통일의 중요한 성과로 인정받고 있다. 특히 우리나라를 포함한 세계10대 교역국 중 영국을 제외한 모든 국가가 가입함으로서 국제물품매 매계약에 있어서 CISG의 중요성은 매우 커졌다고 할 수 있다. 제6조는 계약의 당사자가 CISG규정의 전부 또는 일부를 배제하고 다른 법을 적용하도록 합의할 수 있으며, 일부규정에 관해서는 그 효력을 감퇴시키거나 변경시킬 수 있다(제6조). 이러한 CISG 제6조의 규정은 국제사법상 널리 인정되고 있는 당사자자치의 원칙과 계약자유의 원칙이 강력한 구속력을 갖도록 구체화한 것이다. 따라서 CISG 제1조에 따라 CISG가 적용될 수 있는 국제물품매매계약의 경우에도, 먼저 당사자들이 CISG의 전부 또는 일부조항의 적용을 배제하였는지의 여부를 판단하여야 한다. 이 경우 무엇보다도 CISG 규정의 전부 또는 일부를 배제하기 위해서는 배제합의에 관한 당사자의 의사를 정확히 해석하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 CISG의 기본적 적용구조에 관해 살펴보고, 제6조에 따른 적용배제합의에 있어서 당사자 의사의 해석기준을 CISG-AC의견서 제16호를 참고하여 기존의 학설 및 판례를 통해 정리하였다. 그 결과 우선 당사자가 명시적으로 CISG의 적용배제를 합의하는 경우 당사자가 지정한 준거법 내지는 법정지 국제사법의 규칙에 따라 적용되는 객관적 준거법이 적용됨에는 의문이 없다. 그러나 그러한 합의를 명시하지 않았다면 배제합의에 관한 당사자의 묵시적 의사를 해석할 수 밖에 없다. 본 연구에서는 우선 당사자가 비체약국의 법을 준거법으로 선택한 경우에는 일반적으로 묵시적 배제의 합의가 있다고 해석되며, 당사자가 체약국법이나 체약국 일영역의 법을 선택하더라도, 그 자체만으로는 묵시적 배제의사를 유추할 수 없고, 명시적으로 체약국이나 체약국일영역의 실질법을 지정하여야만 CISG의 적용이 배제될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 한편 비체약국을 법정지로 합의한 경우 CISG-AC 의견 제16호는 비체약국으로의 관할합의가 CISG에 대한 묵시적 적용배제가 될 수 있음을 시사하지만, 이에 관해 학설상으로는 견해가 나누어 져있어 실무에서 주의가 필요할 것으로 보인다. 양당사자가 소송에서 CISG가 아닌 국내법에 따른 주장을 하는 경우에는 그럼에도 불구하고, 국내법에 의한다는 의사가 명확히 밝혀진 경우에만 CISG의 묵시적 배제가 인정되며, 권리포기에 대한 국내준칙은 CISG를 배제하려는 당사자의 의도를 판단하는데 사용되어서는 안 된다는 CISG-AC 의견 제16호는 앞으로 당사자의사의 해석에 주요한 참고가 될 수 있을 것으로 보인다. CISG는 국제물품매매계약에 관한 통일법으로서 제정된 것이다. CISG가 통일법으로 제대로 활용되기 위한 가장 중요한 과제는 체약국에서의 통일된 해석에 있다고 할 수 있으며, 이를 통하여 적용상의 통일을 기할 수 있다. CISG 제6조는 객관적인 적용요건을 충족한 경우에도 당사자가 합의에 의해 그 적용을 배제할 수 있는 유일한 근거조항이다. 따라서 국제물품매매계약에 있어서의 법적 확실성을 보장하기 위해서는 어떻게 유효하게 CISG를 배제할 수 있는지에 관한 명확한 기준을 정립하는 것이 필요하다고 본다. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is first and foremost treaty intended to harmonize the private law governing the international sale of goods. The CISG is meant to promote international commerce by removing uncertainty thereby increasing the predictability of outcomes. According to Article 1(1)(a) the CISG applies to contracts of the sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States, when the States are Contracting States (direct applicability). Also according to Article 1(1)(b) the CISG applies if the parties are situated in different countries (which need not be Contracting States) and the conflict of law rules lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State(indirect applicability). However it still seems to be more convenient and safer to opt out from application of the Convention and let some neutral national law govern the mutual contractual relationship. CISG Article 6 allows parties to exclude the application of the CISG or derogate from any of its provisions(Opt-Out). This provision allows parties to opt-out of the CISG or vary the effect of any of its provisions freely, with a few exceptions. According to article 6 of the CISG, the parties may exclude the Convention’s application(totally or partially)or derogate from its provisions. Thus even if the CISG would otherwise be applicable, in order to decide whether it applies in a particular case one must determine whether the parties have excluded the CISG or derogated from its provisions. According to article 6 of the CISG, Opt-Out requires a clear expression of intent by the parties. Therefore while opting out, it"s necessary to expressly state that parties are excluding the Convention from application. The parties can clearly or implicitly exclude CISG. The problem is how can the parties agree to exclude or derogate from the application of the CISG if it is not yet clear whether they have agreed to anything at all. Therefore the purpose of this study is to analyze why parties should opt out of the application of the Convention, and how to effectively exclude its application.

간호학생을 위한 응급상황관리 시뮬레이션 실습 교과목 개발 및 적합성 평가

허혜경,박소미,신윤희,임영미,김기연,김기경,최향옥,최지혜 한국간호교육학회 2013 한국간호교육학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the applicability of an emergent care management simulation practicum which is for enhancing nursing students' emergent care management competency based on the Nursing Education Simulation Model. Methods: One group pre-post experimental design was conducted for evaluation of the applicability of the simulation practicum. A convenient sample of 60 senior nursing students was participated. The simulation practicum was provided for 26 hours per student at the end of the first semester of senior year. Educational practices in simulation scale, simulation design scale and learning outcomes were measured. Higher positive correlations between variables represent applicability. Descriptive analysis, paired t-test and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient were used for data analyses. Results: Among contractual components of nursing education simulation model, educational practices in simulation and simulation design (r=.80, p<.010), learning outcomes (r=.71-.28, p<.050), simulation design and learning outcomes (r=.72-.30, p<.050) were significantly correlated. Critical thinking (t=-3.63, p<.050) and problem solving competence (t=-2.55, p<.050) were significantly increased by this simulation practicum. It represents the applicability of an emergent care management simulation practicum. Conclusion: This emergent care management simulation practicum was appropriate to enhance the nursing students’emergent care management coping competency. 본 연구는 Jeffries (2005)의 간호교육 시뮬레이션 모델에 근거하여 간호학생 대상 응급상황관리 시뮬레이션 교과목을 개 발하고, 실습과목으로 적용 후 교수-학습전략으로서의 적합성을 평가한 연구이다. 교수-학습 전략으로서 적합성 평가 시시뮬레이션 실습의 교육상황 특성, 설계특성과 교육성과 변수들 간의 유의한 양적 상관관계가 나타났으며, 특히 실습 후간호학생의 비판적 사고와 문제해결능력에서 성과가 높게 나타나 응급상황에서의 간호역량을 향상시킬 있는 적합한 교수-학습 전략으로 확인되었다. 과거보다 복잡해진 임상현장에서 양질의 간호를 요구하는환자를 만족시키고 의료팀간의 원만한 인간관계를 할 수 있는 간호학생을 교육하기 위해서는 지식, 기술 및 태도가 통합된 교육과정 운영이 필수적이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서 임상실습 여건의 제한으로 인해 전공 임상실습에서 부족할 수 있는 핵심 간호술 수행과 임상추론 능력을 향상시키기 위한 실습 교과목으로서 4학년 1학기를 마친 후에 응급상황관리 시뮬레이션 실습 교과목으로 적합함을 확인하였다.

A novel two-step rating-based 'double-faced applicability' test. Part 1: Its performance in sample discrimination in comparison to simple one-step applicability rating

Kim, I.A.,Hopkinson, A.,van Hout, D.,Lee, H.S. Longman Scientific Technical ; Elsevier Science Pu 2017 Food quality and preference Vol.56 No.1

<P>Due to its simplicity and efficiency for evaluating product attributes, check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions have been widely used. Yet, CATA questions have been reported to lack discriminability of subtle product differences and suffer from the problems of response bias from satisficing and acquiescence behaviors. In the present paper, a novel two-step rating-based 'double-faced applicability' test was developed as an extended response format of CATA, to improve its sensitivity for product discrimination and for stabilizing subjects' evaluative criteria. In the 'double-faced applicability' test, each attribute was 'double-faced', meaning that two descriptors (a pair of semantic-differential descriptors) are separately presented in the questionnaires representing both sides of each attribute. For performing the two-step rating on each attribute in the questionnaire, subjects are instructed to first respond 'Yes (does apply)' or 'No (does not apply)' and then to answer a 3-point sureness rating (how sure they were about their Yes or No response). The performance of the two-step ratings in this new method was compared to a simple one-step applicability rating test method as well as the forced-choice Yes/No questions without the sureness rating in terms of sensitivity in sample discrimination. The results showed that the 'double-faced applicability' test provided better product discrimination and showed the potential to reduce acquiescence response bias when using existing variants of CATA response formats. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

단어 읽기 과제에서 초등 2학년과 5학년 아동의 음운규칙 적용능력의 비교

임유진(Yoo-Jin Lim),김영태(Young-Tae Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2008 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.13 No.4

배경 및 목적: 본 연구에서는 단어 읽기 과제를 통하 여 초등 2학년과 5학년 아동의 음운규칙 적용능력을 단어의 의미 유무와 학년에 따라 비교하여 살 펴보았다. 방법: 서울 · 경기 초등학교 2, 5학년(학년 별 41명씩, 총 82명) 학생을 대상으로 8개의 음 운규칙이 적용되는 유의미 단어와 무의미 단어(의미 유무별 48개씩, 총 96개) 읽기 과제를 실시하였 으며 아동의 읽기 발화를 전사하여 음운규칙 적용 여부를 분석하였다. 결과: 첫째, 유 · 무의미 단어 목록의 제시 순서에 따라 2학년 아동은 음운규칙 적용도에 유의미한 차이를 나타내었으나 5학년 아동은 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 총 음운규칙 적용도는 단어의 의미 유무에 따라서 유의미한 차이를 나타내었으나 학년에 따른 음운규칙 적용도의 차이는 무의미 단어내에서만 나타났다. 셋째, 2학년과 5학년 아동 모두, 무의미 단어보다 유의미 단어에서 모든 음운규칙의 적용도가 유의미하게 높았다. 그리고 단어의 각 의미 유무 내에서 학년에 따라 더 잘 적용되는 음운 규칙이 있음을 파악할 수 있었다. 넷째, 동일 학년과 단어의 동일 의미 유무 내에서도 음운규칙 간 적용되는 정도에 차이가 있었다. 논의 및 결론: 이러한 결과는 읽기의 평가 및 중재 시 음운규칙의 적용에 대해 살펴볼 때 유 · 무의미 단어의 제시 순서와 단어의 의미 유무에 따른 음운규칙 적용도의 차이를 고려해야 함을 시사하고 있다. 그리고 학년에 따라 잘 적용되는 음운규칙이 있으며, 음운규칙 간에도 더 잘 적용되 는 음운 규칙이 있음을 파악함에 따라, 잘 적용되는 음운규칙의 순서를 고려해 중재 및 평가의 우선 순위를 정할 수 있겠다. Background & Objectives: In this study, we compared the ability of 2nd graders and 5th graders to apply phonological rules through reading exercises. We also considered whether the words had meanings or not. Methods: Eighty-two elementary students participated in this study (41 students in 2nd grade and 41 students in 5th grade). The reading exercises consisted of 96 nouns, each with two syllables, to which eight phonological rules were applicable. Each category was sub-divided into ‘meaningful’ and ‘meaningless’ words. Results: Significant differences in the applicability of phonological rules were observed in the 2nd graders, according to the orders of meaningful words on the lists. Significant differences in the applicability of phonological rules were observed in students in both grades, depending on whether words had meanings or not in each rule. The 5th graders had an increased ability to apply phonological rules to both meaningful and meaningless words than the 2nd graders. In addition, the total applicability of phonological rules of meaningless words was significantly higher in the 5th graders than in the 2nd graders in reading assignments. We also observed the differences in the applicability level of phonological rules in the same grades and meanings of words. Discussion & Conclusion: The orders in which the words were presented should be considered when evaluating children’s reading abilities. The differences in a student’s ability to apply phonological rules to either meaningful or meaningless words should also be considered. Furthermore, due to the different applicability levels among phonological rules, it is important to prioritize the phonological rules when establishing reading evaluations and intervention plans.

서울시 영유아 공공급식 식품영양관리 기준의 적용 가능성 평가

전혜민(Hye-Min Jeon),김기랑(Kirang Kim),이해연(Hae-Yeon Yi),황지윤(Ji-Yun Hwang) 한국식품영양과학회 2017 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.46 No.8

본 연구는 양적 · 질적 조사를 통해 기존 개발된 ‘서울시 영유아 공공급식 식품영양관리기준-어린이집’의 적용 가능성을 평가하여 향후 확대 적용을 위한 토대를 마련하고자 실시하였다. 기 개발된 서울시 공공급식 식품영양관리기준의 문항별 이해도, 적용도, 어린이집 건강급식 실천력을 향상시키기 위한 평가 문항으로서의 적합도를 평가하기 위해 2015년 11월 서울시를 통해 서울시에 소재하는 어린이집, 유치원, 지역아동센터 총 82개소에 이메일로 설문 조사하였다. 또한, 서울시 관내 공공급식을 하는 어린이집, 유치원 원장 및 육아지원센터 영양사와의 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 통해 각 기준의 적절성을 최종 검토하여 본 기준을 확대 적용하기 위한 수정안을 도출하였다. 기 개발된 서울시 공공급식 식품영양 관리기준의 설문조사 결과(n=82), 조사 항목에 대한 이해도 86.9%, 적용도 80.7%, 어린이집 건강급식 실천력을 향상시키기 위한 평가 문항으로서의 적합도가 82.6%로 도출되었다. 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 통해 기준의 적용 가능성을 질적평가한 결과, 확대 적용을 위해서 식자재 공급업체용 가이드라인의 필요성, 항목의 근거와 목적의 합치성, 맥락적 상황고려 및 서울시 차원의 기반 구축의 필요성 등 수정을 위한 4가지 요인이 도출되었다. 따라서 기준의 확대 적용을 위해 공공급식 식품영양관리기준안의 가이드라인을 영유아 공공급식 제공 기관용으로 제시하되 일부 가이드라인은 식자재 공급업체가 필수나 권고로 제공해야 할 사항으로 구분하여 별도의 가이드라인을 개발하였다. ‘서울시 공공급식 식품영양관리기준’의 적용 가능성 평가를 통해 기준이 확대적용될 수 있도록 가이드라인 수정 및 보완을 통해 공공급식을 이용하는 영유아의 건강 증진 및 지속할 수 있는 환경 유지에 기여할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 또한, 서울시의 지속적인 검토로 급식관리자 전용 식품영양성분 관리 및 발주 통합프로그램 도입 등을 위한 후속 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of “food and nutrition standards for child care setting in the Seoul Metropolitan Government” using quantitative and qualitative surveys and lay the groundwork for future expansion. To evaluate the understanding and applicability of each item of the standards and utilize goodness of fit as an evaluation item to improve practicality of the child care center’s health foodservice, we surveyed 82 child care centers, kindergartens, and community children centers in Seoul by e-mail through the Seoul Metropolitan Government in November 2015. Using focus group interviews with directors of child care centers and kindergartens as well as dieticians of child care support centers who had conducted public foodservice in Seoul, the appropriateness of each standard was finally reviewed, and amendments to extend this standard were derived. Results of the survey show an understanding of 86.9% and an applicability of 80.7%. Moreover, the applicability of the evaluation items for assessing improvement of health foodservice practices at the child care center was 82.6%. Qualitative evaluation of the applicability of standards through focus group interviews identified four factors for extended application: necessity of a guideline for separate food ingredient suppliers, conformity of the basis and purpose of the item, consideration of contextual situations, and necessity of establishing a Seoul-level foundation. Therefore, guidelines for the standards should be suggested for those providing public food services for children. Furthermore, separate guidelines categorized by items that food ingredient suppliers need to provide should be mandatory or recommended. Evaluation of the applicability of the standards suggests that revising and supplementing the guidelines in order to extend the standards can contribute to health promotion and a sustainable environment for children using public foodservice. Follow-up studies and supports are needed for sustainable food and nutrition management programs.

항공구간과 해상구간을 포함한 복합운송에 대한 국제항공운송법협약과 국제해상운송법협약의 적용 범위 및 한계

이안의 ( Ahn-eui Lee ) 한국해법학회 2018 韓國海法學會誌 Vol.40 No.2

항공운송법에 관한 바르샤바 협약은 항공운송이라는 단일 운송 구간에의 적용을 위하여 고안되었다. 공항이라는 공간은 항공운송의 시기와 종기의 지리적 표준으로 기능한다. 그런데, 항공운송계약이 체결되었으나 그 안에 육상 운송구간이 포함된 경우 육상운송 구간에도 항공운송법협약이 동일하게 적용될 수 있는지 논란이 있어 왔다. 이와 관련하여 항공운송법의 지리적 적용 한계인 ‘공항’을 기능적으로 해석하기도 한다. 몬트리올 협약은 바르샤바 협약에 비하여 공항에 대한 기능적 해석 가능성에 대하여 더 많은 여지를 두었다. 다만 항공운송장에 육상운송구간이 포함된 경우 항공운송법협약이 전 운송구간에 적용될 수 있는지에 관한 입장은 회원국에 따라 다를 수 있다. 예를 들어 영국의 경우 항공운송법협약의 지리적 적용 범위를 엄격히 해석하고자 하나, 미국의 경우 항공운송계약에 포함된 육상운송구간에 대한 항공운송법협약의 적용 가능성에 대하여 보다 유연한 태도를 취한다. 헤이그 규칙, 헤이그-비스비규칙, 함부르크 규칙에 이르기까지 각 협약의 구체적인 적용 요건 내지 범위의 차이가 있으나, 해상운송법협약은 원칙적으로 해상운송의 단일 운송구간에 적용된다. 다만 로테르담 협약에 이르러 해상운송이 포함된 복합운송의 경우 운송구간 전 구간에 대한 협약의 적용 가능성을 열어두었다. 해상운송법협약의 관점에서 볼 때 복합운송에 대한 해당 협약의 적용범위는 적용되는 협약의 종류에 따라 달라질 수 있는 것이다. 그렇다면, 항공운송과 해상운송 구간이 포함된 복합운송의 경우 전 구간에 단일한 항공운송법협약 또는 해상운송법협약이 적용될 수 있는지, 항공운송법협약과 해상운송법협약이 양립할 수 있다면 각 협약이 어느 범위까지 적용되는지가 문제된다. 이는 항공운송법협약과 해상운송법협약의 적용 범위와 한계, 운송증권의 종류 및 약관의 내용, 준거법에 따른 각 지역의 법률 등을 종합적으로 검토하여 결정하여야 한다. 국제 복합운송에 적용될 수 있는 통일 규칙에 관하여 국제적으로 통용될 수 있는 협약이 정착되지 않고 있기 때문이다. 본고에서는 이 중 항공운송법협약과 해상운송법협약의 적용 범위와 한계를 중심으로 항공운송과 해상운송이 결합된 복합운송에 어떤 협약이 어떠한 범위까지 적용되는지에 관하여 살피고자 한다. The Warsaw Convention was originally designed to govern the international unimodal air transportation. An airport offers spatial and temporal background where the air law convention is applicable. However, as to the case that a contract for carriage of goods by air includes inland transportation, extensibility of the air law convention has been controversial regarding the functional interpretation of the terminology, airport. The amendment in the Montreal Convention left more room for the functional interpretation. Notwithstanding, with regard to an air waybill including land segment, an individual jurisdiction may take an independent position on it. For example, UK court sees the scope of the airport strictly within the geographic meaning, whereas US court is open to the functional interpretation of the terminology, airport. The shipping law conventions including Hague and Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules, although the detailed scope of applicability is different each other, are applicable only to the sea segment. By contrast, Rotterdam Rules opened the gate of door-to-door applicability in terms of the multimodal transport including the sea leg. From the view of shipping law conventions, the scope of the international conventions has something to do with which convention is applicable. While an international convention for the law applicable to the multimodal transport has not set into force, whether an air law convention or a shipping law convention may cover the door-to-door including air and sea segment or how far each convention is applicable from the view of the geography are problematic. It depends on compatibility of air and shipping law conventions, type of the transport document and its terms and conditions, and local law governing the transportation according to the law of the jurisdiction. This article will shed light on the compatibility between air and shipping law conventions and their scope and limit of applicability to find a law governing the multimodal transport including air and sea leg.

Assessment of quantitative structure-activity relationship of toxicity prediction models for Korean chemical substance control legislation

김광연,Seong Eun Shin,노경태 환경독성보건학회 2015 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.30 No.-

Objectives For successful adoption of legislation controlling registration and assessment of chemical substances, it is important to obtain sufficient toxicological experimental evidence and other related information. It is also essential to obtain a sufficient number of predicted risk and toxicity results. Particularly, methods used in predicting toxicities of chemical substances during acquisition of required data, ultimately become an economic method for future dealings with new substances. Although the need for such methods is gradually increasing, the-required information about reliability and applicability range has not been systematically provided. Methods There are various representative environmental and human toxicity models based on quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Here, we secured the 10 representative QSAR-based prediction models and its information that can make predictions about substances that are expected to be regulated. We used models that predict and confirm usability of the information expected to be collected and submitted according to the legislation. After collecting and evaluating each predictive model and relevant data, we prepared methods quantifying the scientific validity and reliability, which are essential conditions for using predictive models. Results We calculated predicted values for the models. Furthermore, we deduced and compared adequacies of the models using the Alternative non-testing method assessed for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals Substances scoring system, and deduced the applicability domains for each model. Additionally, we calculated and compared inclusion rates of substances expected to be regulated, to confirm the applicability. Conclusions We evaluated and compared the data, adequacy, and applicability of our selected QSAR-based toxicity prediction models, and included them in a database. Based on this data, we aimed to construct a system that can be used with predicted toxicity results. Furthermore, by presenting the suitability of individual predicted results, we aimed to provide a foundation that could be used in actual assessments and regulations.