항만물류보안관리 시스템의 체계화 및 일원화 방안

강재영 ( Jae Young Kang ) 한국법정책학회 2013 법과 정책연구 Vol.13 No.2

Port logistics, which is a large part of the national economy, can cause major damage to the nation`s industries when paralyzed. Centralization and systemization of port logistics security and management system are important in order for port facility to function properly. Port logistics security and management system restricts those who work in the industry in part. However, efficient port security and management system can also reduce cases of theft and loss of cargo, promote visibility and punctuality of delivery, improve stock management and customer satisfaction and facilitate efficient customs work and logistics management. The government restructuring of 2013 is expected to bring about significant changes to the logistics security sector. Confusion and inefficiency could arise as different government ministries are in charge of cargos depending on the means and the distance of delivery. Shipping and port affairs, which were the responsibility of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, are now under the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries. From now on, the ministry in charge will change when a cargo that has been transported by land or air is loaded onto a ship for marine transport. In the face of the changing situation and complications that might arise from it, an integrated, centralized logistics security system needs to be established and designating a single ministry in charge must be discussed. Regulations on port logistics security and safety will not only lead to systematic, efficient development of the port logistics industry but also improve the nation`s international competitiveness. A tentative “Port Logistics Security and Safety Act” aims to enhance visibility of cargo through a cargo tracking system and guarantee swift delivery of cargo to recipients. A revision of law and regulation is necessary in order to facilitate introduction of the latest generation of equipment such as e-seal system and container detector at port facilities. Support for the port logistics industry is important in South Korea, whose economy heavily depends on trade. Therefore, port logistics security and safety must be regulated under a new, centralized Port Logistics Security and Safety Act, which will replace the current system where clauses on port logistics are scattered around in the legal system. As a legal foundation for the integrated system to regulate the industry, Article 6 Clause 2 of the Basic Act on Logistics Policy must to be revised to allow the legislation of a separate act on development and management of logistics facility, management and nurturing of logistics businesses and logistics safety and security.

우리나라 항만보안법제 개선에 관한 연구

방호삼,주종광 한국해사법학회 2013 해사법연구 Vol.25 No.1

Ports are very vast areas and national security facilities. Subjects to be watched are wharfs where cargoes are loaded and unloaded on board ships, ships anchored at port approaches, a number of containers and warehouses, main approach roads, fences and gates where persons and cargoes arrive and leave. In order to prevent terrorism or port-related crimes, CCTVs and various watching arrangements are installed and the comprehensive watching and controlling center is operated for 24 hours. Due to awareness that ships and ports may be targeted for terrorists since 9․11 in 2001, the security for ships and ports has been strengthened. The security for both ports themselves and international seagoing passenger ships and terminals is essential considering a large number of facility users of ships and terminals. Whether ports can establish proper port security services is one of the factors to secure port competitiveness. This article asserts that management and supervision authority over port security designated officers and guards be unified towards a state security agency with more professionalism in port security. In order to meet such an assertion, it is desirable to consider introducing so-called ‘Maritime Security Services Industry Act’ and maritime security guard system. 항만은 매우 광범위한 지역이며 국가보안시설이다. 화물이 선박에 적·양하되는 부두와 외항 계류 중인 선박, 수많은 컨테이너와 화물 보관 장소, 주요 접근도로 및 외곽 울타리, 출입 게이트 등 넓은 지역이 감시 대상이다. 테러, 범죄 등 항만 내 보안위협을 미연에 방지하기 위하여 폐쇄회로 텔레비전 (CCTV) 및각종 감시 장비를 설치하고 종합상황실을 운영하는 등 24시간 감시체제가 유지되고 있다. 2001년 9.11테러 이후 선박과 항만도 테러의 대상이 될 수 있음이 인식되어 선박과 항만보안이 강화되어 왔다. 이렇듯 항만뿐만 아니라 국제항해 여객선이 출입하는 터미널 시설의 경우에도 여객선과 터미널 시설에 출입하는 수많은 이용자를 감안하면 터미널 보안의 중요성은 매우 크다. 적정의 항만경비보안서비스를 제공할 수 있느냐의 여부는 항만경쟁력을 갖추기 위한 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 이 논문은 장래 항만 보안위협에 선제적으로 대처해 나가고 항만보안 법제 및 체제의 비효율성을 개선시켜 선진화된 항만보안체제를 만들기 위해, 현 통합방위법, 항만경비 및 보안관리지침 등 법률과 국제항해선박 및 항만시설의 보안에 관한 법률상의 항만보안책임주체의 지도·감독권을 항만보안에 대하여 보다 전문성 있는 국가보안기관으로 일원화할 필요가 있다고 주장한다. 항만보안 업무를 현장에서 수행중인 항만경비보안 인력에 대한 지도·감독도 국가보안기관에 의해 실질적으로 이루어지는 것이 바람직하다. 이를 위해 이 논문은 해양경비업법과 해양경비사 제도의 도입을 제안한다.

항만물류안전의 확보를 위한 보안제도에 관한 고찰

권기훈 ( Kee Hoon Kwon ),강재영 ( Jae Young Kang ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 2012 법학논총 Vol.29 No.4

Recently, the issues of concern in the logisticsindustry are becoming more complicated and specialized due to the globalization of logistics network, increasing market share of large logistics companies, customers` diversified needs, demand for eco-friendly business practices, etc. In other words, the focus is shifting from cost-cutting efforts to streamlining and automating the process by introducing international standards and improving profitability by securing safety and visibility. One of the major challenges of today`s logistics industry is finding a balance between logistics efficiency and logistics security. Logistics security, in particular, is the backbone of port logistics safety. Port logistic safety refers to the status in which loss, damage and/or delay indelivery/receipt do not occur in a port. Factors that endanger port logistics safety could be related to facility, labor force, port traffic, natural disasters, etc. South Korea is ranked fifth in terms of container port traffic and Busan, a major South Korean port, is the fifth largest container port in the world. Ports are the points of departure and destination for all cargoes, which makes them the most important areas in export logistics safety. Various factors that influence logistics safety at ports could lead to various legal issues. Factors that influence safety at ports include accidents due to dangerous articles loaded and accidents due to illegal articles loaded. Filtering of such articles is a matter of logistics security. That is why port logistics security should be discussed as a way of ensuring port logistics safety. Port logistics security covers all logistical activities including the onshore activities and security/international activities (customs, import/export). There are various regulations on port logistics security. This paper reviews port security policies and laws in place and suggests solutions to the problems of current policies and laws.

A Review of Literature in Risk and Security of Ports

Hong Gyu Park,Jae Wan Chung 한국무역연구원 2013 貿易 硏究 Vol.9 No.2

This paper aims to review the literature in maritime terrorism, maritime security initiatives, risk and security of ports to explore the current trends and practices of research in the field. This paper also aims to provide directions and insights to future research opportunities. Starting from maritime terrorism, this paper mainly explores and analyzes published literature in maritime terrorism, maritime security initiatives, and security/risk of ports. The type of risk and security issues in ports are explored with special emphasis on the ISPS code and other maritime related security programs which guide ports to be security oriented. Despite the dearth of the studies conducted in the field, this study proposes that port security can be approached from supply chain perspective. Also, this challenging area of research requires more quantitative and confirmatory research for further academic investigation. This paper will serve as a guide to the maritime transport and port managers who are interested in risk management and security issues around ports.

항만시설 보안비용 공유 계약이 항만운영사와 선사의 성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김성기,김찬호 한국생산관리학회 2020 한국생산관리학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Following the 9/11 attack in 2001, the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code of the International Maritime Organization, and the International Navigation Vessel and Port Facility Security Act of Korea have ensured that port facility owners safeguard the security facilities, equipment, and personnel, thereby securing the ports. The resulting security costs may be collected from shipping companies. However, in Korea, port security fees have not been collected properly due to resistance from shipping companies and shippers. Therefore, this study examines the impact of the security cost-sharing contract between port operators and shipping companies on their overall performance, including the profit, service, and security level. Following this study, in Korean ports, shipping companies often act as leaders, so sharing security costs has an effect on the increase in service and security levels, but the profits of operators can decrease compared to before sharing security costs. This paper discusses the policy implications for port facility security costs amid the conflicting opinions of operators and shipping companies on the rate level of port security costs. 항만은 국가 수출입화물의 99.7%를 담당하는 국가 중요 물류시설물로써 2001년 미국 9.11테러 발생 이후 국제적으로 보안에 대한 요구가 높아지고 있다. 그렇기 때문에 IMO의 ISPS Code나 우리나라의 “국제항해선박 및 항만시설의 보안에 관한 법률”에서는 항만시설소유자로 하여금 보안시설, 장비 및 인력을 확보하여 안정적인 서비스를 유지하도록 하고있으며, 이 비용은 항만서비스의 이용자인 선사 등으로부터 징수할 수 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우 선사 및 화주의 반발 등으로 인해 항만시설보안료를 제대로 징수하지 못하고 있는 실정이며, 보안료 징수가 실제적으로 보안 수준 향상에 도움이 되는지에 대해서도 연구된 바가 없다. 본 논문에서는 하나의 운영사와 하나의 선사로 구성되어 있는 항만 공급사슬 상에서 일반적인 하역료 계약과 선사가 보안 비용을 공유하는 경우의 이윤 및 서비스 수준, 보안 수준을 비교 연구하였다. 그 결과, 보안 비용 공유는 서비스와 보안 수준의 상승을 유도하나, 선사가 공급사슬 선도자인 경우 운영사의 이윤은 비용 공유 전보다 하락할 수 있음을 보였다. 이 결과는 현재 항만시설보안료의 징수와 관련하여 운영사와 선사 간 의견이 상충되고 있는 시점에서 중요한 정책적 시사점을 제공하고 있다.

항만보안 수준 평가 모형 구축에 관한 연구

김찬호,최상균,김성기 한국해양비즈니스학회 2024 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.58

There are a growing number of factors that can threaten the continuity of a port's functions, including cyberterrorism and drone-enabled terrorism. Therefore, the importance of port security, which is a means of maintaining the function of ports and increasing the stability of logistics businesses through physical and systematic access control to ports, is gradually increasing. In the current situation where the global demand for strengthening port security is increasing, it is necessary to develop a model to measure the security level of Korean ports. In this study, we developed a model to qualitatively measure the level of port security based on previous research on port security measurement and the U.S. Coast Guard's evaluation of overseas port security levels. In addition, we collected data through a survey and verified the validity of the model through confirmatory factor analysis. Based on these results, we provide practical implications for strengthening port security in Korea.

Review of Literature in Risk and Security of Ports

박홍규,정재완 한국무역연구원 2013 무역연구 Vol.9 No.2

This paper aims to review the literature in maritime terrorism, maritime security initiatives, risk and security of ports to explore the current trends and practices of research in the field. This paper also aims to provide directions and insights to future research opportunities. Starting from maritime terrorism, this paper mainly explores and analyzes published literature in maritime terrorism, maritime security initiatives, and security/risk of ports. The type of risk and security issues in ports are explored with special emphasis on the ISPS code and other maritime related security programs which guide ports to be security oriented. Despite the dearth of the studies conducted in the field, this study proposes that port security can be approached from supply chain perspective. Also, this challenging area of research requires more quantitative and confirmatory research for further academic investigation. This paper will serve as a guide to the maritime transport and port managers who are interested in risk management and security issues around ports.

여수광양항의 보안경비 실태

장덕종 외 전남대학교 수산과학연구소 2015 수산과학연구소논문집 Vol.23 No.-

There are big national infrastructures such as petrochemical industry complexes, steel mills and container berths in Yeosu Gwangyang port. It is required that there be more thorough security guard for the port than other ports, as the port handles not only freights that are important for national economy but also ships that frequently arrival & departure carrying dangerous cargos. Many port facilities are widely spread to Yeosu and Gwangyang areas. It makes it difficult to establish efficient port security guard system. Now Port Authority and a private company are in charge of securing and guarding the port facilities. It couldn’t respond to an emergent situation immediately because the commanding system is not arranged well. As the special guards of the private company are treated poorly compared to the security guards of Port Authority, they leave the company easily. As a result it is hard to produce professional guards. It is an obstacle to establish efficient port security guard system. It is required to unify the commanding line of port security guard system of Yeosu Gwangyang port as soon as possible. They should positively think about establishing a separate organization inside Port Authority that is exclusively in charge of the port security guard.

부산항 컨테이너 터미널 사이버 보안 강화를 위한 탐색적 연구

하도연,김율성 한국항해항만학회 2023 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.47 No.6

항만 산업의 동향은 적극적인 4차 산업 기술을 도입하여 자동화 항만, 스마트 항만 등 새로운 항만의 형태로 발전하고 있다. 그러나 항만의 발전 이면에는 항만 및 컨테이너 터미널 내 사이버 보안 사고 및 위협 가능성 또한 높아지고 있다. 이에 항만 내 사이버 보안 강화와 관련된 연구가 필수적이나 국내에서 진행되는 관련 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 국내 대표 항만인 부산항 중 가장 4차 산업 기술을 적극적으로 도입하는 컨테이너 항만을 중심 사이버 보안 강화를 위한 요인을 도출하고 향후 강화 방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 연구결과 부산항 컨테이너 터미널 사이버 보안 강화를 위한 요인은 네트워크 구축 및 정책 지원, 교육 표준화 및 인력 양성, 법·제도적 요인으로 분류되었다. 이후 도출된 요인을 바탕으로 다중회귀 분석을 실시하였으며 분석 결과를 바탕으로 향후 부산항 컨테이너 터미널의 안전성 확보 및 강화, 신뢰성 확보 및 강화, 성과 및 만족도 향상을 위한 세부 요인을 도출하였다. 본 연구는 점차 증가하는 항만 및 컨테이너 터미널 내 사이버 보안 공격에 대응하여 부산항 컨테이너 터미널의 사이버 강화를 위한 방향성을 제시했다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다. By actively adopting technologies from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the port industry is trending toward new types of ports, such as automated and smart ports. However, behind the development of these ports, there is an increasing risk of cyber security incidents and threats within ports and container terminals, including information leakage through cargo handling equipment and ransomware attacks leading to disruptions in terminal operations. Despite the necessity of research to enhance cyber security within ports, there is a lack of such studies in the domestic context. This study focuses on Busan Port, a representative port in South Korea that actively incorporates technology from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, in order to discover variables for improving cyber security in container terminals. The research results categorized factors for enhancing cyber security in Busan Port's container terminals into network construction and policy support, standardization of education and personnel training, and legal and regulatory factors. Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was conducted based on these factors, leading to the identification of detailed factors for securing and enhancing safety, reliability, performance, and satisfaction in Busan Port's container terminals. The significance of this study lies in providing direction for enhancing cyber security in Busan Port's container terminals and addressing the increasing incidents of cyber security attacks within ports and container terminals.

AHP를 이용한 인천항 물류보안 평가에 관한 연구 : 컨테이너 터미널을 중심으로

황의찬(Hwang Eui-chan),민정웅(Min Jung-ung) 한국해양수산개발원 2009 해양정책연구 Vol.24 No.1

To improve the efficiency of logistics and ensure safe freight flow, a comprehensive set of supply chain security initiatives have been implemented and practiced throughout the world. Since such initiatives might become a trade barrier in the future, it is necessary to respond and correspond to the logistics security in a timely manner. However, research in this area is still lacking, especially quantitative research or surveys on local port facilities and ships. In this context, this study included the logistics companies (maritime shipping companies, container terminals) in Incheon Port as well as many logistics security experts in Korea in order to assess the security level of Incheon Port. Using AHP, this research derived the security items with respect to the importance level and their priorities. The research result showed that each group posed different perception in terms of the importance level of security items. Overall, Incheon Port facilities were fairly managed for security but it needs considerable preparation for the item such as 'cargo inspection and tracing,' and 'crisis management and disaster recovery & self assessment' for further security enhancement. The weighted priority value was calculated by multiplying the importance value of the specific items and the evaluation value of the preparation level. Based on this result, this paper suggests that the item 'cargo inspection and tracing' and 'security training/program' need to get prepared further for responding global supply chain security requirements.