Long-term Assessment of Soil Chemical Properties in Different Soil Texture Orchard Fields in Gyeongnam Province

Kim, Min Keun,Sonn, Yeon-Kyu,Kang, Seong-Soo,Heo, Jae-Young,Kim, Dae-Ho,Choi, Yong-Jo,Lee, Sang-Dae,Shin, Hyun-Yul,Ok, Yong Sik,Lee, Young Han 한국토양비료학회 2015 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.48 No.4

The monitoring of soil fertility changes in orchard is very important for agricultural sustainability. Field monitoring was performed to evaluate the soil chemical properties of 140 orchard (23 sites for sandy loam, 88 sites for loam, 28 sites for silt loam, and 1 site for loamy fine sand) in Gyeongnam province every 4 years from 2002 to 2014. Soil chemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, amount of organic matter (OM), available phosphate ($P_2O_5$), lime requirement (LR), exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium were analyzed. The amount of OM, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg were significantly increased as cultivation year increases. The frequency distribution within optimum range of subsoil chemical properties in 2014 was 34.3% for pH, 35.0% for OM, 17.1% for available $P_2O_5$, 22.9% for exchangeable K, 15.7% for exchangeable Ca, and 22.1% for exchangeable Mg. In addition, the available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable calcium were excess level with portions of 69.3% and 48.6%, respectively. The soil chemical properties in the topsoil and subsoil showed that soil pH was significantly higher in sandy loam soil than those from the loam and silt loam soils. The OM, exchangeable K, Mg, and LR of loam soil were higher than those from the sandy loam soil. These results indicated that a balanced management of soil chemical properties as affected by soil texture can improve the amount of fertilizer applied for sustainable agriculture in orchard field.

Long-term Assessment of Soil Chemical Properties in Different Soil Texture Orchard Fields in Gyeongnam Province

Min Keun Kim,Yeon-Kyu Sonn,Seong-Soo Kang,Jae-Young Heo,Dae-Ho Kim,Yong-Jo Choi,Sang-Dae Lee,Hyun-Yul Shin,Yong Sik Ok,Young Han Lee 한국토양비료학회 2015 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.48 No.4

The monitoring of soil fertility changes in orchard is very important for agricultural sustainability. Field monitoring was performed to evaluate the soil chemical properties of 140 orchard (23 sites for sandy loam, 88 sites for loam, 28 sites for silt loam, and 1 site for loamy fine sand) in Gyeongnam province every 4 years from 2002 to 2014. Soil chemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, amount of organic matter (OM), available phosphate (P₂O5), lime requirement (LR), exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium were analyzed. The amount of OM, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg were significantly increased as cultivation year increases. The frequency distribution within optimum range of subsoil chemical properties in 2014 was 34.3% for pH, 35.0% for OM, 17.1% for available P₂O5, 22.9% for exchangeable K, 15.7% for exchangeable Ca, and 22.1% for exchangeable Mg. In addition, the available P₂O5 and exchangeable calcium were excess level with portions of 69.3% and 48.6%, respectively. The soil chemical properties in the topsoil and subsoil showed that soil pH was significantly higher in sandy loam soil than those from the loam and silt loam soils. The OM, exchangeable K, Mg, and LR of loam soil were higher than those from the sandy loam soil. These results indicated that a balanced management of soil chemical properties as affected by soil texture can improve the amount of fertilizer applied for sustainable agriculture in orchard field.

Impacts of Soil Microbial Populations on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties under Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest, Coromandel Coast, India

Sudhakaran M,Ramamoorthy D,Swamynathan B,Ramya J 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2014 Journal of Forest Science Vol.30 No.4

There are very few studies about soil chemical and biological properties under tropical dry evergreen forest Coromandel Coast, India. The present study was conducted in six tropical dry evergreen forests sites such as Oorani, Puthupet, Vadaagram, Kotthatai, Sendrakillai and Palvathunnan. We measured the quantity of soil chemical, biological properties and selected soil microorganisms for investigating the impacts of soil microbial populations on soil chemical and biological properties. The result showed that total N, P, Ca, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, exchangeable K, Olson P, extractable Ca and phosphobacterial population were higher in the soil from Kothattai forest site. Organic carbon, total Mg, extractable Na, soil respiration, β-glucosidase activity, bacterial population, fungi population and actinomycetes population were higher in the soil from Palvathunn forest site. Total K, NH4 +-N, NO3 −-N, exchangeable K, extractable Ca, extractable Na, azotobacter population, bacillus population and rhizobacteria population were higher in the soil from Sendrakillai. Beijerinckia population, rhizobacteria and soluble sodium were higher in Puthupet forest soil. Total Si, total Na and exchangeable K were higher in soil from Oorani forest site. Total Mo and exchangeable K were higher in the soil from Vadaagaram forest site. The results showed that organic carbon, total N, NH4 +-N, NO3 −-N, extractable P, extractable Ca, soil respiration and β-glucosidase were significantly correlated with soil microbial populations. Therefore soil microorganisms are important factor for maintaining soil quality in tropical dry evergreen forest.

유기농경지 밭 토양의 물리화학적 특성

이초롱,홍승길,이상범,박충배,김민기,김진호,박광래 한국유기농업학회 2015 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.23 No.4

The upland soils (56 samples) from organic farms in Gyeonggi-do (12 sites), Gangwon-do (8 sites), Chungcheong-do (14 sites), Gyeongsang-do (4 sites), Jeolla- do (18 sites) in Korea were collected and their physical and chemical properties were analyzed by RDA’s methods. In the results of physical property, the bulk density of soils averaged 1.14 Mg m-3 (surface soil), 1.38 Mg m-3 (subsoil), respectively. The porosity of them was 57%, 48%. Organically managed soil’s (OS) bulk density was lower than conventional soil’s but OS’s porosity was a little higher than conventionally managed soil in surface soil. The depth of plough layer in organically managed soils was 21.2 cm indicating that the organic farming had good effect on soil physical property. In the results of chemical property, the surface soil pH was 6.9 and the contents of organic matter (OM) was 26 g kg-1, available phosphate (Avail. P2O5) was 554 mg kg-1, exchangeable calcium (Exch. Ca) was 8.9 cmolc kg-1, exchangeable potassium (Exch. K) was 0.89 cmolc kg-1, exchangeable magnesium (Exch. Mg) was 2.0 cmolc kg-1. The subsoil pH was 6.8 and the contents of OM was 21 g kg-1, avail. P2O5 was 491 mg kg-1, exch. Ca was 7.9 cmolc kg-1, exch. K was 0.68 cmolc kg-1, exch. Mg was 1.8 cmolc kg-1. The nutrient accumulation emerged in organic farming. Compared to the optimum nutrient range for the conventional upland soils, the exceed rate of pH, OM, available phosphate, and exchangeable Ca, K, and Mg was 79, 52, 64, 84, 66% and 55%, respectively, which mainly resulted from the over-application of lime materials or livestock manure compost. With these results it is suggested that organic farm need to reduce the use of inputs, which make soil alkalification or nutrient accumulation. More study on effects of inputs on lowering soil pH from alkalification could help organically managed soil to be improved.

Long-term Assessment of Soil Chemical Properties in Different Soil Texture Orchard Fields in Gyeongnam Province

김민근,손연균,강성수,허재영,김대호,최용조,이상대,신현율,옥용식,이영한 한국토양비료학회 2015 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.48 No.4

The monitoring of soil fertility changes in orchard is very important for agricultural sustainability. Field monitoring was performed to evaluate the soil chemical properties of 140 orchard (23 sites for sandy loam, 88 sites for loam, 28 sites for silt loam, and 1 site for loamy fine sand) in Gyeongnam province every 4 years from 2002 to 2014. Soil chemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, amount of organic matter (OM), available phosphate (P2O5), lime requirement (LR), exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium were analyzed. The amount of OM, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg were significantly increased as cultivation year increases. The frequency distribution within optimum range of subsoil chemical properties in 2014 was 34.3% for pH, 35.0% for OM, 17.1% for available P2O5, 22.9% for exchangeable K, 15.7% for exchangeable Ca, and 22.1% for exchangeable Mg. In addition, the available P2O5 and exchangeable calcium were excess level with portions of 69.3% and 48.6%, respectively. The soil chemical properties in the topsoil and subsoil showed that soil pH was significantly higher in sandy loam soil than those from the loam and silt loam soils. The OM, exchangeable K, Mg, and LR of loam soil were higher than those from the sandy loam soil. These results indicated that a balanced management of soil chemical properties as affected by soil texture can improve the amount of fertilizer applied for sustainable agriculture in orchard field.

충남지역 시설 딸기재배 토양 비옥도 특성

최문태(Moon-Tae Choi),이진일(Jin-Il Lee),윤여욱(Yeo-Uk Yun),이종은(Jong-Eun Lee),이봉춘(Bong-Chun Lee),양의석(Euy-Seog Yang),이영한(Young-Han Lee) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.2

시설 딸기의 지속적인 생산을 위해서는 적정시비가 매우 중요하다. 시설 딸기 특화작목 재배지 토양진단을 통한 친환경농업 실현을 위해 2008년부터 2009년 까지 충남지역 435개소 농가의 토양 화학성을 조사하였다. 시설 재배지의 평균 화학성은 pH 6.5, EC 2.28 dS m?¹, 유기물 함량 26 g ㎏?¹, 유효인산 함량 910 ㎎ ㎏?¹, 교환성 K? 1.09, Ca²? 8.3, Mg²? 2.5 및 Na? 0.58 cmolc ㎏?¹을 나타냈다. 유효인산 함량은 사양토가 양토와 미사질양토 보다 통계적으로 유의성이 있게 높은 반면, 그 외의 토양 화학성은 토성간 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 품종이 달라짐에 따른 토양 화학성 차이는 통계적으로 인정되지 않았다. 토양 화학성분의 적정수준 비율은 pH 30.6%, EC 35.4%, 유기물 37.0%, 유효인산 5.3%, 교환성 K? 8.5%, Ca²? 8.5% 및 Mg²? 17.9%를 나타냈다. 유효인산과 교환성 Ca²? 함량의 초과비율은 각각 86.9%와 86.0%로 양분 불균형이 심각한 것으로 나타났다. 토양 EC 값은 pH를 제외한 유기물, 유효인산, 교환성 K?, Ca²?, Mg²? 및 Na?과 고도의 정의상관을 보였다. 화학성분의 주성분 분석결과 PC 1은 38.8%, PC 2는 17.8%를 보여 합계 56.6%로서 토성과 품종별 차이를 간단하게 구별할 수 있었다. To reduce the dose of fertilizers is very important to sustainable production of many horticultural crops, including strawberry. In order to practice the environment friendly agriculture of strawberry cultivation in plastic film house, soil chemical properties of 435 soil samples (232 for loam, 83 for sandy loam, and 120 for silt loam) in Chungnam Province from 2008 to 2009 were determined. The average of pH, EC, OM, Av. P₂O5, Ex. K?, Ex. Ca²?, Ex. Mg²?, and Ex. Na? was 6.5, 2.28 dS m?¹, 26 g ㎏?¹, 910 ㎎ ㎏?¹, 1.09 cmolc ㎏?¹, 8.3 cmolc ㎏?¹, 2.5 cmolc ㎏?¹, and 0.58 cmolc ㎏?¹, respectively. The content of Av. P₂OSUB>5 in sandy loam soil was significantly higher than silt loam soil, whereas other properties showed no difference between soil texture. The kinds of strawberry cultivars showed no difference in soil chemical properties. The frequency distribution within optimum range of soil chemical properties was 30.6%, 35.4%, 37.0%, 5.3%, 8.5%, 8.5%, and 17.9% for pH, EC, OM, Av. P₂OSUB>5, Ex. K?, Ex. Ca²?, and Ex. Mg²?, respectively. Especially, excessive portion of Av. P₂OSUB>5, and Ex. Ca²? were high 86.9%, and 86.0%, respectively. EC values of soil samples were significantly positive correlatoin with all chemical properties except soil pH. In principle component analysis of chemical properties in soil samples, the percentage of variance explained by PC 1 was 38.8%, while PC 2 explained 17.8% of the variance, for a cumulative total of 56.6%. These results were able to distinguish between soil textures and strawberry cultivars. Also, these results considered that understanding of soil chemical properties under using principal component analysis be able to improve amounts of fertilizers for sustainable agriculture in plastic film house.

Characteristics of Fertility of Cucumber Cultivated Soils at Controlled Horticulture in Chungnam Province

Moon-Tae Choi,Yeo-Uk Yun,Jin-Il Lee,Jong-Eun Lee,Suck-Kee Jung,Yun-Gyu Nam,Young Han Lee 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.4

The management of soil chemical properties is very important to sustainable agriculture of many horticultural crops, including cucumber. This study was conducted to find the optimal soil properties of environmentally friendly agriculture in controlled horticulture. Soil chemical properties of 267 samples were collected from soil in Chungnam Province. The average of pH, EC, OM, available P₂O?, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg was 6.1, 5.38 dS m<SUP>-1</SUP>, 34 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, 1,321 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, 1.50 cmolc kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, 10.3 cmolc kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, and 3.4 cmolc kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. The organic matter content in silty clay loam was significantly higher than in the other soil textures, whereas the pH, EC, exchangeable K, and Mg in loamy fine sand showed significantly lower among soil textures. The EC value and exchangeable Mg concentration were highest in mountain foot-slope soils. The frequency distribution within optimum range of soil chemical properties was 26.2%, 30.3%, 2.3%, 3.8%, 3.4%, and 6.7% for pH, OM, available P₂O?, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. Especially, excessive portion of available P₂O? and exchangeable Ca were 94.0% and 94.4%, respectively. The EC value and organic matter content of soil samples were positive correlation with all chemical properties except soil pH. In principle component analysis of chemical properties in soil samples, the percentage of variance explained by PC 1 was 52.2%, while PC 2 explained 21.3% of the variance, for a cumulative total of 73.5%. In conclusion, these results are considered to improve soil nutrient management for sustainable controlled horticulture.

Changes of Soil Physico-Chemical Properties by Soil Loss of Bare Condition Using Slope Lysimeter

이세인,옥정훈,손정우,황선아,오부영,허승오 한국토양비료학회 2022 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.55 No.4

This study was carried out to investigate the soil properties of bare soil and analyzed the correlation betweensoil loss and physico-chemical properties using slope lysimeter (13% slope). The texture of experiment plotswas prepared with clay loam (CL) and sandy loam (SL). Soil samples were collected of top soil (0 - 20 cm) andsub soil (20 - 40 cm) in each sampling sites (top: 5.0 m; middle: 12.0 m; bottom: 19.0 m) of experiments plotsfrom 2019 to 2021. Total soil loss over 3 years was 88.5 and 154.7 ton ha-1 for the CL and SL, respectively,which was higher in SL than CL. For the soil physical properties, there was an annual difference for the bulkdensity and porosity of the sub soil. However, there was no difference in the changes of sampling sites forboth properties. For the soil chemical properties, there were differences in the changes of year and samplingsites for the pH, EC, organic matter content, available phosphate, and exchangeable potassium of the top soil. However, there was not a clear tendency of change of soil chemical properties, which had relatively lowerthan the optimum range of upland soil in Korea. Among soil chemical properties, accumulated soil loss wasnegatively correlated with soil organic matter content for the CL and SL. The coefficient of determination (r2)of the accumulated soil loss and the mean values of total organic matter content was 0.78 and 0.65, respectively,for the CL and SL. Especially, the correlation between the accumulated soil loss and the organic matter contentby sampling sites was the highest in the top of experiment plots for the CL (r2= 0.82, p = 0.001) and in themiddle of experiment plots for the SL (r2= 0.99, p < 0.001). The results of this study contribute to a furtherunderstanding on the soil characteristics by soil loss.

친환경 유기농자재 처리에 따른 정화토양의 개선 효과

김동진,안병구,이진호,Kim, Dong-Jin,Ahn, Byung-Koo,Lee, Jin-Ho 한국유기농업학회 2013 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.21 No.4

정화토양 RSA(remediated soil A)와 RSB(remediated soil B)의 토양 특성을 조사한 결과, 사질양토로서 작물 별 토양 특성 권장 기준에 적정 토성이지만, 높은 토양 pH와 치환성 칼슘, 다소 낮은 양이온치환용량(cation exchange capacity, CEC)과 치환성 칼륨, 매우 낮은 토양유기물 함량과 유효인산 함량을 보여 작물 생육에 적합하지 않은 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나, 친환경농자재인 부산물비료, charcoal, biochar를 토양개량제로 처리 후 토양 특성이 수준 이상의 개선을 보여준 것으로 보인다. 토양 pH 경감 효과는 볼 수 없었으나, 토양유기물 함량 증가, 유효인산 함량 증가 등의 효과가 있었으며, 총질소(total nitrogen, T-N)와 치환성 칼륨의 함량이 다소 증가하였다. 그리고, 치환성 칼슘의 함량이 작물 별 권장 기준 이상으로 높은 것을 감안하였을 때 biochar 처리구에서 치환성 칼슘 함량을 감소시킨바, 지속적인 연구 또한 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 이는 토양경작법에 의하여 정화된 토양에 대하여 부산물비료, charcoal, biochar 등의 친환경농자재를 토양개량제로 사용할 경우 토양 개선 효과가 나타난 것으로 생각되며, 특히 biochar의 경우 토양 특성 변화에 많은 영향을 주었다. 따라서, 정화토양을 지속적으로 유지하고 관리 할 경우 토양의 질을 꾸준히 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Soil contamination has continuously increased worldwide, thus the remediation for the contaminated soils has risen steadily. However, the consideration of ecological safety for the remediated soils and their agricultural uses has been very limited. Therefore, this study was to investigate the influences of selected environmentally-friendly agricultural materials, organic by-product fertilizer (OF), charcoal (CC), and biochar (BC), as soil conditioners for improving poor chemical properties of fuel-oil removed soil by land farming technique. Two different remediated soils, remediated soil A (RSA) and remediated soil B (RSB), were selected. Soil texture of both RSA and RSB was sandy loam. The chemical properties of RSA and RSB were as follows: soil pHs of 8.5 and 8.7, soil organic matter contents of 7.4 and 5.5g $kg^{-1}$, total nitrogen contents of 0.26 and 0.10g $kg^{-1}$, available phosphorus concentrations of 7.2 and 4.4mg $kg^{-1}$, and exchangeable calcium concentrations of 14.8 and $11.7cmol_c$ $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Results of the properties were not reached for the optimal values for cultivating crops that were recommended by National Academy of Agricultural Science at Rural Development Administration in Korea. However, after applying OF, CC, and BC, the chemical properties of soils were selectively improved, which were that soil organic matter content and available phosphorus concentration increased, whereas the soil pH were not changed. In particular, the chemical properties were positively changed more with the application of 5.0% biochar. Thus, continuous management of the remediated soils with applying the eco-friendly agricultural materials can improve the quality of reme-diated soils.

Characteristics of Fertility of Cucumber Cultivated Soils at Controlled Horticulture in Chungnam Province

Choi, Moon-Tae,Yun, Yeo-Uk,Lee, Jin-Il,Lee, Jong-Eun,Jung, Suck-Kee,Nam, Yun-Gyu,Lee, Young Han 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.4

The management of soil chemical properties is very important to sustainable agriculture of many horticultural crops, including cucumber. This study was conducted to find the optimal soil properties of environmentally friendly agriculture in controlled horticulture. Soil chemical properties of 267 samples were collected from soil in Chungnam Province. The average of pH, EC, OM, available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg was 6.1, $5.38dS\;m^{-1}$, $34g\;kg^{-1}$, $1,321mg\;kg^{-1}$, $1.50cmol_c\;kg{-1}$, $10.3cmol_c\;kg{-1}$, and $3.4cmol_c\;kg{-1}$, respectively. The organic matter content in silty clay loam was significantly higher than in the other soil textures, whereas the pH, EC, exchangeable K, and Mg in loamy fine sand showed significantly lower among soil textures. The EC value and exchangeable Mg concentration were highest in mountain foot-slope soils. The frequency distribution within optimum range of soil chemical properties was 26.2%, 30.3%, 2.3%, 3.8%, 3.4%, and 6.7% for pH, OM, available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. Especially, excessive portion of available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable Ca were 94.0% and 94.4%, respectively. The EC value and organic matter content of soil samples were positive correlation with all chemical properties except soil pH. In principle component analysis of chemical properties in soil samples, the percentage of variance explained by PC 1 was 52.2%, while PC 2 explained 21.3% of the variance, for a cumulative total of 73.5%. In conclusion, these results are considered to improve soil nutrient management for sustainable controlled horticulture.