거대억새 단지 조성에 따른 토양 특성 변화

강구,홍성구,박성직,Kang, Ku,Hong, Seong-Gu,Park, Seong-Jik 한국농공학회 2013 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.55 No.6

Miscanthus has received wide attention as an option for biomass production in Korea, recently. New strain of giant miscanthus has been developed and was planted in two large trial sites (184 ha) in the lower reaches of the Geum River. To evaluate the susceptibility of the giant miscanthus as an bioenergy crop for the future, we investigated the influence of the giant miscanthus on the soil properties. The particle size, CEC, pH, EC, T-N, T-P, heavy metal total concentration, and heavy metal fractions of soil samples collected from abandoned field, 1 year old giant miscanthus field (1st Year GM), and 2 year old giant miscanthus field (2nd Year GM) at different depths of 0~15, 15~30, and 30~45 cm in April and August were analyzed. Results showed that the CEC and pH of the soil of the giant miscanthus field were lower than those of the soil of abandoned field. The EC of 2nd GM was lower than that of abandoned field, indicating that the giant miscanthus may facilitate soil desalination process. The organic and sulfide fraction and residual fraction of heavy metals in the giant miscanthus field was higher than in abandoned field, due to the low pH of the giant miscanthus field and the excretion of phytosiderophores by rhizome of the giant miscanthus. This study showed that the giant miscanthus can influence on the soil properties and further study for long term is needed to elucidate the interaction between the soil and the giant miscanthus.

거대억새 재배단지 조성에 따른 생물상 모니터링

강구,홍성구,지광재,최준열,이효혜미,김한중,박성직,Kang, Ku,Hong, Seong-Gu,Ji, Kwang-Jae,Choi, June-Yeol,Lee, Hyo-HyeMi,Kim, Han-Joong,Park, Seong-Jik 한국농공학회 2014 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.56 No.1

The cultivation of biomass crops is now global demand for decreasing emissions of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from fossil fuel. Miscanthus species have been studied as a suitable crop for biomass production, due to its characteristics of fast growth and high biomass. In Korea, Miscanthus species have gained wide attention as an option for biomass production alternative to fossil fuels, recently. New strain of giant Miscanthus has been developed and two large trial sites for the giant Miscanthus production were built in the lower reaches of the Geum River. To evaluate the ecological influence of the giant Miscanthus as an bioenergy crop for the future, we investigated the impact of the construction of the giant Miscanthus production fields on the biota and also compared it with biota in paddy fields near the study sites. The biota including plants, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, avifauna, insects, and bugs was investigated. The plant diversity of the giant Miscanthus production fields was poorer than the paddy fields because the high height of the giant Miscanthus might hinder the growth of other plants. However, the giant Miscanthus production fields serves habitat to animals, leading to rich diversity of animals including avifauna, insects, and bugs. The rich diversity of the animals in the giant Miscanthus production fields coincides with the fact that the giant Miscanthus was grown without any pesticide, herbicide, and fertilizer. This study showed that the giant Miscanthus can influence on biota and further long term study is needed to elucidate the interaction between the diversity of biota and the giant Miscanthus.

유망 바이오에너지작물 “억새” 개발

문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),구본철(Bon-Cheol Koo),최용환(Yoyng-Hwan Choi),안승현(Seung-Hyun Ahn),박선태(Surn-Teh Bark),차영록(Young-Lok Cha),안기홍(Gi-Hong An),김중곤(Jung Kon Kim),서세정(Sae-Jung Suh) 韓國雜草學會 2010 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.30 No.4

억새의 식물학적인 분류 및 형태, 선진국의 억새 육종, 재배 및 이용 현황 그리고 우리나라의 억새 연구성과 등을 고찰함으로서 향후 우리나라 에너지 자급율 제고를 위한 억새 연구방향을 제시하고자 국내외 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 억새속 식물에는 17개종이 존재하는데 이 중 바이오 에너지용으로 중요한 종은 한국 등 동아시아가 원산인 참억새(M. sinensis)와 물억새(M. sacchariflorus) 그리고 이들 두 종의 종간 교잡종인 3배체 억새(M. x giganteous) 등이다. 여러 가지 에너지작물 중 억새는 연간 바이오매스 수량이 많고 저온, 염해, 습해 등 열악 환경 적응성과 질소이용효율이 우수하며 에너지 산출/투입 수지가 가장 높고 지상부 줄기와 땅속줄기에 다량의 탄소를 저장하기 때문에 탄수수지가 가장 높다. 유럽, 미국 및 캐나다 에서는 1930년대부터 일본으로부터 3배체 억새를 도입하여 연료용 펠릿 생산, 열병합발전, 양액재배 배지, 건축자재 및 강화 플라스틱 원료로 이용한다. 현재 재배되는 3배체 억새 단점보완을 위한 품종육성연구와 사탕수수와 억새교잡종인 "Miscane" 육성 연구가 진행되고 있다. 우리나라에서는 2007년 억새 유전자원 수집이 착수된 이후 2009년에 바이오매스 수량이 많은 "거대억새1호"와 억새를 증식효율을 높일 수 있는 "억새대량증식방법"을 개발하였다. 향후 우리나라 억새산업 발전을 위해서는 분자육종 등 새로운 육종기법을 활용하여 우리나라뿐만 아니라 해외에서도 재배할 수 있는 우량 신품종을 육성하는 한편 바이오매스의 전처리, 당화 및 발효 등 셀룰로오스계 에탄올 생산공정에 관한 연구도 강화해야 할 것이다. In order to suggest correct direction of researches on Miscanthus spp. which are promising bioenergy crop, authors had reviewed and summarized various literature about botanical taxonomy, morphology and present condition of breeding, cultivation and utilization of miscanthus. Among the genus of Miscanthus which are known 17 species, the most important species are M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus which origin are East Asia including Korea, and M. x giganteus which is inter-specific hybrid of tetraploid M. sacchariflorus and diploid M. sinensis. Miscanthus is superior to other energy crops in resistance to poor environments including cold, saline and damp soil, nitrogen utilization efficiency, budget of input energy and carbon which are required for producing biomass and output which are stored in biomass. The major species for production of energy and industrial products including construction material in Europe, USA and Canada is M. x giganteus which was introduced from Japan in 1930s. In present, many breeding programs are conducted to supplement demerits of present varieties and to develop "Miscanes" which is hybrid of miscanthus and sugar cane. In Korea, the researches on breeding and cultivation of miscanthus were initiated in 2007 by collecting germplasms, and developed "Goedae-Uksae 1" which is high biomass yield and "mass propagation method of miscanthus" which can improve propagation efficiency in 2009. In order to develop "Korean miscanthus industry" in future, the superior varieties available not only domestic but also foreign market should be developed by new breeding method including molecular markers. Researches on production process of cellulosic bio-ethanol including pre-treatment and saccharification of miscanthus biomass also should be strengthen.

축산용 깔짚으로 억새 사용시 한우의 행동과 생물학적 분해특성

김승수,심수민,나창식,원승건 (사)한국축산환경학회 2021 한국축산시설환경학회지 Vol.23 No.3

Livestock manure has been regarded as an important resource containing nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Over 90% of livestock manure heads to arable land in the form of compost. Particularly, Hanwoo raises on bedding floor which gives comfort and sanitation. However, a main bedding material in Korea is sawdust and have been selected with some conditions of prices, less dust, carbon supply, and so on. This study was carried out to prove alternative bedding materials; e.g., Miscanthus availability. Firstly, the evaluation of comfort was analyzed via checking the resting time of Hanwoo. Secondly, when bedding materials are mixed with manure, biodegradability of Micanthus under composting environment was compared with sawdust. As result of the experiments, Miscanthus gave Hanwoo equal comfort with sawdust and the lowest moisture content in the barn was reported in pelletized Miscanthus. Biodegradability of Miscanthus showed over two fold higher than that of sawdust. Thus, Miscanthus showed enough performance to replace sawdust and could be expected as an economic bedding material over sawdust.

Hydrogen Production from Barley Straw and Miscanthus by the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium, Cadicellulosirupter bescii

Cha Minseok,Kim Jun-Ha,Choi Hyo-Jin,Nho Soo Bin,Kim Soo-Yeon,Cha Young-Lok,Song Hyoungwoon,Lee Won-Heong,Kim Sun-Ki,Kim Soo-Jung 한국미생물·생명공학회 2023 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.33 No.10

This work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of biohydrogen production from Barley Straw and Miscanthus. The primary obstacle in plant biomass decomposition is the recalcitrance of the biomass itself. Plant cell walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which make the plant robust to decomposition. However, the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, can efficiently utilize lignocellulosic feedstocks (Barley Straw and Miscanthus) for energy production, and C. bescii can now be metabolically engineered or isolated to produce more hydrogen and other biochemicals. In the present study, two strains, C. bescii JWCB001 (wild-type) and JWCB018 (ΔpyrFA Δldh ΔcbeI), were tested for their ability to increase hydrogen production from Barley Straw and Miscanthus. The JWCB018 resulted in a redirection of carbon and electron (carried by NADH) flow from lactate production to acetate and hydrogen production. JWCB018 produced ~54% and 63% more acetate and hydrogen from Barley Straw, respectively than its wild-type counterpart, JWCB001. Also, 25% more hydrogen from Miscanthus was obtained by the JWCB018 strain with 33% more acetate relative to JWCB001. It was supported that the engineered C. bescii, such as the JWCB018, can be a parental strain to get more hydrogen and other biochemicals from various biomass.

Giant Miscanthus 유래 biochar와 폐기물 유래 char의 무기원소 함량과 용출특성 평가

김용성,현승훈,김웅기,정진호,류창국 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.30 No.2

Land application of biochar (or charcoal) has increasingly been recognized due to its favorable effect as soil amendments. However, depending upon the nature of biomass and pyrolysis condition, biochar may be rich in hazardous inorganic elements. Giant Miscanthus showed its potential as a promising source for biochar manufacture but, the risk of heavy metal leaching from Giant Miscanthus-derived biochar (GMB) has not investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the heavy metal leachability of GMB manufactured from 3 different temperatures (400, 500, and 700oC). Elemental composition of C, N, H, S, O and 18 metals were analyzed. Leaching concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn was analyzed using 4 different methods (0.1 N HCl, 1 N NH4OAc, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure). For comparison, same analysis were performed for two char materials, municipal solid waste char (MWC) and sewage sludge char (SSC), manufactured from pilot-scale muncipal waste gasification plant. Elemental composition of GMB complied with the fertilizer guideline whereas the several heavy metal content (Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn for MWC, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn for SSC) was beyond the criteria. From leaching test, concentration of heavy metals from GMB was positively increased with pyrolysis temperature and the acidity of extractant solution. Leaching concentration of plant nutrients (Ca, K, and Mg) was the highest by 1N NH4OAc. Meanwhile, leaching concentration of Cu from MWC and Pb from SSC exceeded the regulatory standard of Korea and US EPA, respectively. In conclusion, with respect to the risk of heavy metals, Giant Miscanthus-derived biochar will be suitable for land application as a soil amendment, while care should be taken for using municipal waste-derived char materials.

작물별 이화명나방의 발생양상 변동과 생물적 특성 연구

최낙중 ( Nak Jung Choi ),최준열 ( June-yeol Choi ),이봉춘 ( Bong-choon Lee ),김상민 ( Sang-min Kim ),나지은 ( Ji-eun Ra ),백채훈 ( Chai-hun Baik ),이종진 ( Jong Jin Lee ) 한국환경과학회 2017 한국환경과학회지 Vol.26 No.1

We analyzed the variation in occurrence time and intensity of attacks by the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) on several crops. This study aimed to understand how C. suppressalis damages crops and to utilize this basic data for the establishment of environment-friendly control methods like pheromone traps. This study surveyed the changes in occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis, biological characteristics of overwintering larvae, and the efficacy of different types of pheromone traps the years. We found similar occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis in different crops. In addition, occurrence time of the first generation was advanced. Overwintering larvae showed no difference in pupal period and weight compared to the non-overwintering ones. However, the larval period was reduced to 19.1 days in Miscanthus field, in contrast to that in the paddy fields. It was confirmed that larvae of C. suppressalis generally prefer the lower part of the stems of Miscanthus. Efficiency of the emergence trap was confirmed to be greater than that of the delta trap for capturing C. suppressalis adults. However, it is necessary to adjust the control period because of the advancement in occurring time of C. suppressalis in recent years. The larvae of C. suppressalis experience favorable environmental conditions for overwintering in Miscanthus fields. The major Miscanthus fields are generally located in the areas protected for sources of drinking water, owing to which spraying of chemical pesticides is very limited. The results of this study provide important inputs for the development of environment-friendly control methods.

고온 압출식 반응시스템을 이용한 억새 바이오매스의 KOH 전처리조건 최적화

차영록,박성민,문윤호,김광수,이지은,권다은,강용구 한국응용과학기술학회 2019 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.36 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimum conditions of biomass pretreatment with potassium hydroxide (KOH) for efficient utilization of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from Miscanthus. The optimization of variables was performed by response surface methodology (RSM). The variation ranges of the parameters for the RSM were potassium hydroxide 0.2∼0.8 M, reaction temperature 110∼190℃ and reaction time 10∼90 min. The optimum conditions of alkali pretreatment from Miscanthus were determined as follows: concentration of KOH 0.47 M, reaction temperature 134℃ and reaction time 65 min. At the optimum conditions, the yield of cellulose from the solid fraction after pretreatment was predicted to be 95% by model prediction. Finally, 66.1 ± 1.1% of cellulose were obtained by verification experiment under the optimum conditions. The order contents of solid extraction were hemicellulose 26.4 ± 0.4%, lignin 3.7 ± 0.1% and ash 0.5 ± 0.04%. The yield of ethanol concentration of 96% was obtained using separated saccharification and fermentation. 억새와 같은 초본계 바이오매스로부터 cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin 등 주요성분을 추출하기 위해서는 알칼리 전처리가 효율적이며, 본 연구에서는 수산화칼륨(KOH)을 이용한 전처리 조건을 최적화하였다. 전처리 변수의 최적화는 반응표면분석법(RSM)을 적용하였다. RSM의 변수는 3개였으며, 변수범위는 각각 KOH 0.2∼0.8M, 반응온도 110∼190℃ 및 반응시간 10∼90min 이었다. 억새의 알칼리 전처리를 위한 최적조건은 KOH 농도 0.47M, 반응온도 134℃ 및 반응시간 65min 이었다. 최적 전처리 조건에 따라 전처리를 수행한 후 고형물의 cellulose 함량은 66.1±1.1% 이었으며, hemicellulose 및 lignin 함량은 각각 26.4±0.4%, 3.7±0.1% 이었다. RMS 모델식에 따라 계산된 예측값은 실제값 대비 95% 범위 내에서 유효하였다. 최종적으로 전처리물을 동시당화발효를 통해 검증한 결과 에탄올 생산 수율은 96% 이었다.

An integrated process for continuous cellulosic bioethanol production

Bong Woo Chung,Gi-Wook Choi,한민희,Yule Kim,Woo-Sung Cho 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.1

A high-efficiency, integrated bioethanol production process was developed in this study, using Miscanthus as lignocellulosic biomass. The continuous process involved a twin-screw extruder, a pretreated biomass washing/dewatering process, and a saccharification/fermentation process. In addition, the integration process was designed for the reuse of pretreatment solution and the production of highly concentrated bioethanol. Pretreatment was performed with 0.72 M NaOH solution at 95 oC using an 80 rpm twin-screw speed and a flow rate of 90mL/min (18 g/min of raw biomass feeding). Following washing and dewatering steps, the pretreated biomass was subjected to simultaneous saccharification and bioethanol fermentation processes. The maximum ethanol concentration, yield from biomass, and total volume obtained were 59.3 g/L, 89.9%, and 60 L, respectively, using a pretreated biomass loading of 23.1% (w/v) and an enzyme dosage of 30 FPU/g cellulose. The results presented here constitute an important contribution toward the production of bioethanol from Miscanthus.

Miscanthus as a Potential Bioenergy Crop in East Asia

정지훈,김도순 한국작물학회 2012 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.15 No.2

Miscanthus is a perennial rhizomatous grass with C4 photosynthesis and native to East Asia. This grass has been considered as a weed in East Asia, and never been considered as a bioenergy crop until the end of the 20th century. Meanwhile, it has been studied as a potential bioenergy crop in Europe since the 1980s. Soaring energy consumption and heavy dependency of its energy production on imported petroleum have led to initiate finding alternative energy in East Asia. Miscanthus has high water and nutrient-use efficiency,and cold tolerance, high biomass yield potential up to 40 t DM ha-1 with long sustainable productivity up to more than 15 years after the first establishment, and high carbon sequestration capacity. In this regard, Miscanthus is one of the most ideal bioenergy crops in East Asia; potential areas where sufficient size of land is available include Mongolia, the far eastern part of Russia such as Primorski-Krai, Amur Oblast, and Khabarovsk-Krai, and northern parts of China such as Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Neimenggu. Although low temperature and rainfall may be limiting factors, it is expected that Miscanthus can be cultivated for commercial biomass production in this region, particularly Primorski-Krai. To facilitate Miscanthus biomass production and its commercial use for biofuel production in East Asia, it is necessary to introduce a new Miscanthus variety with cold and drought tolerance, and to develop a Miscanthus plantation technology and production management system. Miscanthus is a perennial rhizomatous grass with C4 photosynthesis and native to East Asia. This grass has been considered as a weed in East Asia, and never been considered as a bioenergy crop until the end of the 20th century. Meanwhile, it has been studied as a potential bioenergy crop in Europe since the 1980s. Soaring energy consumption and heavy dependency of its energy production on imported petroleum have led to initiate finding alternative energy in East Asia. Miscanthus has high water and nutrient-use efficiency,and cold tolerance, high biomass yield potential up to 40 t DM ha-1 with long sustainable productivity up to more than 15 years after the first establishment, and high carbon sequestration capacity. In this regard, Miscanthus is one of the most ideal bioenergy crops in East Asia; potential areas where sufficient size of land is available include Mongolia, the far eastern part of Russia such as Primorski-Krai, Amur Oblast, and Khabarovsk-Krai, and northern parts of China such as Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Neimenggu. Although low temperature and rainfall may be limiting factors, it is expected that Miscanthus can be cultivated for commercial biomass production in this region, particularly Primorski-Krai. To facilitate Miscanthus biomass production and its commercial use for biofuel production in East Asia, it is necessary to introduce a new Miscanthus variety with cold and drought tolerance, and to develop a Miscanthus plantation technology and production management system.