Nitrous Oxide 농도에 따른 진통효과와 혈역학적 변화에 대한 비교 관찰

이운정,김형국,양관모,유은영,나병호,이원재,박규남,권태욱,김세경 대한응급의학회 1997 대한응급의학회지 Vol.8 No.4

Background: Nitrous oxide is a safe analgesics which has analgesic and sedative effects without loss of consciousness. The advantage of Nitrous oxide is that it has a rapid onset time and that we can modulate duration of its action. The purpose of this experiment is to obtain the safe and effective concentration of Nitrous oxide in Emergency Department as use of analgesics and sedative drugs. Methods: Twenty volunteers were investigated according to double blind method Nitrous oxide was administrated to volunteer subjects at different concentrations ; 33%, 50%, 67% each. Then we evaluated the Pain score, Blood pressure, Heart rate, Respiratory rate, Oxygen saturation and its side effects. Results: Pain Score were 8.4 ±2.1 at 33% 6.1 ±1.5 at 50% and 3.65 ±2.2 at 67% of Nitrous oxide. Pain Score is decreased significantly following administration of Nitrous oxide at concentration of 50%, 67%(p<0.05). There was no difference between preadministration group and postadministration group. While no remarkable change in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. Respiratory rate showed significant increase when 67% of Nitrous oxide was administrated. There was no side effect in administration of 33% of Nitrous oxide. When 50% of Nitrous oxide was administrated, there were dizziness 5(25%), paresthesia 2(10%), nausea 1(5%), palpitation 1(5%), and hyperethesia 1(5%). At 67% of Nitrous oxide, there were nausea 7(35%), dizziness 6(30%), paresthesia 5(25%), headache 5(25%), diplopia 2(10%), dysphoria 2(10%), salivation 1(5%), dyspnea 1(5%), nystagmus 1(5%), tinnitus 1(5%) and euphoria 1(5%). Incidence of side effect increased as the concentration of Nitrous oxide was increased. Conclusion: We can conclude that safe and effective concentration of Nitrous oxide is 50% as analgesics and sedative drugs in the emergency department.

아산화질소 생산공정에서 발생하는 아산화질소 함유 배기가스의 배출원

이상구(Sang Goo Lee),하종욱(Jong-Wook Ha),박인준(In Jun Park),김정훈(Jeong-Hoon Kim),손은호(Eun-Ho Sohn),이수복(Soo-Bok Lee) 한국에너지기후변화학회 2018 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.13 No.1

We examined the manufacturing process of nitrous oxide and investigated the sources of emission gases containing a greenhouse gas of nitrous oxide based on the typical nitrous oxide manufacturing process. The nitrous oxide emissions in the manufacturing processes of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere are mainly divided into the emissions of manufacturing process and the emissions of manufacturing maintenance. The emissions of manufacturing process can be collected, and the nitrous oxide contained in the collected emissions can be separated, recycled and reused. The emissions of manufacturing maintenance can be minimized with optimum maintenance, but cannot be collected. The only one source of nitrous oxide emission of manufacturing process is at the top of flash drum for flash distillation to produce high purity nitrous oxide. According to the simulation of flash distillation, we estimated that the emission gas emitted from the top of flash drum may contain about 92.9% of nitrous oxide, and that about 13.7% of nitrous oxide fed into the flash distillation process may be lost into the atmosphere. To reduce nitrous oxide emission from the manufacturing process of nitrous oxide, the separation technologies of nitrous oxide from the emission gases at the top of flash drum should be developed.

응급센터에서 골절 또는 탈구환자의 도수정복시 아산화질소의 진통효과

김선만,홍은석,이강현,김현,이진웅,황성오,임경수,유기철 대한응급의학회 1997 대한응급의학회지 Vol.8 No.4

Background: Induction of analgesia is frequently required during undergoing reduction of fractures or dislocation in the emergency department. Method to induce analgesia should be easy, convenient, and safe because patients are not always in fasting state. Nitrous oxide inhalation has been known as a good method of analgesia in emergency patients. Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nitrous oxide analgesia in the emergency department. Method: We prospectively studied 34 patients undergone reductions of fractures in the emergency department. Nitrous-oxide was the sole source of analgesia. The Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was rated by the emergency physician before nitrous oxide inhalation, 5 minutes after inhalation and reduction procedures. Results: No complication such as vomiting, respiratory depression, or a change in oxygen saturation resulted from the use of nitrous-oxide. Ninety one percent of patients obtained an analgesic effect. However, 9% of patients did not experience any analgesic effect after inhalation of nitrous oxide. In subgroup analysis for analgesic effect of nitrous-oxide, nitrous oxide provided only partial analgesia for acute pain in open fracture group. VAS was significantly lower after inhalation than before inhalation of nitrous oxide in simple fracture group. However, VAS of simple fracture group was increased during closed reductions, which indicated incomplete relief of pain by nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide inhalation failed to relieve pain during reduction in patients with open fracture or dislocation. Conclusion: Administration of nitrous-oxide, when used as sole source of analgesia, is not the ideal method of analgesia during reduction of fractures or dislocations.

임상연구 : Sevoflurane 마취 시 아산화질소가 Bispectral Index에 미치는 영향

김경헌 ( Kyoung Hun Kim ),최윤정 ( Yun Jeong Choi ),심재항 ( Jae Hang Shim ),전우재 ( Woo Jae Jeon ),조상윤 ( Sang Yoon Cho ),신우종 ( Woo Jong Shin ),염종훈 ( Jong Hoon Yeom ) 대한마취과학회 2006 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.50 No.5

Background: Nitrous oxide is generally avoided in order to prevent either hypoxia or graft dislodgment during tympanoplasty. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrous oxide on the bispectral index during sevoflurane anesthesia at the anesthetic dose. Methods: The bispectral index was continually measured during nitrous oxide-oxygen-sevoflurane anesthesia, discontinuation of nitrous oxide and the reintroduction of nitrous oxide. Results: The bispectral index of nitrous oxide-oxygen-sevoflurane anesthesia increased after discontinuing the nitrous oxide and decreased after its reintroduction. Conclusions: Nitrous oxide decreased the bispectral index of nitrous oxide-oxygen-sevoflurane anesthesia compared with oxygen-sevoflurane anesthesia at the anesthetic dose. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2006; 50: 511~4)

Investigating the effects of nitrous oxide sedation on frontal-parietal interactions

Ryu, Ji-Ho,Kim, Pil-Jong,Kim, Hong-Gee,Koo, Yong-Seo,Shin, Teo Jeon Elsevier 2017 Neuroscience Letters Vol.651 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Although functional connectivity has received considerable attention in the study of consciousness, few studies have investigated functional connectivity limited to the sedated state where consciousness is maintained but impaired. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in functional connectivity of the parietal-frontal network resulting from nitrous oxide-induced sedation, and to determine the neural correlates of cognitive impairment during consciousness transition states. Electroencephalography was acquired from healthy adult patients who underwent nitrous oxide inhalation to induce cognitive impairment, and was analyzed using Granger causality (GC). Periods of awake, sedation and recovery for GC between frontal and parietal areas in the delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma and total frequency bands were obtained. The Friedman test with post-hoc analysis was conducted for GC values of each period for comparison. As a sedated state was induced by nitrous oxide inhalation, power in the low frequency band showed increased activity in frontal regions that was reversed with discontinuation of nitrous oxide. Feedback and feedforward connections analyzed in spectral GC were changed differently in accordance with EEG frequency bands in the sedated state by nitrous oxide administration. Calculated spectral GC of the theta, alpha, and beta frequency regions in the parietal-to-frontal direction was significantly decreased in the sedated state while spectral GC in the reverse direction did not show significant change. Frontal-parietal functional connectivity is significantly affected by nitrous oxide inhalation. Significantly decreased parietal-to-frontal interaction may induce a sedated state.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Nitrous oxide led to a decrease in connectivity in the parietal-frontal direction. </LI> <LI> However, nitrous oxide did not lead to a decrease in connectivity in the frontal to parietal direction. </LI> <LI> The changes of parietal-frontal connectivity were prominent at theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. </LI> </UL> </P>

Nitrous Oxide가 Sevoflurane 마취 유도 시간에 미치는 영향

김윤희 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

Sevoflurane has certain properties, such as a pleasant odour, little irritation of the airways, and a low blood gas partition coefficient, that favour rapid inhalation induction. The speed of anesthesia with vital capacity rapid inhalation induction(VCRⅡ) is rapid, and although nitrous oxide is often added to the inhaled gases, there is only little evidence that the combination is much better than sevoflurane used alone. This study designed to investigate the effects of nitrous oxide on speed and quality of sevoflurane inhalation induction. We studied 30 ASA physical status Ⅰ and Ⅱ female patients scheduled for elective gynecological surgery with general anesthesia. Group l(n=l5) patients received 7% sevoflurane-oxygen for VCRⅡ and while Group 2(n=15) received 7% sevoflurane-50% nitrous oxide-oxygen for VCRⅡ. Anesthesia circuit is prefilled with 7% sevoflurane in group 1 and 7% sevoflurane with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen in group 2 for 2 min. We compared induction times, oxygenation, and adverse events during inhalation induction. Induction time was taken as the time bispectral index values of 50. Induction times were not significantly shorter with sevoflurane-nitrous oxide than with sevoflurane alone(103.0±24.lsec, 101.3±22sec, respectively p>0.05). But oxygenation and adverse events did not differ between the two anesthetic groups. We conclude that induction with sevoflurane carried in nitrous oxide and oxygen is safe, but induction time is not quicker than that in oxygen alone in this way.

돈분 액비의 아산화질소 발생 저감 효과 검정

이평호 ( Pyeong Ho Lee ),백지현 ( Ji Hyeon Baek ),구연종 ( Yeonjong Koo ) 한국환경농학회 2023 한국환경농학회지 Vol.42 No.4

This study focused on nitrous oxide, a major greenhouse gas produced in agricultural settings through bacterial nitrogen oxidation in aerobic soil. Nitrogen fertilizer in farmland is identified as a primary source of nitrous oxide. The importance of reducing excess nitrogen in soil to mitigate nitrous oxide production is well-known. The study investigated the use of liquefied pig manure as an alternative to urea fertilizer in conventional agriculture. Results showed a more than two-fold reduction in nitrous oxide emissions in pepper cultivation areas with liquefied pig manure compared to that with urea fertilizer. The population of Nitrosospira, a nitrous oxide-producing bacterium, decreased by over 10% with liquefied pig manure. Additionally, nirK and nosZ, which are related to the denitrification process, significantly increased in the urea fertilizer group, whereas levels in the liquefied pig manure group resembled those with no nitrogen treatment. In conclusion, the experiment confirmed that liquefied pig manure can serve as an eco-friendly nitrogen fertilizer, significantly reducing nitrous oxide production, a major contributor to the atmospheric greenhouse effect.

온실가스 감축 제도 및 아산화질소 감축 배출권 현황과 전망

이상구(Sang Goo Lee),하종욱(Jong-Wook Ha),박인준(In Jun Park),김정훈(Jeong-Hoon Kim),손은호(Eun-Ho Sohn),이수복(Soo-Bok Lee) 한국에너지기후변화학회 2017 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.12 No.2

The important contents of Kyoto mechanism for greenhouse gas emission reduction, and of Korean Greenhouse Emission Trading System and certification method of offset credits were investigated and summarized. High revenue from the sale of CDM certified emission reduction of nitrous oxide from adipic acid production caused the carbon leakage which could not lead to the substantial emission reduction of nitrous oxide. Therefore, European Commission prohibited the use of the international credit for CDM project of nitrous oxide reduction in adipic acid production in EU ETS as of Jan. 1, 2013. It is prospected that the certificated emission reduction of nitrous oxide in adipic acid production will not be permitted in the future. The CDM certificated emission reduction of nitrous oxide in nitric acid production and caprolactam production will be consistently permitted in the future. Additional certificated emission reduction may not be occurred in domestic nitric acid production and caprolactam production because the certificated emission reductions in all domestic production have been issued. In the future, the technologies for emission reduction in nitrous oxide production and semiconductor and LCD production where nitrous oxide is used as an oxidizer will be expected to be developed and there certified emission reduction will be issued at home and abroad.

아산화질소를 산화제로 사용하는 실험용 액체로켓의 폭발사례 및 안전사용방안

최송이(Songyi Choi),박석영(Sukyoung Park),이동건(Donggun Lee),김도헌(Dohun Kim),구자예(Jaye Koo) 한국추진공학회 2015 한국추진공학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Nitrous oxide is known as green and safe propellant, and can be supplied by its own vapor pressure. So, many liquid propulsion research institutes and university laboratories use nitrous oxide as oxidizer of experimental liquid rocket engine. However, the unknown explosions occurred twice during hot fire experiments using subscale ethanol/nitrous oxide thruster. In this paper, we surmised that the explosions were caused by the decomposition of nitrous oxide in the injector body and the recondensation of nitrous oxide. Improvement and the safe handling methods are suggested.

아산화질소 환원 세균 컨소시움의 특성

박형주,권지현,조경숙 한국미생물·생명공학회 2019 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.47 No.4

아산화질소는 이산화탄소보다 약 310배 높은 지구온난화지수를 갖는 주요 온실가스이다. 본 연구에서는 아산화질소배출저감을 위해 고도처리슬러지를 접종원으로 이용하여 아산화질소 환원 컨소시움을 확보하였다. 이 컨소시움의 우점종은 Sulfurovum (17.95%), Geobacter (14.63%), Rectinema (11.45%)와 Chlorobium (8.24%)이었다. 아산화질소 환원 컨소시움의 활성에 미치는 C/N 비(mol·mol-1), 탄소원의 영향을 조사한 결과, C/N 비 6.3 및 아세트산을 탄소원으로 공급한 조건에서 최대 아산화질소 환원 활성을 나타냈다. 또한, 본 컨소시움의 3,000 ppm 이하의 아산화질소 농도 범위에서 아산화질소 농도가 증가할수록 환원속도도 증가하였다. 속도론적 해석 결과, 아산화질소 환원 컨소시움의 최대 아산화질소 환원 속도는 163.9 μg-N·g VSS-1·h-1이었다. 본Consortium은 아산화질소를 N2로 환원하는데 관여를 nosZ 뿐만 아니라, 질산염을 아질산염으로 환원하는 narG, 아질산염을 일산화질소로 환원하는 nirK 유전자 및 일산화질소를 아산화질소를 환원하는 norB 유전자를 모두 보유하고 있었다. 이는 본 컨소시움은 아산화질소 제거 공정 뿐 만 아니라, 탈질공정에도 활용 가능한 유용한 미생물 자원임을 의미한다. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 310 times higher than that of carbon dioxide. In this study, an N2O-reducing consortium was obtained by enrichment culture using advanced treatment sludge as the inoculum. The dominant bacteria in the consortium were Sulfurovum (17.95%), Geobacter (14.63%), Rectinema (11.45%), and Chlorobium (8.24%). The consortium displayed optimal N2O reducing activity when acetate was supplied as the carbon source at a carbon/nitrogen ratio (mol·mol-1) of 6.3. The N2O reduction rate increased with increasing N2O concentration at less than 3,000 ppm. Kinetic analysis revealed that the maximum N2O reduction rate of the consortium was 163.9 μg-N·g-VSS-1·h-1. Genes present in the consortium included nosZ (reduction of nitrous oxide to N2), narG (reduction of nitrate to nitrite), nirK (reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide), and norB (reduction of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide). These results indicate that the N2O-reducing consortium is a promising bioresource that can be used in denitrification and N2O mitigation.