‘세계도시 부산’: 공간 기획과 산업전략

오미일,손은하 영남대학교 인문과학연구소 2012 人文硏究 Vol.- No.66

Concept of World city has been used to explain town re-structuralization and space change related to worldwide regional division of labor appeared since 1970s in Europe and North America, 1990s in Korea. Busan, the subject of this study is a representative city by making agenda of 'World city' around 1995 and actively proceeding with industrial re-structuralization and space reorganization with the goal year of 2011. Space policy of Busan city for World city in the early times of making agenda was ‘globalization leading-zone', that is, to establish base area for globalization strategy and to reorganize and cultivate industry centered on this base. But after 2005, Busan city changed direction where Busan territory was divided to three space belts such as inland, marine, and Nakdong River; each belt is cultivated as specialized growth axis. Fields that Busan city gave special attention as new growth driving force for World city were cultural industry and convention industry besides existing marine and logistics industry. To do this, Busan city had a strategy that such strategy starts from event to lure culture and tourism festival or international conference, and then expands towards industry gradually. Agenda of World city for Busan suggested 'town in higher rank in town position' as vision for town by accepting theory of World city from view of economism. But recently this voice is obtaining power - World city system is a process to construct infra and relation net of finance, communication, information, and transportation to exchange and make ties with several cities in the world culturally and economically rather than to recognize World city system as the order of rank of single line global development. As a result, minute change is appearing in vision for town. 세계도시 개념은 유럽과 북미에서는 1970년대 이후, 한국에서는 1990년대 이후 나타난 세계적인 지역적 분업화와 관련한 도시재구조화와 공간 변화를 설명하는 단어로 사용되어 왔다. 이 글의 분석대상인 부산은 1995년경 ‘세계도시’ 아젠다를 제기하여, 2011년을 목표로 본격적으로 산업재구조화와 공간재편을 추진한 대표적인 도시이다. 부산의 세계도시 아젠다는 세계도시론을 경제주의적으로 수용하여, ‘도시 위계에서 상위를 차지하고 있는 도시’를 도시비전으로 제기한 것이다. 아젠다 제기 당초에 세계도시화를 위한 부산시의 공간 정책은 ‘세계화 리딩존’(leading-zone), 즉 세계화전략거점지역을 설치하고 이곳을 중심으로 산업을 재편․육성하는 것이었다. 그러나 2005년 이후 지역 전체를 내륙, 해양, 낙동강 3개의 공간벨트로 구획하여 특성화된 성장축으로 육성하는 방향으로 전환했다. 부산시가 세계도시화를 위한 새로운 성장동력으로 주목한 것은 기존 해양물류산업 이외에 특히 문화산업과 컨벤션산업이었다. 이를 위해 문화관광축제나 국제회의 등을 유치하는 이벤트에서 출발하여 점차 산업으로 확산시켜 나가는 전략을 취했다.

세계도시성 지표 분류와 시사점에 관한 연구

김헌민,박지윤 대한국토·도시계획학회 2005 國土計劃 Vol.40 No.6

This study examines various indicators of world-cityness and draws implications for development of world cities. Indicators directly and indirectly suggested by major scholars in previous studies are categorized according to the characteristics and the functions of world cities. Economic indicators such as transnational corporation headquarters, industrial composition and concentration, global producer service firms, and international flow of funds; facility related indicators such as infrastructure, government offices, international organizations, and air transportation level; and demographic indicators such as population and human capital are selected for the analysis. World city characteristics are concentration of international activities, external orientation of city economy, and linkage in the world city hierarchy. World city functions are command and control of the world economy, producer services supply, and multiple functions including political, cultural functions. Based on the analysis, development strategies differentiated by the characteristics and the functions of world city are discussed.

영화 속 게임 세계 재현에 관한 연구

채희상 한국애니메이션학회 2019 애니메이션연구 Vol.15 No.4

As the technology of recreating the imaginary world such as human unconsciousness, outer space, time travel, augmented reality, and mixed reality with images develops, films dealing with the story world where reality and virtual coexist are rapidly increasing. This article is designed to examine how the representation of the game world in film is made, how it is connected to the real world, and what it means. For analysis, <Ready Player One> & <Fabricated City> were selected to clearly understand the representation structure of the game world and to show the relationship between the game world and the real world. The analysis was performed by combining narrative and figurative levels. Prior to the analysis, concepts were organized to help understand the game world representation. Representation of the game world at the figurative level is based on the story world of hyperrealism, freely combining dialectical and paradoxical logic images. Representation of the game world at the narrative level is based on the characteristics of the game narrative, where the narrative and the death of the character are pluralized. The characteristics of post modern narratives that reproduce fictionality are sometimes applied. As a result, <Ready Player One> conveyed gamer’s game play experience to the audience through sophisticated interface design of ‘real-game’ based on the characteristics of game narrative. In addition, the features of the post modern narrative that expresses fictionality was revealed by building narratives of the game world based on the story world, characters, music, items, etc., which are taken from popular culture texts. In <Fabricated City>, the relationship between the real world and the game world was being achieved by applying the principle of game world’s verisimiltude to the representation of the real world. The spectators of <Fabricated City> face the story of the real world unfolding in the environment of the imagination of the game world. <Ready Player One> & <Fabricated City> are a good example of how the story world and realism principles of the game can help to restructure the story world and realism principles of the film. 인간의 무의식, 우주 공간, 시간 여행, 증강현실, 혼합현실 등의 상상의 세계를 이미지로 재현하는 기술이 발 전함에 따라 현실과 가상이 공존하는 이야기 세계를 다룬 화들이 급속도로 증가하고 있다. 이 글은 화 속 가상현실 중 게임 세계의 재현은 어떻게 이루어지고 있는지, 현실 세계와 연결 구조와 그 의미는 무엇인지를 살 펴보기 위해 기획되었다. 분석 대상으로는 게임 세계의 재현 구조를 명확하게 파악할 수 있고 게임 세계와 현실 세 계의 관계가 잘 드러나는 <레디 플레이어 원>, <조작된 도시>를 선택하다. 분석은 내러티브, 구상적 차원을 결 합하여 진행했다. 분석에 앞서, 게임 세계 재현을 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있는 개념들을 정리하다. 구상적 차 원에서 게임 세계의 재현은 변증법적 논리 이미지와 역설적 논리 이미지가 자유롭게 결합된 하이퍼 리얼리즘의 이야기 세계를 기반으로 한다. 내러티브 차원에서 게임 세계의 재현은 내러티브와 캐릭터의 죽음이 복수화되는 게임 서사의 특성을 기반으로 한다. 허구를 사생(寫生)하는 포스트모던 서사의 특성이 적용되기도 한다. 분석 결과, <레디 플레이어 원>은 게임 서사의 특성을 기반으로 한 ‘현실ᐨ게임’의 정교한 인터페이스 설계를 통해 게이머의 게임 플레이 경험을 관객에게 전달하고 있었다. 또한 대중문화 텍스트에서 가져온 이야기 세계, 캐릭터, 음악, 아 이템 등을 기반으로 게임 세계의 내러티브를 구축함으로써 허구를 사생하는 포스트모던 서사의 특성을 드러냈다. <조작된 도시>는 현실 세계 재현에 게임 세계의 핍진성의 원리를 적용하는 것을 통해 현실 세계와 게임 세계의 관 계맺기가 이루어지고 있었다. <조작된 도시>의 관객은 게임 세계의 상상력의 환경에서 펼쳐지는 현실 세계의 이 야기를 마주하게 된다. 두 편의 사례를 통해, 게임의 이야기 세계와 리얼리즘의 원리가 화의 이야기 세계와 리얼 리즘의 구조를 재조정하게 하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

IPS 도시경쟁력 평가 모델과 한국 도시의 경쟁력 평가 결과, 그리고 춘천시의 경쟁력 향상 전략

조동성,임민영 여가문화학회 2009 여가학연구 Vol.6 No.3

With the main player of international competition being changed from country to region/city, city competitiveness is emerging as driving forces of industrial and national competitiveness and organizations formed on a city level are regarded as the main unit of competition among nations. This paper's goal is to research upon the city competitiveness with an emphasis on the analytical tool applying IPS Model of city competitiveness to 75 Korean cities and to map out the strategies to enhance the Chuncheon city's competitiveness based on the results of the evaluation on Chuncheon city's current and future competitiveness with focus on the impact of the city's hosting World Leisure Congress and World Leisure Games in 2010. By discussing city's future competitiveness as well as its current strength at the same time, the more comprehensive perspective required in reinforcing city competitiveness is proposed in this paper and issues related to a city's context and policy can be evaluated and their solutions can be sought after. The study can also contribute to the establishment of city's development policies and detect sustainable growth power for individual cities. 국가 간 경쟁의 주체가 국가에서 도시를 중심으로 하는 지역으로 변화함에 따라 지역경쟁력이 국가경쟁력의 근원으로, 지역차원의 조직이 국가 간 핵심 경쟁 단위로 부상하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국의 75개 광역∙기초시를 대상으로 하는 IPS 도시경쟁력 평가모델을 통해 도시의 경쟁력을 구체화하고, 특히, 춘천시의 현재와 미래경쟁력 평가결과를 바탕으로 춘천시의 경쟁력 강화전략을 2010년 춘천시에서 개최되는 World Leisure Congress와 World Leisure Game 행사가 춘천시에 미치는 효과를 중심으로 검토하였다. 이러한 논의는 도시의 현재경쟁력뿐만 아니라 미래경쟁력까지 포괄하여 검토함으로써 도시의 경쟁력 강화에 대한 시각의 포괄성을 제시함은 물론, 도시의 여건 및 정책의 문제점을 진단하는 준거로 삼을 수 있으며 이에 대한 문제해결과 함께 보다 발전적인 도시전략 수립을 위한 척도가 된다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

세계지리 교과서에 나타난 도시의 빈도와 분포 -제7차 교육과정을 중심으로-

손승호 ( Seung Ho Son ) 한국도시지리학회 2005 한국도시지리학회지 Vol.8 No.1

The importance of world regional study is gradually increased in the context of current globalization trend, and can be started with recognizing world place names. In this paper, I analyzed world cities names, which is related to world regional study, in the high school world geography textbooks of the 7th curriculum. I analyzed total frequency and number of city names in the textbooks. City names are frequently mentioned in the chapters such as North Eastern Asia, European Union, Anglo-America in the world geography textbooks. Whereas the 3rd world cities` names are not so often appeared in the chapters such as South Western Asia, South Eastern Asia, Africa, and Latin-America of the textbooks. The cases among the text books are different, the global cities such as New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo are generally showed up frequently in the most textbooks. However, the frequency of major cities` name in the textbooks have a big difference. That means some text books` authors are not acquainted to the global cities. Furthermore, in some text books, the function of city was stated not in global scale but in national scale. Therefore, cities of all over the world regions should be stated evenly in organization of the contents in high school world geography textbook for the well-balanced world regional studies.

중력 모형을 이용한 국제항공 네트워크와 GaWC 세계도시 분류 체계 간 연관성 탐색

박용하 ( Yongha Park ) 한국지리학회 2021 한국지리학회지 Vol.10 No.1

The main purpose of this study is to characterize the world city network (WCN) through exploring the relationship between international air transport networks (IATN) and GaWC (Global and World Cities Research Network) world city classification. We explore spatio-temporal distributions of major cities constituting those trans-national city networks from 2010 to 2018, in order to find distinctive characteristics of WCN represented by IATN. Then, we employ the gravity model, adapted for air transport, to examine factors influencing city-pair interactions through IATN, including not only city population, GDP per capita, distance but also business connectivity and city dummies derived from the GaWC world city groups. The main finding are as follows. First, major cities in IATN are more highly concentrated on Western Europe than the GaWC cities caused by varying aviation market structures across regions. Within the first-tier city group in IATN, there is also a hierarchy shift between cities in developed- and emerging-regions. Second, business connectivity has a greater impact on international interaction patterns than population and GDP per capita, and its impact has been even stronger over time. Lastly, we observe the weakening dominant position of top-tier cities, in terms of international market supply. Also there are differences in city hierarchy system between IATN and GaWC, partly affected by the multipolarization trend in the global aviation market. This study confirms the dynamics and diversity of the world city network through the comparative analysis between the two empirical transnational city network cases.

World City로서 서울시 도시경쟁력 평가 연구

한봉수(Han, Bong-Soo),하성규(Ha, Seong-Kyu) SH도시연구원 2012 주택도시연구 Vol.2 No.1

World Cities are places with excellent infrastructures in terms of telecommunications, transport, cultural industries and information, all of which are requirements of globally competitive firms. As there is no one generally accepted definition of a “World City”, and the concept is in fact subject to ongoing debate, there are no “specific attributes” which define a world city. Rather, there is a range of attributes about which the debate revolves. Growing the world city is recognized as driving force of economic growth and has become a symbol of wealth of the country. Thus, in each country, the major city continually strives to remain competitive and Seoul also effort to make a competitiveness as well as other world cities. This study suggest ways to improve Seoul city's competitiveness, using selected objective competitiveness indicators compare with five major cities in the world. The results are as follows: First, Seoul has a small area and high population density so that land use and efficient expansion of infrastructure installation is required. Second, Seoul should be addressed to solve high residential cost and poor living condition. Third, Seoul needs to prepare to improve tax system and give a tax benefit more to global companies. Finally, Seoul should be attracted foreign tourists and develop tourism resources.

메타버스 시대, 도시의 디지털 공공외교 추진 방향

문인철 국가안보전략연구원 2021 국가안보와 전략 Vol.21 No.4

The COVID-19 pandemic has been an opportunity to further accelerate the pace of the 4th industrial revolution. In particular, COVID-19 has heightened interest in ‘Metaverse’. The Metaverse is not just a virtual world. The virtual world is just one world that makes up the Metaverse. The Metaverse is largely composed of augmented reality, life logging, mirror world, and virtual world. The Metaverse is a very broad concept in which the real world and the virtual world are organically composed of the ‘digital world’ or ‘digital earth’. Gradually, the world will become a Metaverse, and we will live in this Metaverse era. According to various reports from reputable national and international organizations, about 68% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050. And this urbanization phenomenon will intensify. At present, the international competitiveness of the country is being replaced by the competitiveness of the city from the national competitiveness. In the Metaverse era, all public diplomacy will soon become digital public diplomacy. City digital public diplomacy in the Metaverse era is not just another means or a simple option for the state. City digital public diplomacy in the metaverse era should be approached as the core for the survival of the nation, not public diplomacy using digital means. 코로나19 팬데믹은 4차 산업혁명의 속도를 한 층 더 높이는 계기가 되었다. 특히, 코로나19는 ‘메타버스’에 관한 관심을 고조시켰다. 메타버스는단순한 가상세계가 아니다. 가상세계는 메타버스를 구성하는 하나의 세계에 불과하다. 메타버스는 크게 증강현실, 라이프로깅, 거울세계, 가상세계로 구성된다. 메타버스는 ‘디지털 세상’ 혹은 ‘디지털 지구’로 현실세계와가상세계가 유기적으로 구성된 매우 광범위한 개념이다. 점차 세계는 메타버스화 될 것이고, 우리는 이러한 메타버스 시대에 살게 될 것이다. 공신력있는 국내외 기관의 각종 보고서에 따르면 2050년까지 전 세계 인구의 약68%가 도시에 살게 된다. 그리고 이러한 도시화 현상은 더욱 심화될 것이다. 현재 국가의 국제경쟁력은 국가경쟁력에서 도시경쟁력으로 대체되고있다. 메타버스 시대에는 모든 공공외교가 곧 디지털 공공외교가 될 것이다. 그리고 메타버스 시대의 공공외교는 도시 디지털 공공외교가 중심이될 것이다. 메타버스 시대의 도시 디지털 공공외교는 국가의 또 다른 수단이나 단순한 선택 사항이 아니다. 메타버스 시대의 도시 디지털 공공외교는 디지털을 수단으로 한 공공외교가 아니라 국가의 생존을 위한 핵심으로접근해야 할 것이다.

세계 도시론의 검증: 서울시에 대한 실증적 분석을 통하여

김준우,안영진 국토지리학회 2010 국토지리학회지 Vol.44 No.1

This paper tries to test world city theory with empirical data on Seoul. There can be two camps, one arguing for ?ne world city type?and the other proposing ?ultiple world city types.?The former regards New York as archetypical world city and view all world cities as common basing ground for transnational capital. The latter don? take one world capitalism assumption. It argues that it is government ministries rather than the capital which made cities such as Tokyo and Seoul world city. Empirical examinations are limited to issues of ?lobal control capacity?and ?ocio-spatial polarization.?Unlike New York, Seoul? global control capacity doesn? lie in producer service. However, the rise of the banking sector is obvious. Polarization in Seoul is worsening as in New York. However, what is fueling it is not consumption as can be witness from yuppies in NY but the desire for better education for the next generation. The examination proves none of the two arguments are persuasive. More careful analysis and exmination of the mechanism of changes are in need for better judgment on the issue. 이 논문은 서울을 사례로 세계 도시론을 실증적으로 분석하려고 한다. 먼저 ‘한 가지 유형의 세계도시’를 주장하는 진영과 ‘여러 가지 유형의 세계도시’를 주장하는 진영으로 나누어 기존 논의를 개관한다. 뒤이어 실증적 분석에서는 논의의 특성과 자료의 한계로 감안하여 ‘세계적 통제능력’과 ‘사회 공간적 양극화’라는 두 가지 주제를 중심으로 서울의 세계 도시성과 아울러 발전 상태를 분석한다. 서울의 세계적 통제능력을 보면, 뉴욕과는 달리 주요 본사는 생산자서비스 업종에 속하지 않지만 금융업의 약진은 두드러진다. 양극화 문제에 있어서도 서울은 대표적 세계도시인 뉴욕보다 심각하지 않으나 강화되는 추세를 보이는 것으로 여겨진다. 이러한 점들에 비춰볼 때, 세계도시에 관한 이론에서 검토한 두 진영의 주장 중 어느 한 주장이 명확한 설득력을 지닌다고 보기 어렵다는 결론을 도출할 수 있다.

Migrating up the World City Hierarchy: Seoul as a World City of ‘Transfer’ for the Latin American Creative Class

Cassandra Gutierrez Rosales 부경대학교 글로벌지역학연구소 2022 Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA) Vol.6 No.3

This paper focuses on the world city of Seoul as an alternative, temporary destination for creative class migrants from Latin America. The creative class is a concept developed by Richard Florida to describe, "creative individuals whose economic function is to create new ideas, technology and/or creative content." In this research, world city of ‘transfer’ refers to world cities ranked by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) that are of high middle (Alpha) to lower ranking and that become ‘temporary stops’ for the migrating creative classes, whose ultimate destinations are the Alpha+ and Alpha++ world cities. This research namely asks: (1) From the perspective of creative migrants from developing countries, what causes them to leave world ‘transfer’ cities, such as Seoul, and not settle there long term? and (2) What kind of policies can be applied to help creative migrants stay in these cities permanently? Social integration policies should be implemented when trying to further develop a world city’s quality of place. Qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews with Latin American creative people were employed to demonstrate Seoul’s need for social integration policies aimed at retaining global talent and not just attracting it.