Variations in Species and Functional Plant Diversity among Forest Types on the Ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains, South Korea

이창배,조현재,천정화,송호경,김형호 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2013 농업생명과학연구 Vol.47 No.5

This study was conducted to compare species and functional diversity of terrestrial plants among forest types by analyzing the variations in species and functional trait compositions in a large-scale natural forest ecosystem. Plant data were collected at 1,100 plots and a total of 802 plant species from 97 families and 342 genera were found along the ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains in South Korea. Forest types were divided into four categories including Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, other deciduous and other coniferous forest types. To analyze the variations in plant diversity among forest types, we used two species diversity indices such as species richness and the Shannon-Weaver index as well as a newly introduced functional diversity such as Rao’s index. In functional trait composition, megaphanerophyte, geophyte and hemicryptophyte were the dominant traits, whereas the relative proportion of helophyte and hydrophyte and epiphyte indicated less than 1%. In diversity patterns among forest types, species richness and diversity for total plants showed the lowest value in P. densiflora forest type, while other deciduous and Q. mongolica forest types had the highest values of species richness and diversity for woody and herbaceous plants, respectively. However, functional diversity did not depict a clear distinction among four forest types for plant groups. This study suggests that although taxonomical richness and diversity may be different among forest types, there may be no differences in functional diversity. Moreover, these indistinct patterns in functional diversity may be a result of disturbance and successional gradients compounded in a forest type in addition to the type of functional traits used for comparison and contrast among forest types. Therefore, a further study with various functional traits and different environmental gradients should be consistently evaluated to achieve a better understanding of the diversity patterns of plant communities in mountain ecosystems.

국립공원의 종다양성 가치 추정:북한산국립공원을 중심으로

정혜경,심규원,장진,김태균 한국산림휴양복지학회 2019 한국산림휴양학회지 Vol.23 No.3

This study estimates the economic value of species diversity in Bukhansan National Park by means of a choice experiment. The attributes were number of naturalized species except for endangered species(2,000, 2,200, 2,380, 2,600, or 2,800), number of endangered species(10, 12, 14, 16, or 18), number of exotic species(65, 70, 74, 80, or 85), and levy(five levels from 28,000 to 36,000 won/household). An online survey was administered to residents in 17 metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea. The results of the conditional logit model showed that all variables for species diversity and levy were statistically significant. The coefficients on the variables for naturalized species and endangered species were both positive. However, the coefficients on the variables for exotic species and levy were negative. The marginal willingness to pay for naturalized species, endangered species, and exotic species was estimated as 6.29, 1,166.57, and -421.54 won/household, respectively. The results of this study can provide useful insights for the conservation and management of species diversity in the National Park. 본 연구의 목적은 북한산국립공원의 종다양성 가치를 추정하는 것이다. 이를 위해 선택실험법을 이용하였으며, 종다양성에 관한 속성은 멸종위기종을 제외한 자생종(2,000종, 2,200종, 2,380종, 2,600종, 2,800종), 멸종위기종(10종, 12종, 14종, 16종, 18종), 외래종(65종, 70종, 74종, 80종, 85종), 그리고 가구당 부담금(28,000원, 30,000원, 32,000원, 34,000원, 36,000원)으로 구분하였다. 자료는 17개 광역시·도의 국민들을 대상으로 인터넷 조사를 통하여수집하였다. 조건부로짓모형을 추정한 결과, 종과 관련한 속성과 부담금은 모두 통계적으로 유의하였으며, 자생종과 멸종위기종의 경우 추정계수가 양(+)으로, 외래종과 부담금의 추정계수는 음(–)으로 나타났다. 한계지불의사금액은 자생종(멸종위기종 제외)의 경우 6.29원, 멸종위기종의 경우 1,166.57원, 외래종의 경우 -421.54원으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 국립공원의 종다양성 보존 및 관리 정책 수립을 위한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Characteristics of Bird Community in Yeongsan Lake

Kim, Seok-Yee,Paek, Woon-Kee,Yu, Jae-Pyoung National Science Museum of Korea 2011 Journal of Korean nature Vol.4 No.2

A total of 4,045 individuals of 47 species were observed in the Yeongsan Lake region of Yeongsan River between January and December of 2009. Dominant species, in decreasing order, included the Fulica atra (24.72%, 1,000 individuals), followed by the Larus ridibundus (17.31%, 700 individuals), Larus crassirostris (13.84%, 560 individuals), Mergus merganser (7.29%, 295 individuals), Passer montanus (6.18%, 250 individuals) and the Aythya fuligula (5.34%, 216 individuals). In terms of the total number of species observed per month, November showed the highest number at 23 species and September showed the lowest figure at 9 species. Furthermore, February showed the highest number of individuals at 2,382, and May showed the lowest number at 114 individuals. In relation to species diversity, May, despite being the month with the lowest bird count, showed the highest number of species as well as the highest level of species diversity (H') at 2.37 and species abundance at (Da) 4.22. Conversely, September, which recorded the lowest number of species observed, showed lowest levels of species diversity (H') at 0.37 and species abundance at (Da) 1.26. In terms of the seasons, summer (between July and September) showed the lowest species diversity, while spring and fall, which are migratory periods for migratory birds, showed high level of species diversity. This study observed 3 government protected species.

Variation of Medicinal Plants Species Richness along Vertical Gradient in Makawanpur District, Nepal

Damodar Gaire,Lichun Jiang,Vijay Kumar Yadav,Jit Narayan Shah,Sunita Dhungana,Anju Upadhyaya,Shiv Kumar Manjan,Binod Kumar Heyojoo 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2021 Journal of Forest Science Vol.37 No.2

The research attempted to analyze the medicinal plant species richness in the vertical gradient from lower to the highest elevation of Makawanpur, focusing on the relationship between species richness and elevation which is very important for conservation and management of species diversity. Inventory was carried out in the study area by taking sampling intensity of 0.5% in the effective area. Altogether, 42 sample plots were laid in the field with the help of GIS software maintaining 50 m altitude difference. High species diversity was found in the herbs species whereas shrubs have comparatively low species diversity. The maximum species richness is found in herbs and poles whereas shrubs and trees have relatively low species richness. Research showed that species richness of medicinal plants increased with altitudinal gradient. While analyzing the species richness from 350 to 2,550 m (msl), the highest species richness was received with the elevation ranges from 1,800 m to 2,300 m. There was a positive relationship between species richness and altitudinal gradient in the study area. In addition, we have recorded the high value medicinal plants after 1,800 m altitude and rarely within 1,000 m. Medicinal plants correlated both positive and negative relationships with the increased altitude. The altitudinal response has positively seen except density (n/ha) of Shrubs. Domestication and cultivation of high value medicinal plants should be promoted in community forest including private lands. Training, workshops and awareness programs should be conducted to make people aware about medicinal plants resource utilization, conservation and commercialization of available medicinal plants.

Distribution and Diversity of Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera:Carabidae) on Korean Mountain Jangsan

Chong Kyu Lee,Mi Hwha Park,Joshua Pope Adams,Young Min Kang 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2014 Journal of Forest Science Vol.30 No.4

This study was conducted during May to September in 2012 to investigate the distribution and diversity of beetles in Mt. Jangsan (634 m) located near Busan, Republic of Korea. The collection of beetles was repeated 11 times in the four areas classified according to altitudes 200 m, 400 m, 600 m, and over 600 m (approximately) on the south and north slopes of Mt. Jangsan. A total of 12 families, 20 species, and 4,343 individual beetles were collected. In the southern slopes, a total of 12 families, 20 species, and 2,264 individuals were collected, whereas a total of 12 families, 20 species, and 2,079 individuals on the northern slopes were captured. The monthly emergence of beetles was the highest in August at 651 individuals followed by 516 individuals in September, 496 individuals in July, 364 individuals in Jun, 237 individuals in May. In the northern slopes, the monthly emergence of beetles was the highest in August as 591 individuals followed by 512 individuals in September, 443 individuals in July, 321 individuals in June, and 212 individuals in May. On the southern slopes, the species diversity index, evenness index, and dominance value were 0.950, 0.730, and 0.181, respectively, while in the northern slopes, the species diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index were 0.946, 0.727, and 0.182, respectively. In the both slopes, the species diversity index and evenness index were the highest in May, while dominance index was the highest in September. This study lays the groundwork for further monitoring of these sites and others through the region for environmental changes using the indicator species.

Ecological Attributes of Species Composition by Topographical Positions in the Natural Deciduous Forest

JiHong Kim,HyeSeon Lee,GwangMo Hwang 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2011 Journal of Forest Science Vol.27 No.1

Based upon the vegetation data of woody plants by plot sampling method in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jeombong, the study was carried out to examine importance value, rank abundance curve, and species abundance curve, and comparatively evaluate seven different species diversity indices for Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, McIntosh index, Log series, Margalef index, Berger-Parker index, and species richness, according to topographic positions. The minimal area which meant only few more species were increased was 3.48 ha in total. The dominant species of valley were Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Abies holophylla, and the dominant species of mid-slope were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Moreover, the dominant species of ridge were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Acer mono. According to rank abundance curve and species abundance curve, species evenness was also low. All of Log series, species richness, Margalef, and Shannon-Wiener index discriminated that valley had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity; but, Simpson index, McIntosh index, and Berger-Parker index represented that mid-slope had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity. Uniquely, in Berger-Parker index, mid-slope was the higher value than total.

Community Structure, Species Composition and Population Status of NTFPs of Ziro Valley in Arunachal Pradesh, India

Yakang Bamin,Padma Raj Gajurel,Ashish Paul 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2017 Journal of Forest Science Vol.33 No.3

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) has gained a lot of significance over the years as a means of income generation. Forests are playing a vital role in the supply of these products, however, due to their continuous extraction, the population of many species might have depleted. Very little information is known about community structure and population status of NTFPs. No specific studies have been made to find out the occurrence, availability of species and population status in the forests, supplying the resources. The present study has been carried out in community forests of the naturally occurring NTFPs in the temperate forest of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh. The main aim is to determine community structure, species composition and population status of NTFPs. Three forest stands viz., Nyilii, Dura and Gyachi were selected which are used by the Apatani tribe for extraction of the NTFPs. For evaluation of species composition and community characteristics, the sampling of the vegetation was done using the quadrat method. A total 137 species representing 68 families and 116 genera were recorded. Herbs represent the maximum diversity with 71 species followed by 35 shrub species and 31 tree species. The families Asteraceae and Rosaceaeae exhibited maximum representation followed by Urticaceae. The species under Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae were found to be important NTFP yielding species. Highest species richness was recorded in Nyilii having 124 species, while lowest in Dura with 102 species. Density of tree, shrub and herb ranged between 376 to 456 individuals ha-1, 2848 to 3696 individuals ha-1 and 31.44 to 36.64 individuals m-2, respectively. The total basal area was found to be highest (51.64 m2 ha-1) in Dura followed by Nyilii (25.32 m2 ha-1) and lowest in Gyachi (22.82 m2 ha-1). In all the three study stands the species diversity indices showed the trend, herbs > shrubs > trees while the evenness index showed the trend as shrubs > herbs > trees. The overall species similarity index was highest (82.35%) between Dura and Gyachi. About 80% of the total recorded species showed clumped distribution while, no regular distribution was shown by any species. The three selected stands harbor about 50 important NTFP yielding species which are being used commonly by the Apatani people in their day to day life. Among the three study sites, overall diversity of NTFP was found highest in the Nyilii stand while the density of population was found better in Dura and Gyachi stands. The population of many species was found to be low due to continue harvesting without any sustainable management by the communities. All the selected forest stands have the potentiality to grow the high value NTFP yielding species and if managed properly, they can support the livelihood and economy of the local communities.

Ecological Attributes of Species Composition by Topographical Positions in the Natural Deciduous Forest

Kim, Ji-Hong,Lee, Hye-Seon,Hwang, Gwang-Mo Institute of Forest Science 2011 Journal of Forest Science Vol.27 No.1

Based upon the vegetation data of woody plants by plot sampling method in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jeombong, the study was carried out to examine importance value, rank abundance curve, and species abundance curve, and comparatively evaluate seven different species diversity indices for Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, McIntosh index, Log series, Margalef index, Berger-Parker index, and species richness, according to topographic positions. The minimal area which meant only few more species were increased was 3.48 ha in total. The dominant species of valley were Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Abies holophylla, and the dominant species of mid-slope were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Moreover, the dominant species of ridge were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Acer mono. According to rank abundance curve and species abundance curve, species evenness was also low. All of Log series, species richness, Margalef, and Shannon-Wiener index discriminated that valley had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity; but, Simpson index, McIntosh index, and Berger-Parker index represented that mid-slope had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity. Uniquely, in Berger-Parker index, mid-slope was the higher value than total.

진도 당재봉 일대 토지이용 변화에 따른 해안사구 식생변화

최영은 한국도서(섬)학회 2019 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.31 No.3

The purpose of this study is to analyze the changesinvegetation andflora in the coastal sand dunes and rocks following land-use transformation between 2013 and 2019. The study area is located on Dangjae-bong(hill) on Jin-do island, South Korea andthe area has been developed from aforest area to a resort complex overthe last 3 years. It has been confirmed thatchanges in flora, with 5 species added in the year 2019,have occurred whencompared to the year 2013. Of the five species investigated, four were naturalized plants and one was a terrestrial plant. All of the five species were identified as invasive species, which were caused by the transformationin land-use. There was no change in the specific floristic species, but the number of changed naturalized plants increased from 3 to 7 species. The increase of naturalized plants instead of native plants seems to be the result of invasive species introduced into the coastal sand dunes due to the development and construction. Among the life forms, 7 types of dormant plants turned out to be distributed in the studied area. In the 2013 survey, the ratio of hemigeophytes (H) was the highest (34.04%), followed by geophytes (G), therophytes (Th) and homomorphic therophytes (Th(w)). However, in the 2019 survey, three out of five species were homomorphic therophytes, the second highest next to hemigeophytes. The costal dune vegetation was classified into 7 communities in the study area. There were changes of the dominance index and species compositions in vegetation between 2013 and 2019. With regard to changes in the abundance of plants, Carex kobomugi, Calystegia soldanella, and Lathyrus japonicus, all of which are the typical components of coastal sand dune vegetation, have decreased while Rosa wichuraiana and Vitex rotundifolia, which are naturalized plants and woody invasive species, have increased. The findings of this research demonstrate that frequent anthropogenic disturbances from the change of land-use in areasadjacent to the coastal sand dunes caused to alter the abundance of such species. However, it was confirmed that there were no changes in abundance of Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda asparagoides, and Zoysia sinica, which are found relatively close to the beach. This is deemed to bebeca use the most invasive species of the coastal sand dune areas are much less tolerant of salinity that intrusion into the areas affected by seawater does not allow their growth. As for the diversity of species, the diversity index ofthe 3 types was higher in 2019 than in 2013, but the gap of the plant species diversity index was very small. The increase in species diversity of dune vegetation is due to the invasion of coastal sand dunes due to land transformation rather than to the stability of vegetation. 본 연구는 사구주변지역의 레저산업단지조성 등과 관련한 토지이용변화에 따른 해안사구식생의 변화를 연구하기 위하여, 전라남도 진도 의신면 당재봉 일대 해안사구에 대한 식물상, 식생, 종다양성의 변화를 분석한 것이다. 전라남도 진도 당재봉 일대 토지이용변화(2016~2019년에 걸친 개발로 산림지역이 리조트 단지로 변화하였음)에 따른 해안사구 와 해안암석 등에 서식하는 식생 및 식물상의 변화를 분석하기 위해 2013년도와 2019년도에 조사를 실시하였다. 식물상의 변화는 2013년도에 비해 2019년 조사에서 5종이 추가 조사되었다. 추가 조사된 5종 중 4종은 귀화식물이며, 1종은 육상식물로서 5종 모두 토지이용 변화에 따른 침입종들로 나타났다. 식물구계학적 특정종의 변화는 일어나지 않았으며, 귀화식물의 변화는 3종에서 7종으로 증가하였다. 자생식물의 증가보다는 귀화식물이 증가한 것은 개발로 인한 침입종들이 해안사구에 유입된 결과로 보인다. 생활형은 7개 유형의 휴면형을 나타내는 식물이 분포하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 2013년 조사에서는 반지중식물(H)이 34.04%로 가장 많았으며, 지중식물(G), 1년생식물(Th), 동형1년생식물(Th(w)) 순으로 많았다. 그러나 2019년 조사에서는 동형 1년생식물이 5종 중 3종으로서 반지중식물(H) 다음으로 분포비율이 높았다. 해안사구식생의 식물군락은 총 7개 군락으로 구분되어졌으며, 2013년도에 비해 2019년 조사에서 우점도와 종조성의 변화가 있었다. 식물의 수도변화는 해안사구 식생의 전형적 구성종인 통보리사초, 갯메꽃, 갯완두 등은 감소하였으나 귀화식물과 목본류 침입종인 돌가시나무와 순비기나무는 증가하여 해안사구 주변의 토지이용 변화에 의한 인위적인 빈번한 간섭이 이들 종의 수도변화를 일으킨 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 비교적 해안 바닷가와 근접해서 서식하는 갯질경, 나문재, 갯잔디 등은 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 이 지역 해안사구 침입종들의 대부분이 염도에 내성이 크지 않기 때문에 바닷물에 영향을 받고 있는 지점으로의 침입이 허용되지 않았기 때문이다. 종다양성은 2013년에 비해 2019년에 3종류의 종다양성 지수가 높게 나타났으나 종다양성 지수의 차이는 매우 작았다. 식생의 종다양성의 증가 현상은 식생의 안정성에 의한 결과 보다는 토지이용 변화에 따른 해안사구현상의 교란이 종 침입의 결과로 나타났기 때문이다. 따라서 본 연구에서 나타난 결과를 보면 이들 침입종은 해안사구 식생의 종구성, 생활형, 수도(abundance), 종다양성의 변화 등을 유발하였으며, 해안사구 식생의 천이진행을 매우 빠르게 유도하여 해안사구식생 종구성의 전형성을 크게 변화 시킬 것으로 예상된다.

한강 주요 하천의 겨울철 조류상 변화 장기 모니터링: 기존 생물다양성과 계통적 생물다양성 평가 및 비교

윤성호 ( Seongho Yun ),홍미진 ( Mi-jin Hong ),최진환 ( Jin-hwan Choi ),이후승 ( Who-seung Lee ),유정칠 ( Jeong-chil Yoo ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2021 환경영향평가 Vol.30 No.3

개체수와 종수에 기초한 기존 생물다양성 평가와 달리, 계통적 다양성 평가는 계통유전적 다양성 및 생태적 다양성도 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울특별시 철새보호구역으로 지정되어 다년간의 생태모니터링이 용이한 한강의 주요 하천인 중랑천, 청계천 및 안양천의 지난 9년간의 겨울철 조류상 장기 모니터링 결과를 이용하여 기존의 다양성 평가와 계통적 다양성 평가를 각각 수행한 뒤 각 결과가 내포하는 정보에 대해 고찰했다. 분석결과 중랑천과 안양천은 전반적으로 조류 개체수가 시계열적으로 감소한 반면 청계천은 개체수 변동이 없었다. 종 풍부도는 청계천에서 시간에 따라 소폭 상승한 반면, 중랑천과 안양천은 연도별로 차이가 없었다. 기존 종 다양도는 안양천을 제외한 중랑천과 청계천에서 시간에 따라 증가했는 데, 계통적 종 다양도는 청계천에서만 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 이러한 생물다양성 평가 지수의 변동은 각 조사구역 내에서 발생한 공사 등의 인위적 요인에 의한 것으로 판단되며, 종 다양도와 계통적 종 다양도는 같은 결과를 반영하지 않는다는 것을 보여준다. 따라서 본 연구는 생물다양성 평가에 있어 유전 및 생태적 관점과 같은 다양한 시각에서 고려할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. Information on biodiversity plays an important role in conservation planning for ecosystem. As existing biodiversity indices are calculated and predicted only based on the number of individuals and species, it is difficult to explain aspects of genetic and ecological diversity. Phylogenetic diversity can indirectly evaluate ecological diversity as well as genetic diversity overlooked by existing biodiversity assessments. In this study, typical metrics of biodiversity (e.g., species diversity, species richness, etc.) and phylogenetic diversity were evaluated together using a long-term monitoring data of winter birds in Jungrang, Cheonggye and Anyang stream where are designated as Seoul migratory bird reserves. Then discussed the meaning of each assessment result. In Jungrang and Anyang stream, the number of individuals generally decreased over time, whereas in Cheonggye stream, there was no significant change. In addition, species abundance increased over time slightly in Cheonggye stream, while there was no significant change in Jungrang and Anyang stream. Species diversity temporally increased in Jungrang and Cheonggye stream, excluding Anyang stream, but phylogenetic diversity showed a tendency to increase only in Cheonggye stream. These changes in the biodiversity assessment indices are thought to be due to anthropogenic disturbances such as construction that occurred within each site, and it was shown that species diversity and phylogenetic diversity do not always lead to the same assessment results. Therefore, this study suggests that biodiversity assessment needs to be considered from various contexts such as genetic and ecological perspectives.