五臟辨證을 활용한 朝鮮 鍼法 硏究

오준호(Junho Oh),김남일(Namil Kim) 한국한의학연구원 2010 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.16 No.2

Objective : The objective of this study is to verify the characteristics of acupuncture methods of Joseon Dynasty by looking into the relationship between five viscera diagnosis and acupuncture methods. Material & Method : In the process, I've reviewed the relationship between meridian/exterior and viscera/bowels, along with a thorough comparison of the academic tendency in acupuncture of Ming-China, Qing-China and Joseon. Result & Conclusion : The two fields of meridian and exterior, and viscera and bowels had been theoretically merged, and based upon that, foundation methods applying the five viscera diagnosis were designed. Joseon acupuncture exceeded the existing concept of viscera which simply related itself to the exterior meridian and exterior by integrating the concepts from the visceral manifestation theory. With this, large proportions of medicine related to the visceral manifestation theory were invited into acupuncture, expanding therapeutic boundaries for acupuncture treatment. A historical review on medical texts starts from the Hyangyakjipseongbang(『鄕藥集成方』) which familiarized the public with mainstream acupuncture knowledge up until the Song dynasty, followed by Uibangyuchwi (『醫方類聚』), which sparked up interest on the acupuncture methods based on viscera and bowels. Donguibogam(『東醫寶鑑』) organized the medical theories up until then, building a foundation upon which viscera/bowel-based acupuncture was able to develop further. In Chimgugyeongheombang(『鍼灸經驗方』), viscera/bowel-based acupuncture methods started to blossom, integrating the meridian and exterior theory with the viscera manifestation theory, which in turn provided various methods through five viscera diagnosis. In the Saamdoin acupuncture method(舍岩道人鍼法), diagnostic criteria moved on to the five viscera diagnosis, and new methods resulting from the inter-complimentary and inter-prohibiting relationships between the five phases were introduced, opening a new world of acupuncture.

내장을 첨가한 전복죽의 품질 특성

이경아(Kyung-A Lee),신은수(Eun-Su Shin),이혜경(Hye-Kyung Lee),김미정(Mi-Jung Kim),김꽃봉우리(Koth-Bong-Woo-Ri Kim),변명우(Myung-Woo Byun),이주운(Ju-Woon Lee),김재훈(Jae-Hun Kim),안동현(Dong-Hyun Ahn),류은순(Eun-Soon Lyu) 한국식품영양과학회 2008 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.37 No.1

전통적 기호식품 및 건강식품인 전복죽 제조 시 쌀 형태에 따른 내장 첨가량을 결정하기 위해 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%의 내장 첨가량에 따른 이화학적 특성, 물성 및 관능적 품질특성을 연구하였다. 이화학적 특성에서, pH에서는 쌀입자 크기와 내장첨가량에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았으나 반쌀죽과 쌀가루죽에서는 내장첨가량이 증가할수록 약간의 감소경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 산화도는 전반적으로 낮은 수치를 보였으며 온쌀죽>반쌀죽>쌀가루죽의 순으로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 산화도가 높게 나타났고 반쌀죽을 제외한 온쌀죽과 쌀가루죽에서는 내장의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 색도에서, 명도 및 적색도는 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 황색도는 내장첨가량이 증가수록 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였으며 온쌀죽>반쌀죽>쌀가루죽 순으로 높게 나타났다. 물성에서, 쌀입자 크기에 따른 물성의 차이는 유의적(p<0.05)으로 나타나 점조성과 견고성은 온쌀죽>반쌀죽>쌀가루죽 순으로 높게 나타났고 점성과 응집성은 쌀가루죽>반쌀죽>온쌀죽 순으로 높게 나타났다. 내장첨가량에 따른 물성을 살펴본 결과, 온쌀죽에서 내장첨가량이 증가할수록 점조성과 견고성이 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 전반적으로 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 쌀입자 크기와 내장첨가량에 따른 관능평가를 실시한 결과, 식전 냄새를 제외한 나머지 관능특성에서 모두 유의적(p<0.05)인 차이를 보였다. 쌀입자 크기에 따른 관능특성에서 온쌀죽과 반쌀죽이 쌀가루죽보다 질감, 맛 및 전체적인 관능점수에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높은 점수를 보였으며 내장첨가량에 따른 관능특성에서는 온쌀죽은 내장 2~5% 첨가, 반쌀죽은 내장 3~5% 첨가구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높은 점수를 보였으나 쌀가루죽은 내장 1~2% 첨가구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮은 점수를 보였다. 이상의 연구 결과를 통해 온쌀은 2%, 반쌀은 3%, 쌀가루는 4%의 내장을 첨가하여 제조한 전복죽이 이화학적, 물성적 및 관능적으로 우수한 것으로 나타났다. To develop an optimal composite recipe for a functional abalone porridge including abalone viscera, this study investigated the effects of added viscera on the physical, textural and sensory characteristics of the porridge. Several kinds of abalone porridge were prepared with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% of the viscera (w/w) and with round rice, half rice, or ground rice. pH of the porridge with half and ground rice decreased with increasing amounts of the viscera. TBARS value increased with increasing size of rice and increased with increasing amount of the viscera in the porridge with round and ground rice. Yellowness of the porridge increased significantly by the addition of the viscra. Among the four textural properties, consistency and firmness increased with increasing size of rice; in contrast, viscosity and cohesivness decreased with increasing size of rice. However, textural properties of the porridge were not significantly different by the addition of the viscera. In the sensory evaluation, sensory scores of the porridge with round and half rice were higher than with round rice for texture, taste and total. In conclusion, concerning overall sensory evaluation, round rice porridge with 2% viscera, half rice porridge with 3% viscera and ground rice porridge with 4% viscera showed the best results, implying that developing functional abalone porridge using the viscera may be worthy.

Comparative Study of Digestive Enzymes of Squid (Todarodes pacificus) Viscera after Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Organic Solvent Extraction

Md. Salim Uddin,Hyang-Min Ahn,Hideki Kishimura,전병수 한국생물공학회 2009 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.14 No.3

Three major classes of digestive enzymes of squid viscera were characterized following extraction of oil by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) and organic solvent, n-hexane. Squid viscera were extracted at temperature, 35~45°C and pressure, 15~25 MPa for 2.5 h by SCO2 with a constant flow rate of 22 g/min. Oil extraction yield increased with the increasing of extraction pressure and temperature. The highest oil extracted residues of squid viscera were used for characterization of digestive enzymes. The activities of protease, lipase, and amylase were highest in n-hexane treated squid viscera samples and lowest in SCO2 treated samples. The crude extracts of SCO2 and n-hexane treated squid viscera samples showed almost same optimum pH and pH stability for each of the digestive enzymes. The optimum temperature of protease, lipase, and amylase were found to almost similar in SCO2 and n-hexane treated samples. But the thermal stability for each digestive enzyme in SCO2 treated squid viscera were slightly higher than that of n-hexane treated squid viscera. Studies using SDS-PAGE showed no significant differences in protein patterns of the crude extracts of untreated and SCO2 and n-hexane treated squid viscera indicating no denaturation of proteins

오징어 내장의 초임계 이산화탄소 추출 잔류물로부터 인지질의 분리

유병욱 ( Pyoung Ook U ),전병수 ( Byung Soo Chun ) 한국화학공학회 2010 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.48 No.6

오징어내장에서 초임계 이산화탄소를 이용한 추출잔류물에 에탄올을 이용하거나 초임계 처리를 하지 않은 오징어내장에서 다양한 유기용매를 이용하여 인지질을 추출하였다. 초임계이산화탄소 추출은 동결 건조된 오징어 내장시료를 이용 45 oC 20 MPa 조건에서 수행되었으며 무극성 지질의 추출에 사용되었다. 동결 건조된 오징어 내장은 클로로포름, 헥산, 메탄올, 에탄올을 이용해 인지질 추출을 시행하고 초임계 이산화탄소 추출을 거친 내장 시료는 에탄올 처리하여 인지질을 추출하였다. 각 인지질 추출과정에서 pH는 5.7로 고정하여 시행하였다. 각각의 인지질의 조성을 검출하기 위하여 evaporative light scattering detector(ELSD)를 이용하여 HPLC 분석을 행하였다. 포스파티딜 콜린(PC)과 포스파티딜 이노시톨(PI)은 초임계이산화탄소 잔류물을 에탄올 추출한 것에서 동결건조물을 에탄올만을 사용하여 추출한 것보다 많은 양이 검출되었다. 하지만 포스파티딜 에탄올아민(PE)과 포스파티딕 에시드(PA)의 경우 동결 건조된 오징어내장을 에탄올만을 사용하여 추출한 인지질에서 많은 양이 검출되었다. 초임계 이산화탄소 처리 후 회수된 추잔 물질에 에탄올을 사용하여 인지질 혼합물을 분리 후 분리된 인지질 혼합물에 대해 가스크로마토그래피를 이용하여 지방산을 분석한 결과 docosahexanoic acid(DHA)의 함량이 매우 높은 것을 확인하였다. Phospholipids were recovered from squid viscera residues by ethanol extraction after supercritical carbon dioxide(SCO2) extraction and from squid viscera was not processed SCO2 by various organic solvent extraction. SCO2 extraction were performed at 45˚C and 20MPa for removal of non polar lipid molecules from freeze dried squid viscera sample. Phospholipids were extracted from freeze dried squid viscera sample by chloroform, hexane, methanol, and ethanol and from SCO2 extracted squid viscera sample by ethanol. The pH was fixed at 5.7 for all phospholipids extraction conditions. Phospholipid classes were analyzed by HPLC equipped with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Phosphatidyl choline (PC) extracted by ethanol from SCO2 extracted residues was higher than that of extracted by ethanol from squid viscera. But phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidic acid (PA) were extracted higher percentage in raw squid viscera. The fatty acid compositions in phospholipids extract by ethanol extract from SCO2 extracted residues were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) was found in highest percentage in phospholipid extract.

Original Article : Stability of Antioxidant Properties and Essential Amino Acids in Squid Viscera Hydrolysate Produced using Subcritical Water

( Ryoung Hee Kim ),( A. K. M. Asaduzzaman ),( Chi Hong You ),( Byung Soo Chun ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2013 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.16 No.2

Subcritical water hydrolysis was carried out in a batch reactor to produce valuable materials, such as low-molecular weight (MW) peptides and essential amino acids with antiowidant properties, from heat-dried squid viscera. Hydrolysis of squid viscera was performed at 160 to 280°C for 3 min. The yield was increased by increasing the temperature and pressure, while the protein content of squid viscera hydrolysate decreased with increasing temperature. Low-MW peptides were detected in all hydrolysates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The highest yields of free and structural amino acids in heat-dried squid viscera hydrolysate were at 160°C and were 411.95±1.15 and 346.62±1.25 mg/100 g, respectively. All essential amino acids were detected in viscera hydrolysates; leucine was the most abundant. Antioxidant activities of hydrolysates were highest at 220°C. Greater than 98±0.26% of the ABTS antioxidant activity was retained in hydrolysates after long-term heat treatment.

The Characteristics of the Viscera and Bowels of Sasang Constitutional Medicine

Song, Il-byung,Lee, su-kyung,Koh, Byung-hee,Kim, Jong-won INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE KYUNG-HEE UNIVERSIT 1998 JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE Vol.3 No.1

This paper was written in order to introduce the Visera and Bowels of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Sasang Constitutional Medicine was based on Confucianism. It perceived everything in quaternary aspects gave great importance to the harmony of human and human society. It had a structure of four viscera : lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, and the heart, which was the supreme ruler of other viscera. The function and size of the viscera excluding the heart were determined by the difference of nature and emotion such as sorrow, anger, joy, and pleasure. So there were four types of human being based on the congenital formation of organs that depended on the nature, emotion and inclination of the mind. Taeyangin(太陽人) has large lungs and a small liver, Taeumin(太陰人) has a large liver and small lungs, Soyangin(小陽人) has a large spleen and small kidneys, and Soeumin(小陰人) has large kidney and a small spleen. The characteristics of viscera and bowels are quartenary, and the define four-cho(四焦), four-viscera, four-bowels; that is, the four-system explains the physiology and pathology of the viscera and bowels by ascent and descent of up-down, fasten and unfasten of interior-exterior of Yin-Yang. The function of viscera can be classified into two parts; the lungs and liver affected the metabolism of Qi-Yack(氣液) and the spleen and kidneys affected teh metabolism of food which produces the fundamental materials and function of vitality.

Fatty Acids and Protein Recovery of Squid Viscera with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Park, Ji-Yeon,Back, Sung-Sin,Chun, Byung-Soo The Korean Society for Marine Biotechnology 2006 한국해양바이오학회지 Vol.1 No.3

Supercritical carbon dioxide ($SCO_2$) extraction was investigated as a method for protein-sourcing material from squid viscera. To find the optimum conditions, the extraction of squid viscera using $SCO_2$ was performed under the conditions of temperature range from 35 to $45^{\circ}C$ and constant pressure 25 MPa using Hewlett-Packard 7680T. Also from result of SDS-PAGE, the protein denaturation was minimized when using $SCO_2$ extraction. And the major amino acids in the squid viscera were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, arginine, alanine, glycine, isoleucine, and valine. The main fatty acids from squid viscera were myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, heneicosanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, elaidic acid, oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).

홍어의 항고혈압 활성물질

임현수 한국생명과학회 2003 생명과학회지 Vol.13 No.5

홍어를 발효하여 발효기간에 따른 항고혈압 효과를 조사하고 그에 따른 항고혈압성 물질을 분리하기 위해 GPC system을 사용하여 항고혈압 물질을 조 분리하였다. 항고혈압성 물질을 농축하기 위해 홍어 내장 및 가식부 열수 추출물을 대량 포집 하였다. 그리고 그에 따른 ACE 억제효과를 검색하였다. 즉, 홍어 가식 부의 ACE 저해 작용은 2% 첨가시 29%로, 다소 낮으나 상시 섭취될 수 있는 식품이란 측면에서 볼 때 그 유용성이 기대된다고 할 수 있으며 홍어 내장 열수 추출물의 ACE 저해 효과는 시료 2% 첨가의 경우 발효 0일째에 71.0%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 발효가 진행되면서 ACE 저해 효과는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 ACE 억제효과를 나타내는 성분을 추정하기 위하여 홍어 내장 열수 추출물의 일반성분과 원소분석을 실시한 결과 일반성분 중 순단백질이 58.7%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 원소분석 결과 C, H, O, N의 성분비가 당류라기 보다는 peptide계인 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 질소화합물의 분석결과 ACE를 억제하는 기능성 peptide의 성분인 Tyr, Phe, Val, His 등이 가식부 보다 많아서 ACE를 억제하는 peptide를 함유하리라 예상되었다. ACE억제 물질을 조 분리하기 위하여 Sephadex G-25 column chromatography에 의해 분자량별로 분획한 결과, 분획물 들의 ACE 저해 효과는 분획물 B(111-160)의 농도 0.2%에서 67.8%로 가장 높은 ACE저해 효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 홍어 내장 열수 추출물의 ACE 저해인자는 가열에 대하여 안정한 비교적 저분자의 peptide와 같은 물질이라고 추정할 수 있었다. This study was carried out to investigate the ACE inhibitory materials of Raja kenojei. Raja kenojei was sperated to fillet and viscera, and these were extracted with hot water. Antihypertensive activity was examined by mesearing angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitory activity. ACE inhibitory activity of viscera at the concentration of 2% for Day 0 showed the highest value by 71.0%. But ACE inhibitory activity of fillet at 2% showed by 29%, which was lower antihypertensive activity than viscera. The protein content of viscerial hot water extracts in proximate composition showed the highest. And also, there was a large amount of aromatic and branched aliphatic amino acids in viscera than those in fillet. For the purification of antihypertensive material in visceral hot water extracts, it was separated and collected by Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography. The fraction (B) of 111 to 160 showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity by 65.1% at the concentration of 0.05%. But the other fractions (A and C) showed lower activity than B. These results demonstrate that crude hot water extracts of viscera from Raj kenojei may be useful as functional food ingredient with antihypertensive property.

한국 남해안에 서식하는 백합과 5종의 근육 및 내장의 일반성분 조성

윤호섭,안윤근,최상덕,김정 한국패류학회 2008 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.24 No.1

This study investigated the proximate composition in the muscle and viscera of five commercially valuable Korean Veneridae, Protothaca jedoensis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Saxidomus purprratus, Cyclina sinensis and Meretrix lusoria. The proximate analysis revealed that the moisture, crude protein and carbohydrate of muscle in higher than viscera. As results, except for the crude lipid and carbohydrate there was little significant differences among the moisture, protein and crude ash. The crude lipid contents was highest in the viscera of Meretrix lusoria, while lowest in the muscle of Ruditapes philippinarum. The carbohydrate content of viscera in the Meretrix lusoria, Ruditapes philippinarum and Protothaca jedoensis were 3.61±0.45%, 3.45±1.4% and 3.39±0.07%, respectively.

Stability of Antioxidant Properties and Essential Amino Acids in Squid Viscera Hydrolysate Produced using Subcritical Water

Kim, Ryoung-Hee,Asaduzzaman, A.K.M.,You, Chi-Hong,Chun, Byung-Soo The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2013 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.16 No.2

Subcritical water hydrolysis was carried out in a batch reactor to produce valuable materials, such as low-molecular weight (MW) peptides and essential amino acids with antioxidant properties, from heat-dried squid viscera. Hydrolysis of squid viscera was performed at 160 to $280^{\circ}C$ for 3 min. The yield was increased by increasing the temperature and pressure, while the protein content of squid viscera hydrolysate decreased with increasing temperature. Low-MW peptides were detected in all hydrolysates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The highest yields of free and structural amino acids in heat-dried squid viscera hydrolysate were at $160^{\circ}C$ and were $411.95{\pm}1.15$ and $346.62{\pm}1.25$ mg/100 g, respectively. All essential amino acids were detected in viscera hydrolysates; leucine was the most abundant. Antioxidant activities of hydrolysates were highest at $220^{\circ}C$. Greater than $98{\pm}0.26%$ of the ABTS antioxidant activity was retained in hydrolysates after long-term heat treatment.