Ranking surface soil pollution potential of chemicals from accidental release by using two indicators calculated with a multimedia model (SoilPCA)

Kim, Ki-Eun,Jung, Ja Eun,Lee, Yunah,Lee, Dong Soo Elsevier 2018 Ecological Indicators Vol.85 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Attention should be paid to potential impacts on the soil quality of chemicals initially released into air from accidents as soil pollution by atmospheric deposition can threaten the health of human and ecosystems. The present work aimed to develop and calculate indicators that can be used to score the individual chemicals’ surface soil pollution potential which signifies a measure of external exposure incurred from the surface soil pollution.</P> <P>The average concentration over time and space and the characteristic length of polluted area were derived as the two indicators to represent the level and spatial extent of pollution, respectively. The two indicators can commonly be applied to human and ecosystem. A new dynamic multimedia mass balance model, SoilPCA, was developed to quantify the indicators under the standard environmental conditions of South Korea. The final score for the surface soil pollution potential was calculated by taking the logarithm of the product of the two indicator values. The score was calculated for a total of 150 organic chemicals of three groups (i.e., 50 hydrophobic semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), 50 non-hydrophobic SVOCs, and 50 volatile organic compounds (VOCs)). The score was found to be dictated essentially by the maximum level of pollution in surface soil that is reached no later than 4h after a release stops. This indicates that the rank of the chemicals of the surface soil pollution potential is determined principally during this early period and hardly changes afterward in spite of wide differences in the environmental fate properties among the chemicals. The organic-air partition coefficient divided by Henry’s law constant (K<SUB>oa</SUB>/K<SUB>H</SUB>) is a useful predictor of the surface soil pollution potential of chemicals for each of the chemical groups, showing a positive relationship with the final score. Contrary to the expectation that hydrophobicity would govern the surface soil pollution potential, the non-hydrophobic SVOCs generally tend to show greater surface soil potential than the hydrophobic SVOCs given K<SUB>oa</SUB>/K<SUB>H</SUB>. This tendency is reinforced if no rain is assumed. The VOCs are largely of the lowest pollution potential as expected.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Evaluation of surface soil pollution caused by chemical accident is necessary. </LI> <LI> A multimedia model was developed to quantify surface soil pollution potential. </LI> <LI> Level and spatial extent of pollution were derived as indicators for the potential. </LI> <LI> K<SUB>oa</SUB>/K<SUB>H</SUB> was found to be a key predictor for the surface soil pollution potential. </LI> <LI> The potential is in the order of non-hydrophobic SVOCs > hydrophobic SVOCs > VOCs. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

잠재적 오염원인자의 환경책임에 관한 법적 검토

구지선 ( Ji Sun Ku ) 한국환경법학회 2012 環境法 硏究 Vol.34 No.2

These days various pollutants are causing serious environmental contamination. And most of the natural disaster occur because of environmental pollution. We cannot doubt that environmental pollutions are the result of human activity. But destruction of the environment must give rise to serious trouble to health and life as secondary public nuisance. We appeal to coercive measures or incentives to encourage protection of the environment. But environmental regulations are very lax in Korea, so enterprises, for example chemical industry and energy-guzzling industry, are polluting the air, rivers, soils, and seas. etc. In particular, the environmental rights as constitutional rights too often ignored. Because we consider property rights and business rights more important that. Furthermore, some people contend that environmental regulations violate property rights. Such being the case, protection of the environment This paper is studying the environmental liability of potential polluter. Environmental pollution occurs in a production process of industry. So, the potential polluter should burden expenses to prevent pollution. Potential polluter is people who can lead to contamination. Or it is people who own or hold, or manage lands and facilities. According to environmental rights, the government should do all it can to protect the environment. Besides, business operators and the people should protect, too. In other words, we have a moral obligation and legal obligation to protect the environment. In this legal obligation result from environmental rights. According to Article 35, All citizens have the right to a healthy and pleasant environment. The State and all citizens shall endeavor to protect the environment. This paper analyze, general principle of environmental law, precautionary principle, polluter pays principle, cooperation principle, and sustainable development principle. Firstly, preventive principle requires action to be taken at an early stage and, if possible, before damage has actually occurred. Today, the precautionary principle is recognized in the area of environmental law as one of the general principle. Second, the polluter pays principle establishes the requirement that the costs of pollution should be borne by the person responsible for causing the pollution. Thirdly, Cooperation principle is that government, enterprises, the people build a cooperative system in environmental protection. The fourth, the term sustainable development is generally considered to have been coined by the Brundtland Report, which defined it as development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. According to principles of environmental law, potential polluter ought to pay entire costs to prevent pollutions, and remove pollutants.

제주도 지하수의 지역별 수질특성과 수위변화

박정운,윤정수 濟州大學校海洋硏究所 1994 해양과환경연구소 연구논문집 Vol.18 No.-

335개 분석공 중 표고별 내역을 보면 73.2%에 해당하는 245공이 표고 100m이하에 개발이 집중되어 있고, 100m이상의 개발공은 90공에 불과하다. 표고별 채수량은 50m이하에서는 1,874.1㎥/일, 50.1∼100m까지가 1,400.9㎥/일, 100.1∼150.m가 1,194.7㎥/일, 150m이상엥서 1,061.8㎥/일로 표고가 높아짐에 따라 양수량이 전반적으로 감소한다. 본도의 지하수 개발공중 절대수위 해수준면이하가 되는 지하수 관정으로서는 동부지역이 11개공, 서부지역은 13개공, 북부지역은 3개공으로 이들 공에서는 과잉양수에 따라 해수가 침입할 위험부담이 있는 관정이다. 조석간만의 변화가 지하수위의 변화에 영향을 미치는 범위는 신촌지역이 해안에서 1.82㎞까지 수위변동폭이 0.18∼0.08m. 구좌지역은 해안에서 내륙으로 약 9.5㎞까지 수위변동폭이 0.24∼0.08m. 성산지역은 해안에서 7.5㎞까지 수위변동폭이 0.23∼0.08m. 표선지역은 해안에서 3.92㎞까지 수위변동폭이 0.13∼0.07m. 한림지역은 해안에서 3.9㎞까지 수위변동폭이 0.08∼0.04m로 조석간만의 영향에 따라 자연수위가 정현곡선을 그리며 운동하고 있고,고산지역과 대정지역은 자연수위가 조석의 영향을 미약하게 받고 있고 주로 강수량에 따라 지하수위가 변동하고 있다. 32개 지하수공에 대한 월 2회 6개월 동안 장기수위관측 결과에 의하면 이중 77%에 해당하는 27개공이 개발당시보다 수위가 현저히 하강하였다. 제주시와 서귀포지역은 개발당시 보다 각각 평균 7.5m와 10.8m 씩 수위강하가 있었으며, 애월이 4.0m, 표선 3.4m. 남원 4.8m. 한경 1.9m. 성산 0.5m등 지역에 따라 수위강하폭이 심한 편차를 보이고 있다. 그러나 이러한 수위강하 현상은 일부 대도시의 관정을 제외하고는 풍수기인 8월10월 사이에 전체적으로 상승하였다. 동부 및 서부지구의 지하수부족 형태로서 동부지구는 표고에 비해 담수 lens층이 엷은 관계로 자연수위가 해수준면과 가까와 해안 가까운 곳에서 지하수 착정심도를 깊게 할 경우 해수가 올라올 수 있는 부존형태를 이루고 있은 만치 성산읍, 구좌읍 및 표선면 지역에서는 지하수 개발시 해수오염을 고려하여 착정심도 및 양수량 결정등에 각별히 유의하여야 할 것이다. 반면 서부지구는 그 지하구조가 달라서 표고는 낮으나 대수층이 두꺼운 이상적인 담수 lens형태를 이루고 있어 착정심도를 어느정도 깊게 해도 해수가 침입할 위험부담이 적은 편이다. 1983년부터 1993년까지 수질분석자료 중 오염인자의 중요한 요소인 NO₃- -N. Cl-,SO₄²-성분들이 그간의 변화 추세는 질산성질소 성분은 제주시지역은 1983년보다 1991년 이후는 약 1.6배. 애월지역은 약 2.5배. 한림지역은 4.6배. 한경지역은 약 15배. 안덕지역은 약 3.8배. 서귀포지역은 7.8배. 표선지역은 약 16.6배. 구좌지역은 약 6.6배. 조천지역은 약 4.3배씩 증가하였고, 염소이온함량은 제주시지역은 약 1.5배, 한림지역은 약 2.5배, 한경지역은 약 1.6배, 서귀포지역은 약 1.4배, 남원지역은 약 1.8배, 표선지역은 약 6배, 구좌지역은 약 1.8배, 조천지역은 약 1.5배씩 그 농도가 꾸준히 증대되고 있다. The purpose of this study is to describe the altitudinal distribution of drilled wells, yield capacity of the aquifer and to provide information on the occurrence, relation of groundwater level to tidial effect and tendency of annual groundwater pollution potential. The information of 335 wells drilled by Korean Agricultural Development Corporation indicates that the elevation of 225 wells were distributed below the 100m level and only 90 wells located 100m upper level. The water yield located below the 50m level wells are 1,874.1㎥/day, 50.1∼100m : 1,400.9㎥/day, 100.1∼1150m : 1,194.7㎥/day, upper 150m level wells are 1,061.8㎥/day, as increase the elevations higher is distinctly decrease with the yield capacity. The groundwater well which piezometric surface situated under the sea level in Cheju Island as fellow : In the eastern region exist 11 wells, western region content 13 wells and northern part have 2 wells, if the overdraft groundwater under the these condition, the wells near the coastal area are salt intruded due to over pumping activity. In the eastern parts, including Shinchon, Kujwa and Sungsan area, are sinusoidal fluctuation of groundwater level occurs in the response to oceanic tides. However, ion the westen parts, thus the Gosan and Taejeong area shows the groundwater level is directly influenced by the amount of precipitation. Base on the long-term groundwater level test of 32 inventory wells were measured of study area, which the 27 measurements of sites were drawdown rather than that the initial groundwater level. The freshwater lens type in the eastern region have shallow aquifer, therefore if the drilling well is near the coastal areas, it's presure the sea water intrusion, while the western region the aquifer existing perfect fresh water lens type. According to the NO₃­-N, Cl­, SO₄²­ components in Cheju groundwater from 1983 to 1993 analysed date, the degree of pollution for the Cheju groundwater is continuous increasing rather than the initial development water quality.

CCS 지중저장에 대한 지진 위험의 법률적 대처방안

유태신,고문현 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2019 法學論叢 Vol.44 No.-

This study aims to study laws and institutions concerning risks and safety, etc. from the ground on land or earthquakes on storing carbon dioxide in the underground rock layer air gap under the sea surface, which is the main cause of greenhouse gas pollution. Currently, there are about 20 CCS facilities worldwide, including seven large capacity facilities and 13 medium-sized ones. Despite the high investment and management costs, CCS operation is operated because it is the only technology recognized by the UNFCCC that collects and stores CO2 based on fossil energy directly. And because it is an essential technology to cope with climate change. However, discussions are under way on the potential risks of storing carbon dioxide in the ground. Some of the dangers that could arise from leaking carbon dioxide stored underground to the surface include damage to humans and plants, drinking water pollution about groundwater contamination, and the risk of seismic activity caused by large-capacity carbon dioxide underground storage. To address this anxiety, it is necessary to widely introduce and share information about the storage of CCS to address misunderstanding and anxiety. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to supplement not only the storage company but also the national management system and legal responsibility for protecting the victims so that captured and transported carbon dioxide can be safely underground in the underground rock layer. To this end, the U.S., which records its long history and experience, seeks to address public anxiety through legal supplementation of CCS, which is essential to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, by looking at the legal system of CCS facilities in Germany, which provides a legal basis in response to various risk variables. 본 연구는 온실가스 오염의 주된 원인물질인 이산화탄소를 포집, 운송하여 육지의 지중이나, 해양 수면 아래의 지중 혹은 암석층 공극에 저장하는 것에 대하여 지진 등으로부터 위험과 안전성 등에 관한 법률·제도 등을 연구한 것이다. 현재 전 세계적으로 실증 및 상업용으로 200여개가 운영 중에 있으며 많은 투자비용이 소요됨에도 불구하고 CCS를 운영하는 이유는 화석에너지를 기반으로 하는 CO2를 직접 포집하여 저장하는 기술이자, UNFCCC로부터 인정받은 유일한 기술이기 때문이다. 그리고 CO2를 직접 포집하여 저장할 수 있는 가장 집적적인 온실가스 저감 기술이다. 최근 이산화탄소를 지중에 저장함으로써 발생하는 잠재적 위험(Risiko)의 논의가 한창이다. 지하에 저장된 이산화탄소가 지표에 누출됨으로써 생길 수 있는 위험으로는 인간 및 식물에 대한 피해, 지하수오염으로 인한 식수 오염, 대용량의 이산화탄소 지중저장으로 저장소 지표면 스트레스 유발로 인한 지진활동 촉발위험 등이 거론되고 있다. 이러한 불안을 해소하기 위해서는 CCS의 지중 저장에 대한 정보를 국민과 함께 소통하고 공유하여 오해와 불안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 따라서 이산화탄소를 지중에 안전하게 저장할 수 있도록 저장업체는 물론, 국가적 차원의 관리체계와 피해자 보호를 위한 법률적 책임이 보완되어야 할 것으로 간주된다. 이를 위해 우리나라의 CCS 운영 현황을 살펴보고, CCS 운영에 대한 오랜 역사와 경험을 보유하고 있는 미국, 다양한 위험변수에 대응하여 확고한 법률적 기반을 이루고 있는 독일의 CCS 법률적 제도 등을 연구하여, 확실한 지진 위험의 증거와 견해를 명쾌하게 제시하여 온실가스 감축에 필수적인 CCS에 관한 법률적 보완은 물론, 국민의 불안을 해소하고자 한다.

낙동강 강정고령보 상류 퇴적물 측정망 지점의 중금속 오염도 및 대표성 평가

안정민 ( Jung Min Ahn ),임태효 ( Teo Hyo Im ),김성민 ( Sungmin Kim ),이상수 ( Sangsu Lee ),김신 ( Shin Kim ),이권철 ( Kwon Cheol Lee ),김용석 ( Yong Seok Kim ),양득석 ( Deuk Seok Yang ) 한국환경과학회 2018 한국환경과학회지 Vol.27 No.7

In this study, heavy metal levels at the sediment monitoring network site upstream of the Gangjeong-Goryeong weir in the Nakdong River were surveyed from 2012 to 2016. We assessed the sediment pollution level using various pollution indexes based on ICP-MS analysis. The stream sediment pollution assessment standard, established through Regulation No. 687 of the National Institute of Environmental Research (2015), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (RI), and mean PEL Quotient (mPELQ) were used to evaluate the sediment pollution level. We verified the representativeness of the monitoring point through the distribution of sedimentation and scour behavior by river bed surveying using anacousticDopplercurrentprofiler.

수질오염총량관리 단위유역별 오염물질 배출부하량 특성분석 -금강수계를 대상으로

박준대 ( Jun Dae Park ),최옥연 ( Youn Choi Ok ),오승영 ( Seung Young Oh ) 한국물환경학회 2012 한국물환경학회지 Vol.28 No.6

Water quality management should be focused on the pollution concentrated area so that the improvement of water quality can be achieved effectively for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). It is necessary to consider discharge characteristics in the TMDL plan. This study analysed discharge characteristics such as pollution generation and discharge load density, and reduction potential by each unit watershed, and categorized the unit watershed into four groups according to its discharge load characteristics. This analysis can be used as helpful information for the prioritization of pollution reduction area and selection of pollution reduction measures in the development of TMDL plans.

잠재오염원을 이용한 포항지역의 광역적 지하수 오염 위험성 평가

이사로 ( Sa Ro Lee ),김용성 ( Yong Seong Kim ),김덕근 ( Dauk Geun Kim ) 한국지리정보학회 2006 한국지리정보학회지 Vol.9 No.3

금호강 유역에서의 4-nitrophenol 배출 특성과 오염원 기여도 모의 연구

박경덕,김일규,양득석,이인정 대한상하수도학회 2019 상하수도학회지 Vol.33 No.1

In the Geumho River, 4-nitrophenol has been detected, thus it is necessary to investigate the contamination sources in order to prevent the release of this compound. However, the research to estimate the potential source is regarded as complicated research. In this study, the distributions of 4-nitrophenol were simulated and the contribution of the potential sources was estimated using a numerical model(HydroGeoSphere; HGS) and the measuring data of 4-nitrophenol from 2013 to 2017. The altitude data, the land cover data, the flow rates of the tributaries and wastewater treatment plants, and the decay rate of 4-nitrophenol was used as the input data. The results of this research showed that the contribution rates of potential contamination sources in the upstream area were higher than that of the downstream area. Most of the upstream area is the agricultural area, it seemed that 4-nitrophenol was originated from the pesticides. In order to achieve more specific location of sources, an intensive investigation in the upstream is required.

Efficient Elimination of Tetracycline by Ferrate (VI): Real Water Implications

( Levia Lalthazuala ),( Lalhmunsiama ),( Ngainunsiami ),( Diwakar Tiwari ),( Seung Mok Lee ),( Suk Soon Choi ) 한국공업화학회 2023 공업화학 Vol.34 No.3

The detection of antibiotics in treated wastewater is a global concern as it enters water bodies and causes the development of antibiotic resistance genes in humans and marine life. The study specifically aims to explore the potential of ferrate (VI) in eliminating tetracycline (TCL). The degradation of TCL is optimized with parametric studies, viz., the effect of pH and concentration, which provide insights into TCL elimination. The increase in pH (from 7.0 to 10.0) favors the percentage removal of TCL; however, the increase in TCL concentrations from 0.02 to 0.3 mmol/L caused a decrease in percentage TCL removal from 97.4 to 29.1%, respectively, at pH 10.0. The time-dependent elimination of TCL using ferrate (VI) followed pseudosecond-order rate kinetics, and an apparent rate constant (kapp) was found at 1978.8 L²/mol²/min. Coexisting ions, i.e., NaNO₃, Na₂HPO₄, NaCl, and oxalic acid, negligibly affect the oxidation of TCL by ferrate (VI). However, EDTA and glycine significantly inhibited the elimination of TCL using ferrate (VI). The mineralization of TCL using ferrate (VI) was favored at higher pH, and it increased from 18.57 to 32.52% when the solution pH increased from pH 7.0 to 10.0. Additionally, the real water samples containing a relatively high level of inorganic carbon spiked with TCL revealed that ferrate (VI) performance in the removal of TCL was unaffected, which further inferred the potential of ferrate (VI) in real implications.

Potential Toxic elements in shellfish from three rivers in Niger Delta, Nigeria: bioaccumulation, dietary intake, and human health risk assessment

Blessing Minaopunye Onyegeme-O,Levi Okeinaye West 환경독성보건학회 2023 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.38 No.2