Effects of shear keys on seismic performance of an isolation system

Biao Wei,Chaobin Li,Xiaolong Jia,Xuhui He,Menggang Yang 국제구조공학회 2019 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.24 No.3

The shear keys are set in a seismic isolation system to resist the long-term service loadings, and are cut off to isolate the earthquakes. This paper investigated the influence of shear keys on the seismic performance of a vertical spring-viscous damper-concave Coulomb friction isolation system by an incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and a performance-based assessment. Results show that the cutting off process of shear keys should be simulated in a numerical analysis to accurately predict the seismic responses of isolation system. Ignoring the cutting off process of shear keys usually leads to untrue seismic responses in a numerical analysis, and many of them are unsafe for the design of isolated structure. And those errors will be increased by increasing the cutting off force of shear keys and decreasing the spring constant of shear keys, especially under a feeble earthquake. The viscous damping action postpones the cutting off time of shear keys during earthquakes, and reduces the seismic isolation efficiency. However, this point can be improved by increasing the spring constant of shear keys.

콘크리트-PE 부유체 모듈의 케이싱형 전단키 구조성능 실험평가

김정수,정연주 한국재난정보학회 2023 한국재난정보학회 논문집 Vol.19 No.3

연구목적: 본 연구는 콘크리트와 PE(Poly Ethylene)로 구성된 부유식 방파제 모듈 간 결합을 위해 케이싱형 전단키를 제안하고 구조성능을 평가하였다. 연구방법: Eurocode에 준거하여 전단키 유형별로 극한 하중 실험을 수행하였다. 연구결과: 케이싱형 전단키가 무근 콘크리트 최대 전단 저항력을 개선(전단키 대비 1.5배)하는 효과를 보였으며, 철근 콘크리트 전단키 대비 최대 전단 저항력 이후의 연성거동을 증가시키는 효과를 나타냈다. 결론: 제안된 케이싱형 전단키의 활용을 통해 모듈형 구조체 간 전단 연결 안전성을 향상할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Purpose: This study proposes a casing type of shear key to connect with floating breakwater modules composed of concrete and PE(Poly Ethylene), and evaluates the structural performance of the shear key. Method: According to Eurocode, extreme load tests of shear keys with several cross-sections were conducted. Result: The maximum shear resistance of the casing type is 1.5 times than those of the plain concrete type, and the use of the casing shear key leads to ductile behaviors after its peak shear resistance than the shear key made of reinforced concrete. Conclusion: The use of the proposed casing type of shear key will contributes to improve the safety of the shear connection between modular structures.

전단을 받는 부유식 콘크리트 구조물 접합부의 강도 평가

양인환(In-Hwan Yang),김경철(Kyung-Cheol Kim) 한국항해항만학회 2013 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.37 No.2

이 연구에서는 전단하중을 받는 부유식 콘크리트 구조물 모듈 접합부의 구조거동 실험연구를 수행하였다. 모듈 접합부 전단키의 균열 양상, 전단거동 및 전단강도를 파악하였다. 전단강도의 영향을 파악하기 위해 전단키의 경사각도, 횡방향 구속응력 및 콘크리트의 압축강도 등을 실험변수로 고려하였다. 전단키의 경사각도가 증가함에 따라 접합부의 전단강도가 증가하였다. 또한, 구속응력이 증가함에 따라 전단키의 전단강도가 증가하였다. 실험변수에 따른 전단거동 실험결과를 토대로 접합부의 전단강도 평가식을 제안하였으며, 제안식에 의한 전단강도 예측값은 실험값에 근접하는 것으로 나타났다. This study explores the structural behavior of module joints in floating concrete structures subjected to shear. Crack patterns, shear behavior and shear capacity of shear keys in joints of concrete module were investigated. Test parameters included shear key shape, or inclination of shear keys, confining stress levels and compressive strength of concrete. Test results showed that shear strength of joints increased as shear key inclination increased. Test results also showed that shear strength of concrete module joints increased with the increase of confining stress levels. The equation for predicting shear strength of joints was suggested, which was based on the test results. Shear strength prediction by using the equation suggested in this study showed good agreement with test results.

3D 프린터를 활용한 전단키 형상 몰드 제작 방법에 관한 연구

장종민 ( Jong Min Jang ),장현오 ( Hyun O Jang ),이한승 ( Han Seung Lee ) 한국건축시공학회 2016 한국건축시공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

Due to the construction of high-rise and long axis etc, UHPC(Ultra High Performance Concrete) has attracted attention as a material that will replace the existing concrete. In order to improve the structural performance of each member joints, after demolding the concrete, method for surface treatment of the contact surface or by modifying the mold to create a shear key will be applied. In this study, to improve the conventional shear key manufacturing process, utilizing a 3d printer to produce a shear key plate. 3D printers have advantage it is inexpensively manufactured as compared with other production methods. Therefore, this study utilizes a 3D printer, we propose the shear key-shaped mold and plate shear key production measures.

콘크리트에 표면매입 보강된 FRP판의 전단키 및 연단거리 효과

서수연 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2016 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구에서는 콘크리트에 표면매입된 FRP판의 부착거동에서, 전단키와 연단거리의 효과를 관찰하기 위한 부착시험을 실시하였 다. 실험에서의 주요변수는 전단키의 위치, 형태 그리고 연단길이이다. 규격 3.6 ㎜×16 ㎜의 FRP를 400 ㎜×200(300) ㎜×400 ㎜ 규격의 콘크리 트 블록에 매입하고 에폭시로 고정시켜서 실험변수에 따라 총 10개의 부착실험체를 제작하였다. FRP의 연단에 인장력을 가한 뒤 파괴시까지 실험을 실시하고 하중을 기록하였으며, 미끄러짐과 FRP의 인장변형량을 기록하였다. 실험으로부터, 전단키의 위치는 가력부에서 멀리 떨어 질수록 전단강도가 상승하는 것으로 나타났으며, 전단키의 직경이 커질수록 내력이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 전단키가 일정 이상의 규 격이 되면 전단키가 없는 경우에 비하여 내력이 저하되어 오히려 부착강도에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. NSM FRP에서 응력장용방향의 연단거리가 길어짐에 따라 동일 부착길이임에도 불구하고 내력이 일부 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 표면매입 보강된 FRP의 부착실험에서, FRP와 콘크리트사이의 부착-미끄러짐은 전체거동을 지배하는 것으로 나타나므로 이에 따른 과도한 미끄러짐은 설계에 반드시 고려될 필요가 있다. This paper presents a bond test to find the effect of shear key and edge length from the bonded FRP in near surface-mounted(NSM) retrofit using FRP plate. Main parameters in the test are the location and size of shear key and the edge length. For the test, 10 specimens were made by embedding FRP plate of 3.6 ㎜×16 ㎜ into 400 ㎜×200(300) ㎜×400 ㎜ concrete block and fixing it by using epoxy. Tensile load was applied to the FRP of the specimens until failure and was recorded at each load increase. In addition, the bond slip and elongation of FRP were measured during the test. From the test, it was found that the further the shear key located from the loading, the higher strength we could get. The bond strength inversely depended on the size of shear key. Especially, when the size of shear key was to be lagger than certain size, the bond strength decreased to very low value; even less than that of the case without shear key. The bond strength somewhat increased corresponding to the increase of edge length from the bonded end of FRP to loading in spite of same bond length. The bond-slip between FRP and concrete governed overall deformation in the bond test of NSM FRP so that the effect of excessive slip is necessary to be considered in the design.

고강도 PC와 일반강도 RC로 구성된 합성기둥의 압축성능 평가

이자영(Lee, Ja-Young),이창환(Lee, Chang-Hwan),주영규(Ju, Young-Kyu),김영식(Kim, Young-Sik),김상대(Kim, Sang-Dae) 대한건축학회 2015 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.31 No.3

In this paper, new PC-RC composite column named ES<SUP>2</SUP> system was proposed. To tranfer the shear forces between the high-strength PC and normal-strength RC, two types of shear keys were compared: hemispheric- and trapezoid-shaped shear keys. Tests on short column specimen were carried out to evaluate compressive capacity based on the existence and shape of the shear key. Crack patterns and strain distributions were also observed. From the result, it was found that compressive strength of the column with shear keys could be reduced depending on the arrangement and shape of shear keys. Otherwise, it was found that shear keys have a positive effect on integrity of the composite column. The proposed equation to predict the compressive strength of a PC-RC composite column showed good agreement with the experimental results.

Interfacial shear behavior of a high-strength pile to sleeve grouted connection

Lee, Jeong-Hwa,Won, Deok-Hee,Jeong, Youn-Ju,Kim, Seong-Hwan,Kang, Young-Jong Elsevier 2017 ENGINEERING STRUCTURES Vol.151 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A grouted connection is a type of structural composite connection member produced from two different-sized steel tubes and a grout annulus between them. The grouted connection has been widely used in offshore oil and gas platforms and wind turbine structures by simply grouting between the pile and sleeves. In general, the axial compression strength of the connection is known to be affected by the grout strength, shear-key spacing and radial stiffness parameters of the composite section. In this study, concentric and eccentric loading tests were performed to investigate the interfacial shear behavior of the high-strength grouted connections according to the shear-key spacings. The interface shear behaviors, focusing on the strength, failure mode, and strain of the grout and steel tubes, were evaluated by tests and finite element (FE) analysis. The test results showed that the primary strength of the connection was mainly affected by the grout strength, whereas the ultimate strength was affected by the yield strength of the sleeves and the friction coefficient between the steel tubes and grout. It was also concluded that the test results on the high-strength grouted connections were similar to those of previous studies on normal-strength grouted connections, and the eccentric loading did not reduce the axial capacity of the connection. Although the ultimate failure modes of the connections could not be considered in the current design equations, they may contribute to the safe design of high-strength grouted connections.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> This study investigated the interfacial shear behavior of high-strength grouted connections. </LI> <LI> Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the strength and failure behavior of the connections. </LI> <LI> FE analysis was performed to elaborate upon the test results. </LI> <LI> The current design codes can enable the safe design of connections, although they do not consider the ultimate behavior of the sleeve and pile. </LI> <LI> The interfacial shear behavior of the connection was evaluated by the strength, failure mode, strains of the steel tubes and the grout annulus. </LI> </UL> </P>

프리파일링 자켓 하부구조물의 그라우트 연결부에서 전단키 배열이 축하중 용량에 미치는 영향

이승연(Seungyeon Lee),이유진(Yujin Lee),장재국(Jaeguk Jang),구영철(Yeongcheol Gu),지광습(Goangseup Zi) 한국방재학회 2022 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.22 No.6

자켓 구조물과 해저에 관입되는 파일은 그라우트 연결부로 연결되며, 연결부의 전단강도 향상을 위해 전단키 형상을 설계한다. 시공 시 해양 환경하중으로 인해 내측과 외측 강관의 높이 오차를 제어하기 어려우며, 설치 오차가 발생할 경우, 전단키의 배열에도 오차가 발생하여 구조물의 성능이 저하된다. 자켓 구조물을 설치하는 공법 중 프리파일 공법은 포스트파일 공법 대비 대규모 단지에서 경제성이 뛰어나지만 시공 오차의 발생 가능성이 크다. 본 연구는 프리파일 자켓 구조에서 전단키의 배열오차에 따른 파괴 형상과 최대 축하중 용량을 평가하였다. 평가모델은 그라우트 층의 두께, 그라우트의 강도, 전단키의 배열오차비율 세 가지를 변수로 하였다. 검토 결과, 전단키의 배열 오차가 발생하였을 경우 최대 축하중은 최대 10% 이내로 저하되었다. Jacket structures and piles penetrating the seabed are connected through grouted connections. The shear key shape is designed to improve the shear strength of grouted connections. On a construction site, it is difficult to control the height error of the inner and outer steel tubes because of the environmental load. In addition, an installation error leads to an error in the arrangement of the shear keys, degrading the structure's performance. Among the construction methods for installing jacket structures, prepiling is more economical than the post-file method, but construction errors are likely. In this study, the fracture shape and maximum axial load capacity were evaluated according to the arrangement error of the shear key. It was found that when an arrangement error of the shear key occurred, the maximum axial load decreased to within 10%.

전단키형 인터로킹 케이슨 방파제의 파력분산효과

송성훈,박민수,정연주,황윤국 대한토목학회 2019 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.39 No.1

Long caisson breakwaters can improve the structural safety of a caisson due to the wave dispersion effect which reduces the averagewave force acting on one caisson. However, in order to make long caissons, there are many manufacturing and construction limitations. Recently, interlocking caisson systems, which are to form a long caisson by interlocking individual caissons with adjacent caissons, have been much attention. In the present study, a interlocking caisson system with shear-keys was proposed and the wave dispersion effect according to the shear-key was evaluated analytically. As a result, (1) Because of the asymmetric shape of the interlocking caisson, the structure behavior and the wave dispersion effect of one are also asymmetric. (2) The wave dispersion effect is more influenced by the distribution and characteristics of wave acting on each caisson rather than the shape of the shear-key such as shear angle, height, shear length ratio. (3) The interlocking caisson breakwater is almost the same behavior and wave dispersion effect as a fully integrated breakwater. 장대케이슨은 1함당 작용하는 평균파력이 감소하는 파력의 평활화 효과로 인해 케이슨의 활동파괴에 대한 구조안정성을 향상시킬 수 있으나, 장대케이슨은 제작 및 시공상의 이유로 사용하는데 어려움이 있다. 이에 대한 대안으로 개별 케이슨을 인접한 케이슨과 서로 인터로킹시켜 파력을 분산시키는 인터로킹 케이슨에 대한 연구가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 케이슨의 장대화가 가능한 전단키형 인터로킹 케이슨을 제안하고, 해석적 방법을 통해 전단키에 의한 파력분산효과를 평가하였다. 해석결과, (1) 전단키형 인터로킹 케이슨은 좌우비대칭 형상으로 인해 구조물 거동 및 파력분산효과 또한 좌우비대칭으로 나타난다. (2) 파력분산효과는 전단키의 전단경사각, 높이, 전단길이비 등 전단키의 형상보다는 각 케이슨에 작용하는 파력 분포 및 특성에 더 큰 영향을 받는다. (3) 장대화된 인터로킹 케이슨 방파제는 완전일체형 방파제와 거의 유사한 거동 및 파력분산효과를 나타낸다.

원심모형실험을 이용한 파형 마이크로파일 형상에 따른 성능평가

장영은,한진태 대한토목학회 2016 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.36 No.6

The waveform micropile is a type of foundation that has a single or multiple shear keys on the pile shaft, and it is constructed through a jet grouting method as a way to increase the shaft resistance of the bonded area between the pile and the soil. In this paper, a geotechnical centrifuge test was performed to study the axial performance of the waveform micropile from other models. The six test models consisted of three waveform micropiles with a single shear key at three different depths, a waveform micropile with multiple shear keys, a conventional micropile, and a jet grouting micropile. Based on the test results, it was clearly shown that the waveform micropile increased in its bearing capacity compared to the other models without the shear key. Additionally, it was observed that the confining pressure for the location of a shear key is directly related to the increase of the bearing capacity. 파형 마이크로파일은 제트 그라우팅 공법을 활용하여 마이크로파일의 그라우트체를 단일 또는 복수개의 전단키를 갖는 파형의 형상으로 시공하는 기초 형식으로, 전단키와 지반 접촉면에서의 주면마찰력을 증가시켜 기존 마이크로파일의 지지성능을 개선하고자 개발되었다. 본 논문에서는 파형 마이크로파일의 전단키의 위치에 따른 형상별 거동 특성을 검토하기 위하여 전단키가 말뚝의 상부, 중앙, 하부 및 다층에 적용된 파형 마이크로파일과 일반 마이크로파일, 제트 그라우팅 마이크로파일에 대한 원심모형실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 각 말뚝의 하중-침하 관계로부터 전단키가 없는 마이크로파일에 비해 파형 마이크로파일의 뚜렷한 지지력 증대 효과를 확인하였으며, 또한 전단키가 큰 구속압을 갖는 지반의 하부 및 단단한 지층에 시공될 경우 지지력 증대에 유리한 것으로 나타났다.