강간죄의 객체인 ‘부녀’에 혼인관계가 정상적으로 유지되고 있는 법률상의 처도 포함되는지 여부

박진환 사법발전재단 2013 사법 Vol.1 No.25

동서고금을 막론하고 오랜 세월 동안 ‘아내강간’은 남편의 정당한 권리 범위 내의 행위로서 治外法權의 영역으로 여겨졌으나, 이러한 ‘아내강간 면책이론’은 1984년 미국의 People v. Liberta 판결을 필두로 폐기되기 시작하였다. 그런데 종래 우리 판례나 다수 학설은 정상적인 부부관계가 유지되고 있는 부부 사이에서는 남편의 처에 대한 강간죄의 성립을 부정하는 견해가 지배적이었다. 그 이론적 근저에는 동거의무라는 부부관계의 특수성과 함께 처에 대한 강제적인 성행위를 처벌하는 것은 가정문제를 해결하는 데 큰 실효가 없을 것이라는 인식이 깔려 있다. 그러나 다원화된 현대사회에서 성문화의 다변화 및 부부간 성윤리의 변화, 여권신장과 평등의식의 확산 등으로 인해 강간죄의 보호법익으로서의 성적 자기결정권, 강간의 주체와 객체, 강간의 수단인 폭행·협박의 정도 등과 관련하여 기존의 법 해석론만으로는 해결하기 어려운 여러 가지 상황이 등장하고 있다. 특히 처도 한 인간으로서 헌법상의 기본권인 인격권과 인간의 존엄성, 행복추구권을 가지며, 이에 기초하여 성적 자기결정권을 간직하고 있는 존재이므로 경우에 따라 남편에 의한 강간죄의 대상이 될 수 있다고 보는 반대견해도 등장하고 있다. 혼인한 아내는 동거의무를 부담하지만 이 경우 자신의 성적 자기결정권을 포기하거나 상실된 것이 아니라, 남편에게 성적 자기결정권의 행사를 일단 留保하거나 완화한 것에 불과하므로, 폭력을 행사하여 강제로 성행위를 시도하는 것은 아내의 성적 자기결정권을 침해하는 것이다. 아내의 신체와 性이 남편의 소유물이라거나 배우자강간은 면책이라는 과거의 그릇된 생각은 萬人의 권리의식이 보편화된 이 문명시대에 더 이상 通用될 수 없는 역사의 殘在이며, 따라서 우리는 이와 같은 구시대의 관념을 의식 속에서 걷어낼 필요가 있다. 대상판결은 이러한 시대적 흐름을 반영하여, 혼인관계가 정상적으로 유지 중인 경우에도 법률에서 정한 요건이 충족된다면 강간을 인정하여 처벌함이 타당하다고 판시함으로써, 종래 부부강간 문제가 부부관계의 특성이라는 애매한 관념을 근거로 보호의 死角地帶에 놓여 있는 데서 벗어나게 하는 기초를 제공하였다. 결국, 대상판결로 인해 우리 사회가 가정폭력, 성폭력 등의 사안에서 지나치게 관대한 폭력에 대한 인식을 바로잡고, 배우자에 대한 강간은 사회적으로 용납될 수 없는 범죄라는 인식이 사회·문화적으로 정착되어, 가정 내에서도 헌법에 부합하는 진정한 양성평등이 이루어지는 계기가 될 것으로 기대한다. 이와 함께 가정 내에서의 성폭력의 예방이나 사후대처에 관한 입법적·제도적인 정비가 이루어질 것으로 보인다. Throughout history and across cultures, “marital rape” was considered as an act within the scope of the husband's justifiable rights, and was thus given an extraterritorial status. However, such “marital rape exemption” began to be abolished with the 1984 People v. Liberta decision in the U.S.. Yet South Korean court decisions and the majority of academic theories have denied that the crime of rape can be constituted when it is perpetrated by a husband against his wife in a consistently sustained marital relationship. Their theoretical basis is the obligation of cohabitation, a unique characteristic of the marital relationship, as well as an understanding that punishing forced sexual acts against the perpetrator's wife is not very effective for resolving domestic problems. Yet due to an increasingly diversifying sexual culture, changes in sexual ethics between married couples, enhanced women's rights and an extended awareness of equality, various situations that cannot be resolved solely by previous legal interpretations - because of their relation to the right to sexual autonomy as a legal interest protected by rape laws, the perpetrator and victim of rape, the degree of violence and intimidation as means of rape - occur in diversified modern societies. There is also the oppositional opinion which perceives that a woman who is raped by her husband can be considered as a rape victim under certain circumstances, since a wife is also a human being with basic constitutional personality rights, human dignity, and right to pursue happiness. Although a wedded wife is obliged to cohabit with her spouse, it does not necessarily mean that she has given up or has lost her right to sexual autonomy; rather, she has merely postponed or temporarily relaxed the exercise of her sexual autonomy regarding her husband. Thus, a husband who attempts to force his wife into sexual intercourse through violence is violating her sexual autonomy. Erroneous ideas of the past - that a wife's body and sex belongs to her husband, or that marital rape is an exemption - are historical vestiges that have no place in our civilized age of universal rights, thus we must discard such outdated concepts from our consciousness. The decision which is the subject of this article reflects such changes of time, ruling that it is appropriate to acknowledge and punish rape even in a consistently sustained marital relationship, as long as relevant legal conditions are met. Thus the decision provided a foundation for marital rape to escape from the blind areas of legal protection, where it was previously placed on the basis of a vague concept on the uniqueness of marital relationships. In conclusion, the decision is anticipated to be an opportunity to correct our society's overly lenient awareness of domestic and sexual violence, establish the socio-cultural awareness that marital rape is a socially unacceptable crime, and realize true constitutional gender equality in the domestic sphere. Additionally, it appears there will be legislative and systematic reorganization regarding domestic sexual crime prevention and victim support.

조선후기 ‘因姦威逼律’의 이해와 茶山 丁若鏞의 비판

김호 진단학회 2013 진단학보 Vol.- No.117

In this article I examined the debates surrounding cases involving “coercion in rape resulting in death” in the late Joseon, including final judgements given by the king, and examined the critical perspective offered by Joseon Yakyong regarding the use of the Coercion Statute. In the late Joseon, not only was it determined that coercion in attempted rape was not eligible for the death penalty, but also sexual insult and harassment could not be applied as a cause of death while invoking the Coercion Statute. In applying the clause requiring a causal relationship between “coercion and force from rape” and “resulting in death,” the question of whether the death was caused directly by the act became an important point. At the very least, an “attempted rape” was not considered a crime appropriate for the death penalty. For Jeongjo, in cases of “coercion [through rape] where the rape was only attempted or was in the form of illicit harassment, it was not enough for a death penalty, even though the victim committed suicide. As such, Joseon utilized the laws for “coercion and force from rape resulting in death” in a manner different from both the Addendum to the Ming Code and the Qing Code, in which the death penalty applied in cases of rape that resulted in death, regardless of whether the rape had occurred or was only attempted. Even though in the application of the Coercion Statute received criticism for being unable not only to punish the criminal intent of the perpetrator [with death], but also adequately recompensing the shame suffered by the victims, the legal interpretation was such that in cases where the perpetrator did not directly commit murder or if the rape did not actually occur, then there could not be a causal relationship identified between “coercion” and “death.” Of course, that is not to say there were not those who supported applying the death penalty in suicide but, King Jeongjo resolved most of such cases by [commuting] the death penalty, under the principle of “preserving life,” all the while rewarding the virtue of victims by honoring their chastity. Jeong Yakyong criticized the custom of using the term “violator” to denote only someone who killed with their own hands and thereby not applying the category “main violator” in cases where a death resulted from coercion. This line of criticism was in turn a critique of late Joseon’s legal tradition, in which the causal relationship between “coercion” and “resulting in death” could only applied in cases where a rape had already occurred. At the center of Jeong’s critique was the question of premeditated motive, not whether the rape was attempted or committed, or even the result of death. He believed that the “coercion” of [intentional] attempted rape or sexual harassment constituted an action that was “enough to be feared,” and, as such, fell within the proper application of the death penalty under law. This was a warning against the spread of “lenient punishments” punishments in the late Joseon period. 본 논문은 조선후기의 강간 범죄 일반이 아닌 ‘因姦 후 자살’ 사건에 대한 威逼律 적용 관행을 고찰한 것이다. 필자는 조선후기 강간 피해 여성 및 가해자에 대한 처벌을 둘러싸고 법적으로 이미 강간 이·미수를 구별하여 처벌하였을 뿐 아니라 특히 미수 후 자살의 가해자 처벌과 관련한 책임을 둘러싸고 다양한 입장들이 경쟁하고 있었음을 강조하고자 했다. 이를 통해 조선후기 성범죄와 관련한 기존 연구들의 일반적인 견해를 비판적으로 검토할 수 있다고 보았다. 기왕의 연구들은 조선후기 성범죄 사건의 처리과정이 여성들에게 성리학의 정절 이데올로기를 강화하기 위한 수단으로 활용될 뿐이었다고 주장하거나, 자살여성을 烈女로 포장함으로써 유교적 지배체제를 공고히 하려고 했으며, 심지어 義烈의 내면화야말로 성리학의 ‘가부장적 욕망’을 실현하려는 의도에 불과했다고 주장했다. 이러한 주장들은 일견 타당하면서도 도리어 조선후기 성범죄를 둘러싼 논의의 지형을 지나치게 단순화하거나 여성의 피해양상만을 부각시킴으로써 당대 법철학적 담론을 평면적으로 취급하는 우를 범했다. 이에 필자는 강간 미수 후 자살 사건에 대한 조선후기 ‘위핍률’의 적용과정을 구체적으로 살펴보고, 조선후기의 법관행이 위핍과 치사 사이의 인과를 인정하기 않았음을 확인했다. 이처럼 조선정부는 강간 미수자에 대해서는 부생의 덕을 펴는 동시에 피해 여성에 대해서는 潔身의 미덕을 강조함으로써 엄형으로 일관하던 중국과 다른 법해석의 관점을 유지하고 있었던 것이다. 이러한 법관행에 반대하여 정약용은 미수의 결과보다는 강간의 의도를 처벌하고자 했다. 정약용은 위핍과 치사 사이의 인과를 인정하여 죽음에 대한 죄책을 엄중하게 묻는 것이야말로 성범죄와 관련하여 취약한 지위에 놓여있었던 여성을 보호하고 이를 악용하는 남성을 처벌하려던 위핍률의 취지를 정확하게 반영한 법해석이라고 믿었던 것이다. 필자는 조선후기의 위핍률 적용이라는 특별한 사례를 통해, 부분적이기는 하지만 당시의 법적용이 단지 여성에 대한 억압으로 일관한 것이 아니었으며, 피해자의 원통함 뿐 아니라 억울한 가해자를 만들지 않으려는 신중한 태도위에서 진행되었음을 밝히고자 했다.

겁탈과 여성인물의 생존서사 : 『태백산맥』, 『토지』, 『혼불』을 중심으로

이경 부산대학교 여성연구소 2016 여성학연구 Vol.26 No.3

From comparative perspective, this Essay analyses the patterns of naturalization and institutionalization of the oppression of women in three Korean romans-fleuves: 『Taebaek Mountains』(Jo, Jungrae), 『Toji』(Park, Kyungri), and 『Honbul』(Choi, Myunghee). It aims to reveal the ways how the patriarchal powers work and to get some salient alternatives to overcome the oppressive discourse system which divides rapist and raped and discriminates the latter as tainted and guilty. Referring the theses of S. Macus and E. Illouz, this essay can find the possibility of breaking the fetters of the rape script which result from institutionalization of punishment of the rapist and incapacitation of raped women. It can get such potential as to challenge the ‘place-making of women which is caused by the patriarchal structure of the society. Rapes are too easy for Male characters to face any obstacles in carrying their intents, lusts and/or their plans in the three romans. These romans have so much close similarity in describing their rape-episodes, which are based on such legitimating discourses as followings: ① gender bias that discriminates between masculinity as sexual drives and strateges, and women as place, ② asymmetrical judgment of taintedness and sense of guilty of the raped, ③ Men`s League(Mannerbund) and becoming-father. Such limitation of reproducing the rape script that the romans share with each other, however, stop at the point of rape. The romans show not so small deviation in describing post-rape episodes where the rapists are punished and the raped women try to subjectivate themselves. 『Taebaek Mountains』 is the only one where the rapist is punished, but it has critical limitation that it erases the voices and faces of the raped by privatization of rape violence as individual deviant behaviour. By constrast, two female writers’ romans focus on the lives of the raped who squarely face the structure of everyday’s violence, so that they can read to restore the voices and faces of the women who try to get over their wounds. The latter romans trace changing processes of lives of the raped women’s, and give some suggestion how to make significant cracks from inside of the gendered grammar of violence, and get potential powers to change it. 이 글은 『태백산맥』, 『혼불』, 『토지』의 비교를 통해 여성에 대한 억압이 자연화, 제도화되는 양상을 분석함으로써 가부장적 권력의 작동양상들을 보다 극명하게 드러내고, 가해자/피해자라는 겁탈의 담론구조를 넘어 이를 극복할 수 있는 여성적 대안을 모색하고자 하였다. 가해자에 대한 처벌의 제도화와 여성의 무력화가 함께 작동하는 겁탈스크립트의 곤경을 넘어설 수 있는 가능성을 새런 마커스와 에바 일루즈 등의 이론을 통해 탐색하고자 하였으며 그 결과, 여성의 장소화, 대상화를 넘어설 수 있는 겁탈스크립트의 가능성을 발견할 수 있었다. 우선 이들 소설에서는 겁탈이 남성인물의 의도와 욕망과 기획대로 너무도 쉽게 이루어진다는 사실에 착안하여 겁탈을 쉬운 폭력으로 만드는 담론장치를 충동과 전략의 남성성과 장소로서의 여성성이라는 젠더구획, 오염과 죄의식의 비대칭, 남성동맹과 아버지-되기 등으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 하지만 기존의 겁탈스크립트를 그대로 재현하고 있는 소설들의 공통된 한계는 대개 겁탈이 이루어지기까지에 한정되며, 겁탈의 처벌과 여성 주체화의 과정에 관한 한 세 소설은 큰 편차를 드러냄을 확인할 수 있었다. 유일하게 겁탈을 처벌한 『태백산맥』이 예외성·일탈성만을 부각시킴으로써 겁탈폭력을 개인의 문제로 사사화하며 여성의 얼굴과 목소리를 삭제하는 한계를 지닌다면 『토지』와 『혼불』은 겁탈의 처벌보다는 피해 이후 상례화된 폭력구조와 직면하는 여성의 생존을 초점화함으로써 피해를 극복하는 여성의 얼굴과 목소리를 복원해내는 의의를 가진다. 생존의 주체화 과정을 직조해나가는 여성의 변화과정은 겁탈스크립트의 젠더화된 폭력의 문법을 내부로부터 변화시킬 잠재력을 함축하는 것이다.

Feature of Rape and the Treatment of the British Police on Rape Victims : Aspect of Critical Points

박현호,최관 한국경찰연구학회 2008 한국경찰연구 Vol.7 No.1

이 논문은 강간피해의 특성과 강간피해자에 대한 영국경찰의 태도 및 처우 등에 대한 정보를 비판적 관점에서 제공하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 제2절에서는 강간범죄에 대한 전망으로서 여성학적, 민족학적, 인류학 및 사회학적 관점에서 여성에 대한 남성지배 및 통제의 다양한 관념적, 이론적 시각과 의견들을 분석하였다. 제3절에서는 강간 범죄로 인해 피해자가 입게 되는 육체적, 정서적, 심리적, 그리고 경제적 후유증에 대해서 살펴보았고, 제4절에서는 영국경찰의 강간피해자들에 대한 처우로서 구체적으로 어떻게 강간피해자들이 2차피해 (Second Rape)를 겪게 되는지 2가지 차원, 강간사건 신고를 위한 확인단계 그리고 사건기록 단계 등에 대해 비판적 관점에서 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 제5절에서는 이러한 문제에 대한 영국경찰과 한국정부의 인권친화적 대응에 대한 발전적 방안을 피력하였다. The purpose of this paper is to attempt a treatment of British police on rape victims and feature of rape. This paper is aimed to show that rape victims have always been treated with suspicion, scepticism and hostility and it is exactly these attitudes of British police personnel that discourage women to come forward and report the rape to the police SectionⅠ - Introduction - and sectionⅡ is attempted to give an explanation of offending behaviour placing emphasis on the fact that rape is not the result of sexual satisfaction but the product of sex-role stereotyping, a desire to dominate and control women and a means to show hatred, power and contempt for them. Then, sectionⅢ is concentrated on the physical, emotional, psychological and financial consequences that are suffered by rape victims, the strategies they adopt in order to cope with their victimisation and recover and recover and the factors that facilitate such a recovery. Next, sectionⅣ discussed how the British police deal with rape victims, how the whole system seems to weight in favour of the defendant and what an ordeal the entire process proves to be for rape victims who in many cases consider it to be a "second rape". Finally, in the conclusion and suggestions, a number of measures is proposed which if implemented is lessen the ordeal rape victims have to go through in the British police investigation process, is certainly make it more fair and less discriminatory and is encouraged more women to come forward and report their rape to the police and suggested the improvement of police service response of the South Korean government on rape victims. More importantly, however, it be stressed out that in order for rape to be prevented, education must be provided for young men from early ages so as to learn to respect women and treat them as human beings with equal rights and not as objects, sexual commodities or pieces of property to be used or conquered.

The British Court Response and Perspective of Rape: Aspect of Critical Points

최관 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2009 아태연구 Vol.16 No.1

The aim of this paper is to closely examine the role of a female rape victim as she passes through the criminal justice system and associated agencies therein. This paper deals exclusively with female rape as male rape is still relatively a minority offense and information would not have been easily accessible. We have attempted to systematically follow the female rape victim through the processes that she would encounter within the criminal justice framework and beyond, where relevant, to provide a rape victim's view of criminal justice system, British court. The sectionⅡ explained generalisation, categorisation of rape and the rape victim's perspective of her ordeal as her travels through the criminal justice system both historically and currently of aspects of critical points. Next, sectionⅢ is that contents of the role of court personnel within the criminal justice system in relation to their interplay with alleged rape victims and changes of court's response after 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. Though this research, we could knew about British criminal justice agencies's attitudes, especially British Court, about rape's victims of aspects of critical points. Besides, we have to try to research about both mechanisms of rape's crime and restorative justice's processes about rape's women. The aim of this paper is to closely examine the role of a female rape victim as she passes through the criminal justice system and associated agencies therein. This paper deals exclusively with female rape as male rape is still relatively a minority offense and information would not have been easily accessible. We have attempted to systematically follow the female rape victim through the processes that she would encounter within the criminal justice framework and beyond, where relevant, to provide a rape victim's view of criminal justice system, British court. The sectionⅡ explained generalisation, categorisation of rape and the rape victim's perspective of her ordeal as her travels through the criminal justice system both historically and currently of aspects of critical points. Next, sectionⅢ is that contents of the role of court personnel within the criminal justice system in relation to their interplay with alleged rape victims and changes of court's response after 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act. Though this research, we could knew about British criminal justice agencies's attitudes, especially British Court, about rape's victims of aspects of critical points. Besides, we have to try to research about both mechanisms of rape's crime and restorative justice's processes about rape's women.

‘아내’의 강간죄 객체성 인정에 대한 소고

김은애 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2011 法學論集 Vol.15 No.4

The marital rape is a coerced intercourse that is done without consent and with a violence and a threat between husband and wife. Mostly the victim is a wife, so the marital rape means the wife rape by husband. It is violative of the right to sexual autonomy, the right to control ones won body and the human rights that are based on the constitutional law. But according to the common opinion in law, the wife is not to be the object of the rape. Because the assaulter and the victim are in conjugal relation, so they has a duty to accept a sexual demand each other. The Supreme Court in 1970 judged that the marital rape between husband and wife could not be a punishable conduct because of their special relation. The common opinion in law also has followed this view. However, a recent judgment of the district court concluded that the wife rape has to be furnished as crime and showed the grounds of the penal sanction in the judgment paper. By the provision punishing rape in criminal law, the object of the rape is specified a woman. So the wife can be recognized the object of the rape as a woman independent of her marital status. And it is very clear that the husband committed a rape made a trespass on a person’s human rights and constitutional value including the right to sexual autonomy, the right to control ones won body and so on. Also, the wife raped by her husband suffers the physical mental damage like a rape trauma syndrome from the experience that she was attacked from the spouse who has to love, trust and prospect each other. Therefore there is no problem to recognize the rape by husband as the crime. Married woman should be able to control her own body and to be guaranteed her sexual autonomy. For these reasons, the wife rape is very obvious and serious crime. Consequently, to punish and to prevent it, the illegality of the wife rape have to be investigated and researched in law and women sphere closely and the countermeasure must be taken as soon as possible. 본 논문은 ‘아내’가 형법상 강간죄의 객체로서 인정될 수 있는지 여부에 대한 판단을 위해 아내강간의 개념 및 실태, 아내강간죄 부정론의 논거 및 관련 우리나라 판례, 외국의 경향 및 입법례, 그리고 우리나라에서의 아내강간 사례 및 이에 있어 아내강간죄를 인정한 최근 판례 등을 살펴봄으로써 아내강간죄 불인정으로 인한 문제점을 지적함과 동시에 아내강간죄 인정의 당위성에 대한 논거를 제시하였다. 배우자 강간은 일방 배우자(주로 남편)가 다른 일방 배우자(주로 아내)를 대상으로 합의 없이 강제적으로 성행위를 자행하는 것이고, 많은 경우 폭행 및 협박을 동반하는 가정폭력과의 연장선상에서 발생하기 때문에 개인적 문제를 넘어 사회적 문제로 적극 다루어져야 한다. 하지만 그럼에도 불구하고 우리나라 법학계에서는 통설적으로 아내를 강간죄 객체로 인정하지 않았으며, 대법원 역시 부부 관계의 특수성 등을 근거로 아내강간죄를 인정할 수 없다는 입장을 견지해왔다. 그러나 현행 형법상 강간죄 객체인 부녀의 범주에 여성인 아내가 제외되는 것으로 볼 아무런 이유가 없으며, 아내강간의 경우 강간죄의 보호법익인 성적 자기결정권 등에 대한 침해를 명백하게 발생시키고, 상호 신뢰 및 존중 관계에 있어야 하는 배우자에 의해 가해가 이루어질 뿐만 아니라 가족관계 내에서 이루어지기 때문에 피해가 쉽게 드러나지도 않고 이를 쉽게 드러내기도 어렵다는 점 등을 감안하면 오히려 이로 인한 피해자의 신체적 정신적 건강에는 심각한 악영향이 초래된다. 부부 관계에서 그리고 가정이라는 소위 사적 공간에서 발생하는 일이라도 위법한 행위인 이상 치외법권 지대에 놓이는 것은 불합리할 뿐만 아니라, 개인의 권리가 침해되거나 위협받는 경우 국가의 개입이 필요할 수 있다. 또한 민법상 부부의 동거 및 성생활의 의무는 비자발적이고 강요에 의한 것을 포함하는 것이 아니고, 실질적으로 파탄에 이른 부부 관계의 경우 형식적인 부부 관계의 유지가 아내강간죄 불인정의 이유가 되는 것은 불합리하다. 이에 아내강간죄에 대한 법적 인정이 보다 적극 이루어져야 한다.

강간 피해자의 원하지 않은 임신도 상해인가? - 한국과 미국 판례의 비교법적 고찰 -

김종구,임원식 조선대학교 법학연구원 2024 法學論叢 Vol.31 No.1

Recently, in the Supreme Court of Korea, there has been controversy over whether the victim's pregnancy is bodily injury in the case where the defendant, a stepfather, sexually assaulted an 11-year-old stepdaughter to become pregnant, and in the case where the defendant sexually assaulted a friend of his wife who was asleep under the influence of alcohol at his home. The prosecutor regarded the undesired pregnancy as bodily injury and prosecuted the defendant for aggravated-rape and aggravated-quasi-rape in these cases, but the Supreme Court of Korea admitted only rape and quasi-rape because the undesired pregnancy did not constitute bodily injury. Some scholars argue that pregnancy due to rape should be considered bodily injury, but discussions in Korea are still insufficient. Even in the context of US precedents, the question of whether a rape victim's pregnancy constitutes substantial bodily injury has arisen in numerous statutory rape cases, including a case in which a stepfather sexually assaulted a 13-year-old stepdaughter for months, leading to pregnancy, and then aborted. The pregnancy of a rape victim negatively affects the victim's physical and mental aspects. Therefore, it is argued that the physical and mental effects of pregnancy are the same as substantial bodily injury, and that the pregnancy of rape victims should be recognized as a factor that increases the punishment of rape. However, US precedents and legislation have different positions on whether to view physical changes caused by the pregnancy of rape victims as elements of aggravated punishment. Korean courts have not yet recognized the unwanted pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury. However, in the United States, legal precedents sometimes consider the pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury, and individual state legislations also recognize this. This paper compared and examined related precedents and legislation in Korea and the United States, and studied the question of whether to view the unwanted pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury. In conclusion, the author of this paper argues in favor of interpretive and legislative theories that advocate for viewing the pregnancy of rape victims as bodily injury.

『태백산맥』에 나타난 겁탈 모티프와 제도화된 처벌의 잉여

이경 부산대학교 여성연구소 2014 여성학연구 Vol.24 No.1

Joh, Jeong-rae's 『The Taebaek Mountains』 casts salient impact on the feminist conception of rape, as it lets the faces of all the rapers noticeable in public so as to attract public concerns about rapes. In the roman-fleuve composed of then books, rape can be re-conceptualized as one of the most significant public issues. It discloses and accuses of lots of patterns of the violence from the rape episodes, which have been systematically concealed and covered up. It imposes on the rapists their due punishments, and provides the victimes with some meaningful opportunities for purification and rehabilitation. This essay, however, aims the other side of the roman-fleuve, which can reveal implicit gender oppression hidden in the publicity of rapes as well as marginality of the punishments of the rapists. Focusing on the fact that any possible structural causes of rape may be concealed behind the statements “All done! and all the institutional and official procedures against the rapist has been exhausted”, this essay tries to criticize the dual aspects of rape narratives of the novel, where the punishment and institutionalization of rape are carried out at the same time, simultaneously. The rapes of the 『Taebaek Mountains』are classified with three patterns: exceptionality of rape, where rapes are reckoned as exceptional case committed by exceptional person; naturalization of rape, where rapes are excused as natural episodes caused by inescapable biological urges; and, institutionalization of rapes, where rapes are managed and overcome through official and institutional procedure of accusation and punishment. All these patterns that the novel describes are structured along with the patriarchal ideology and masculine domination scheme, where the raped females are defined just as the victims without their own voices and are forced to be represented by the male subject. It is true that the 『Taebaek Mountains』 makes significant success in revealing the masculine violences in the rape episodes, but it doesn’t get no forrader. It imposes silence, otherization, and asexuality on the raped females, whereas it significantly empowers masculine power by rendering them to control all the process of managing, punishing and purifying the rape situations. 『태백산맥』의 여성주의적 의의는 겁탈을 공적 영역으로 드러내어 가해자의 얼굴을 뚜렷이 부각시킨다는 데에 있다. 체계적으로 은폐, 봉합되어온 겁탈폭력을 고발할 뿐 아니라 이를 처벌하는 사회적, 제도적 노력 또한 충분히 제시한다. 가해자에게는 사회적, 법적 처벌을, 피해자에게는 정화 및 새로운 탄생의 계기를 마련한 것이다. 하지만, 이 글은 소설이 공론화한 겁탈담론의 이면과 겁탈폭력의 처벌방식의 잉여를 드러내는 데 그 목적을 두었다. 제도적 처벌은 이미 다 이루었다는 담론효과 속에서 오히려 겁탈의 원인을 이루는 구조적 지점을 은폐할 수 있다는 사실에 주목하여 한 손으로는 겁탈을 처단하며 다른 한 손으로는 겁탈을 제도화하는 이중성의 실질을 드러내려 하였다. 일상에 뿌리깊이 자리 잡은 젠더권력에 대한 성찰을 통해 보다 근본적인 변화를 위한 토대를 마련하고자 한 것이다. 이를 위하여 우선 겁탈의 발생구조와 담론화과정을 살펴보았다. 그것은 겁탈을 예외적 악한에 의한 예외적 사건으로 간주하는 겁탈의 예외화, 그리고 이와는 반대로 겁탈을 정상활로 견인하는 자연화, 제도화의 담론과정에 대한 천착으로 이어졌다. 겁탈을 젠더구조와 무관하게 만들어버리는 예외화의 벡터와 이 예외를 상례화하는 겁탈의 자연화와 제도화의 담론구조를 통해 남성인물에게 ‘너무 쉬운’ 공정으로 실현되는 겁탈의 발생구조를 밝혀내었다. 예외화와 상례화라는 이중적인 방법으로 겁탈을 일탈적 폭력으로 비판하는 한편, 자연과 제도 양면에서 겁탈을 정당화하는 남성이데올로기의 작동방식을 드러낼 수 있었던 것이다. 다음으로 이와 같은 담론구조 안에서 이루어지는 제도적 처벌의 한계를 추적해 보았다. 강간의 폭로와 고발에서 출발하여 가해자를 처벌하고 피해자를 보호하는 일사천리의 처리과정에 드러난 여성의 피해자화, 정조이데올로기의 강화 그리고 남성주도적 목소리의 한계 등을 살펴보았다. 겁탈폭력과 그 처벌, 오염이라는 낙인찍기에서 그것을 씻겨내는 정화의례에 이르기까지의 전 과정은 물론이고, 심지어 피해자의 입장까지 남성이 대표하게 함으로써 남성에게는 더 많은 권력을 할당하고 여성에게는 침묵, 타자화, 무성화를 배치하는 제도적 처벌의 문제점들을 밝혀내었다. 이를 통해 제도적 처벌이 오히려 기존의 젠더권력을 더 공고히할 수 있는 위험성을 확인할 수 있었다.

개정형법상 강간죄의 객체 및 행위태양의 변경가능 여하

이경렬 ( Kyung Lyul Lee ) 한국비교형사법학회 2014 비교형사법연구 Vol.16 No.1

Legal status of transsexuals has changed as social perception toward gender changed and medical technologies developed. The Supreme Court``s judgement in 2009 (2009Do3580), reversing the judgement in 1996(1996Do791), concluded that a transsexual can be the object of rape. Since the judgement in 2009 transsexuals can be protected by criminal law. Meanwhile, Article 297 in criminal law revised in December, 2012 changed the object of rape from “women” to “person”, which includes not only a transsexual but also a male person as the object of rape. Regardless of legal gender, now, transsexual can be always the object of rape, which is surely welcomed. The revised Article 297, however, conflicts with the newly established Article 297-2 which regulates “imitative rape”. A person who raped a transsexual shall be punished by Article 297-2 of “imitative rape” as well as by Article 297 of “rape.” In order to solve this conflict, criminal act regulated in Article 297-2 should be sub-divided into two types: one is quasi-rape coming close to rape defined in Article 297, the other is an imitative rape between rape in Article 297 and indecent act by compulsion in Article 298. By this sub-division, a person who raped transsexual shall be punished by same legal penalty regardless he committed the crime of “rape” in Article 297 or “inserting his/her sexual organ into another``s bodily part (excluding a genital organ)” in Article 297-2. This solution accords with feelings and logic of law.

강간에 대한 신임경찰관의 인식에 관한 연구

김종구 ( Kim Jong Gu ),송봉규 ( Song Bong Gyu ) 한국경찰학회 2018 한국경찰학회보 Vol.20 No.1

이 연구는 경찰관의 성폭력에 대한 인식이 강화를 위해서는 교육을 통한 인식 개선이 필요하다는 주장을 토대로, 신임경찰관의 강간에 대한 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 인구 사회학적 특성, 지인의 성폭력 피해경험, 성매매 교육 이수 경험, 성폭력 교육 이수 경험, 성매수 경험, 공감능력, 여성에 대한 태도, 강간통념, 음란물 시청 정도 등을 강간에 대한 인식에 미치는 요인으로 선정하였다. 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 신임경찰관의 강간에 대한 인식을 향상시키기 위해서 공감능력을 향상시키는 프로그램 개발과 실행, 여성에 대한 왜곡된 태도 개선, 강간통념에 인식 개선, 남성 신임경찰관에 대한 집중적인 교육 실시, 성폭력ㆍ성매매ㆍ성희롱 예방교육의 효과성 점검 등의 방안이 추진되어야 한다. 특히 중앙경찰학교 교육의 효과성을 향상시킬 수 있도록 관련 기관들과 함께 지속적인 연구와 프로그램 개발이 필요하다. The purpose of current study is to investigate Central Police Academy students’ perceptions of rape and factors affecting their perceptions. Based on previous research, demographic factors (gender, age, education level, socioeconomic level, religion, residence area, religious level, method to be hired), acquaintance’s experience of sex offence victim, education of anti-sex offences, education of anti-prostitution, prostitution experience, empathy level, attitudes toward women, rape myth, and pornograph watching were examined as independent variables. In order to measure dependent variable, perception of rape, three different perpetrators were employed; stranger, acquaintance, and spouse. Using self-administered survey method, Police Academy students were participated in survey. Multiple regression revealed that a respondent with a higher economic status and higher level of rape myth was more likely to demonstrate lower level of perception toward stranger rape. Regarding acquaintance rape, a respondent with biased attitudes toward women and higher level of rape myth was more likely to show lower level of perception toward stranger rape. In terms of spouse rape, a respondent with lower empathy level, biased attitudes toward women, and higher level of rape myth was more likely to demonstrate lower level of perception toward stranger rape. Based on research results, developing education programs aimed at enhancing empathy, improving perception toward women and eradicating rape myth is provided as policy implications. Especially, those education programs need to be focused on male police officers. In addition, the currently mandatory education of anti-sex offence, sexual harrassment, prostitution and domestic violence need to be modified to enhance the effectiveness.