다중표적 뼈 전이암의 하이브리드 세기변조(modified hybrid-VMAT) 방사선치료계획 유용성 평가

정일훈,조윤진,장원석,김세준,하진숙,전미진,정인호,김종대,신동봉,이익재,Jung, Il Hun,Cho, Yoon Jin,Chang, Won Suk,Kim, Sei Joon,Ha, Jin Sook,Jeon, Mi Jin,Jung, In Ho,Kim, Jong Dea,Shin, Dong Bong,Lee, Ik Jae 대한방사선치료학회 2018 대한방사선치료학회지 Vol.30 No.1

목 적 : 동일 선상축(co-axial image)의 다발성 뼈 전이암에 대한 하이브리드 세기변조(modified hybrid-VMAT) 계획의 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 동일 선상축의 다발성 뼈 전이암환자 총 5명을 대상으로 치료계획시스템(Ray station, 5.0.2.35, Sweden)을 이용하여 치료계획을 수립하였다. 치료계획용적(planning target volume, PTV) 처방 선량은 30 Gy로 설정하여 총 3가지 치료계획: 용적변조회전치료계획(volumetric modulated arc therapy, VMAT); 배경방사선(background)을 고려하지 않은 하이브리드 용적변조회전치료계획(hybrid VMAT, VMAT(h)); 배경방사선을 고려한 하이브리드 용적변조회전치료계획(modified hybrid VMAT, VMAT(mh))을 비교하였다. 선량용적히스토그램(dose volume histogram, DVH)을 이용하여 PTV의 maximum dose($D_{max}$), mean dose($D_{mean}$), 처방선량지수(conformity index, CI), 선량균질지수(homogeneity Index, HI) 및 손상위험장기(organ at risk, OAR)의 선량을 분석하였다. 또한 monitor unit(MU)와 치료시간(beam on time)을 분석하였다. 결 과 : VMAT, VMAT(h)과 VMAT(mh)의 PTV $D_{max}$는 3188.33 cGy, 3526 cGy, 3285.67 cGy이고, $D_{mean}$은 3081 cGy, 3252 cGy, 3094 cGy이고, CI는 $1.35{\pm}0.19$, $1.43{\pm}0.12$, $1.30{\pm}0.06$이고, HI는 $1.06{\pm}0.01$, $1.14{\pm}0.06$, $1.09{\pm}0.02$로 평가되었다. VMAT(h)과 VMAT(mh)의 OAR은 3 % 증가와 18 % 감소하는 것으로 평가되었다. 추가적으로 평균 MU는 904.90, 911.73, 1202.13 그리고 평균 Beam on time은 $128.67{\pm}10.97$초, $167.33{\pm}7.57$초, $190.33{\pm}4.51$초 소요되었다. 결 론 : 다중표적 치료 시에는 modified Hybrid-VMAT를 적용하면 선량의 겹침이 보정되어 과선량(over dose) 조사되는 것을 방지하는 다중표적을 치료할 수 있다. 그리고 PTV의 선량포함을 만족하면서 주위의 정상장기를 더 효과적으로 보호할 수 있는 치료계획이 가능하다. 또한 modified Hybrid-VMAT의 임상적 효능을 확인하기 위해 많은 수의 환자를 대상으로 한 장기 추적 관찰이 필요하다. Purpose : This study evaluates the usefulness of the Modified Hybrid-VMAT scheme with consideration of background radiation when establishing a treatment plan for multiple bone metastatic cancer including multiple tumors on the same axis. Materials and Methods : The subjects of this study consisted of five patients with multiple bone metastatic cancer on the same axis. The planning target volume(PTV) prescription dose was 30 Gy, and the treatment plan was established using Ray Station(Ray station, 5.0.2.35, Sweden). In the treatment plan for each patient, two or more tumors were set as one isocenter. A volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) plan, a hybrid VMAT(h) plan with no consideration of background radiation, and a modified hybrid VMAT(mh) with consideration of background radiation were established. Then, using each dose volume histogram(DVH), the PTV maximum dose($D_{max}$), mean dose($D_{mean}$), conformity index(CI), and homogeneity index(HI) were compared among the plans. In addition, the organ at risk(OAR) of each treatment site was evaluated, and the total MU(Monitor Unit) and treatment time were also analyzed. Results : The PTV $D_{max}$ values of VMAT, VMAT(h) and VMAT(mh) were 3188.33 cGy, 3526 cGy, and 3285.67 cGy, the $D_{mean}$ values were 3081 cGy, 3252 cGy, and 3094 cGy; the CI values were $1.35{\pm}0.19$, $1.43{\pm}0.12$, and $1.30{\pm}0.06$; the HI values were $1.06{\pm}0.01$, $1.14{\pm}0.06$, and $1.09{\pm}0.02$; and the VMAT(h) OAR value was increased 3 %, and VMAT(mh) OAR value was decreased 18 %, respectively. Furthermore, the mean MU values were 904.90, 911.73, and 1202.13, and the mean beam on times were $128.67{\pm}10.97$, $167.33{\pm}7.57$, and $190.33{\pm}4.51$ respectively. Conclusions : Applying Modified Hybrid-VMAT when treating multiple targets can prevent overdose by correcting the overlapping of doses. Furthermore, it is possible to establish a treatment plan that can protect surrounding normal organs more effectively while satisfying the inclusion of PTV dose. Long-term follow-up of many patients is necessary to confirm the clinical efficacy of Modified Hybrid-VMAT.

Mixed Agreement with a Hybrid Pronoun in Latvian

Hahm, Hyun-Jong Korean Society for Language and Information 2010 언어와 정보 Vol.14 No.2

This paper discusses mixed agreement triggered by hybrid pronouns. Hybrid pronouns considered in this paper show number discrepancy in that they are plural in form but singular in meaning. When predicates agree with these hybrid pronouns, the puzzle of number agreement arises: finite verbs show syntactic agreement, while predicate adjectives show semantic agreement. This is explained by three factors in grammar of agreement, the feature specification of agreement controllers, the types of agreement targets, and the Agreement Marking Principle that mediates the relation of two poles of agreement, controllers and targets.

Mixed Agreement with a Hybrid Pronoun in Latvian

함현종 한국언어정보학회 2010 언어와 정보 Vol.14 No.2

This paper discusses mixed agreement triggered by hybrid pronouns. Hybrid pronouns considered in this paper show number discrepancy in that they are plural in form but singular in meaning. When predicates agree with these hybrid pronouns, the puzzle of number agreement arises: finite verbs show syntactic agreement, while predicate adjectives show semantic agreement. This is explained by three factors in grammar of agreement, the feature specification of agreement controllers, the types of agreement targets, and the Agreement Marking Principle that mediates the relation of two poles of agreement, controllers and targets.

Mixed Agreement with a Hybrid Pronoun in Latvian

( Hyun Jong Hahm ) 한국언어정보학회 2010 언어와 정보 Vol.14 No.2

This paper discusses mixed agreement triggered by hybrid pronouns. Hybrid pronouns considered in this paper show number discrepancy in that they are plural in form but singular in meaning. When predicates agree with these hybrid pronouns, the puzzle of number agreement arises: finite verbs show syntactic agreement, while predicate adjectives show semantic agreement. This is explained by three factors in grammar of agreement, the feature specification of agreement controllers, the types of agreement targets, and the Agreement Marking Principle that mediates the relation of two poles of agreement, controllers and targets. (University of Texas at Austin)

Biodynamics of the Total Human Cadaveric Cervical Spine

Suh, Jung Keun,Park, Jung Yul,Lee, Hoon Kap 대한신경외과학회 1994 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.23 No.8

교통사고나 다이빙등의 해상사고, 및 추락사고등으로 인한 척추손상은 빠른 부하속도하에서 발생된다. 본 연구의 목적은 이러한 실제적인 상황에서 일어나는 척추손상, 특히 경추손상이 발생되는 과정을 실험적으로 재현해 봄으로써 이들에 대한 생체역동학적인 발생기전과 이에 따른 손상정도 및 양상을 확인하여 임상적으로 그 이해와 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단되어 연구를 계획하였다. 실험재료로는 6구의 사체로부터 분리한 두부에서 제 2 경추까지의 실험적 생체모델을 준비하여 전자식 수압기를 이용한 피스톤(elctrohydraulic piston)으로 295~813㎝/sec의 부하속도로 충격을 주어 결과를 관찰하였고, 이를 인공 실험모델인 Hybrid-Ⅲ(두부 및 경부 모델)를 이용한 결과와 비교 및 분석을 시행하였다. 또한 생체군에서는 20~30개의 target들을 경추부 각 부위에 설치하고 부하를 준 후 초당 1200장 정도의 촬영 속도로 고속촬영을 시행하여 경추 각 부위의 생체역동학적 변화를 시간적으로 관찰하였다. 척추의 방출성골절(burst fracture), 설상골절(wedge fracture) 및 압박골절등의 조직변화는 전산화단층촬영 및 냉동절단법(cryosectioning technique)으로 확인하였으며, 이러한 병리학적인 변화는 taget들을 이용한 분석방법으로 그 정량적인 분석도 가능하였는데, 예를 들면 방출성골절은 2.5msec 이내에 급속하게 발생되었으나, 설상골절은 진행성이었고 4~5msec에 걸쳐 발생되었다. Spinal trauma produced from motor vehicle accidents, diving accidents, or falls occur at high rates of loading This study was undertaken to reproduce clinically relevant cervical spine injuries under controlled conditions. Six isolated head-T2 human cadaveric preparations were tested using an electrohydraulic piston actuator at loading rates from 295 to 813cm/sec. The Hybrid III head-neck was tested similarly at rates from 401 to 683 cm/sec. The input forces for specimen tests were of higher magnitude and shorter duration than the distally measured forces. In contrast, the Hybrid III head-neck revealed similar magnitude and-duration force traces from input to output The specimen preparations were analyzed kinematically at 1200 frame/sec with 20 to 30 retroreflective targets fmed to each level of the cervical spine. With this technique it is possible to temporally follow cervical damage as a hnction of applied force. Wedge, burst, and anterior compression fractures were documented using CT and cry mtioning techniques. This pathology can be evaluated quantitatively using the target analysis. For example, a burst fracture occurred suddenly and within 2.5msec, whereas wedge fractures were progressive and took 4 to 5msec to occur.

항공용 안테나 하이브리드 모노펄스 레이다 시스템의 실용적 표적 방위각 추정 방법

김진우(Jin-Woo Kim),윤재혁(Jae-Hyuk Youn),노수현(Soo-Hyun Rho),이종은(Rho1?Jong-Eun Lee),전영범(Yeong-Beom Jeon),옥재우(Jae-Woo Ok),유응노(Eung-Noh You),윤상호(Sang-Ho Yoon),신현익(Hyun-Ik Shin) 한국전자파학회 2018 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.29 No.9

항공용 안테나 하이브리드 모노펄스 레이다 시스템을 이용하여 지상 이동표적 탐지 시, 표적의 방위각 정확도는 시스템 내 채널 간 위상 불균형에 따른 모노펄스 기울기 추정 정확도에 지배적으로 영향을 받는다. 본 논문에서는 안테나와 180도 하이브리드의 물리적 길이 차이에 의한 위상 불균형을 효과적으로 보상할 수 있는 방법을 제안 하였다. 비행시험을 통하여 제안된 방법의 성능을 검증한 결과, 보상 전보다 유의한 성능개선 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. The accuracy of extracting the azimuth angle of a target is significantly affected by the error in the mono-pulse ratio of the air-borne antenna hybrid mono-pulse Radar system. This error is strongly induced by the phase imbalance between the channels of the system. In this paper, a method is proposed for effectively calibrating the phase imbalance caused by physical differences between the RF channels from the antenna to the 180° hybrid. Through a flight test, it was confirmed that the accuracy of the azimuth angle of the target is improved by using the proposed method.

PSN 픽터의 해석 및 추적성능 예측

정영헌,김동현,홍순목,Jeong, Yeong-Heon,Kim, Dong-Hyeon,Hong, Sun-Mok 대한전자공학회 2002 電子工學會論文誌-SC (System and control) Vol.39 No.2

이 논문에서는 표적 추적에 사용되는 PSN(Probabilistic Strongest Neighbor) 필터의 추적 성능을 예측한다. PSN 필터는 가장 강한 신호 크기를 가진 측정이 표적이외의 것으로부터 발생할 수 있다는 사건을 충분히 고려하기 때문에, 추적 성능에서 뿐만 아니라, 계산량 측면에서도 PDA(Probabilistic Data association) 필터보다 뛰어나다고 알려져 있다. 추적필터의 추정오차 공분산행렬(covariance matrix)은 추적의 성능을 결정하는 성능지수(performance index)로 널리 사용된다. PSN 필터의 추정오차 공분산행렬은 측정 데이터의 함수로써, 측정 데이터와 무관하게 추적기의 성능을 표현하기 위해서 HYCA(HYbrid Conditional Average)방법을 이용하여 추정오차 공분산행렬의 기대값에 대한 식을 제시하였다. 수치실험을 통하여 이 논문에서 제시한 성능 예측이 타당함을 보인다. In this paper. we predict tracking performance of the probabilistic strongest neighbor filter (PSNF). The PSNF is known to be consistent and superior to the probabilistic data association filter (PDAF) in both performance and computation. The PSNF takes into account the probability that the measurement with the strongest intensity in the neighborhood of the predicted target measurement location is not target-originated. The tracking performance of the PSNF is quantified in terms of its estimation error covariance matrix. The estimation error covariance matrix is approximately evaluated by using the hybrid conditional average approach (HYCA). We performed numerical experiments to show the validity of our performance prediction.

1P-567 Phase modulus-regulated, cell-penetrating peptide-tagged polymeric micelles for dermal-epidermal junction-targeted transdermal delivery

홍성준,박대환,김진웅 한국공업화학회 2017 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2017 No.1

This study introduces a new transdermal delivery system in which drug molecules encapsulated in polymeric micelles are delivered to dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). For this, phase modulus-regulated polymeric micelles were fabricated via self-assembly of mixed amphiphilic triblock copolymers, poly (ethylene oxide)-b-poly (ε-caprolactone)-b-poly (ethylene oxide) and poly (ethylene oxide)-b-poly (dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly (ethylene oxide). The modulus of micelle phase could be controlled just depending on the composition of triblock copolymers, which was confirmed from XRD, DSC, and NMR analyses. The polymeric micelles with well-tuned phase modulus readily penetrated into the stratum corneum and reached to DEJ. Conjugation of cell-penetrating peptide enhanced transdermal delivery even more. Based on these results, we optimized transdermal delivery systems and conditions for DEJ targeting.

Evaluation of Amplified-based Target Preparation Strategies for Toxicogenomics Study : cDNA versus cRNA

Nam, Suk-Woo,Lee, Jung-Young The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicopro 2005 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.1 No.2

DNA microarray analysis of gene expression in toxicogenomics typically requires relatively large amounts of total RNA. This limits the use of DNA microarray when the sample available is small. To confront this limitation, different methods of linear RNA amplification that generate antisense RNA (aRNA) have been optimized for microarray use. The target preparation strategy using amplified RNA in DNA microarray protocol can be divided into direct-incorporation labeling which resulted in cDNA targets (Cy-dye labeled cDNA from aRNA) and indirect-labeling which resulted in cRNA targets (i.e. Cy-dye labeled aRNA), respectively. However, despite the common use of amplified targets (cDNA or cRNA) from aRNAs, no systemic assessment for the use of amplified targets and bias in terms of hybridization performance has been reported. In this investigation, we have compared the hybridization performance of cRNA targets with cDNA targets from aRNA on a 10 K cDNA microarrays. Under optimized hybridization conditions, we found that 43% of outliers from cDNA technique and 86% from the outlier genes were reproducibly detected by both targets hybridization onto cDNA microarray. This suggests that the cRNA labeling method may have a reduced capacity for detecting the differential gene expression when compared to the cDNA target preparation. However, further validation of this discordant result should be pursued to determine which techniques possesses better accuracy in identifying truly differential genes.

Hybridization by an Electrical Force and Electrochemical Genome Detection Using an Indicator-free DNA on a Microelectrode-array DNA Chip

Yong-Sung Choi*,Kyung-Sup Lee,Dae-Hee Park 대한화학회 2005 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.26 No.3

This research aims to develop DNA chip array without an indicator. We fabricated microelectrode array by photolithography technology. Several DNA probes were immobilized on an electrode. Then, indicator-free target DNA was hybridized by an electrical force and measured electrochemically. Cyclic-voltammograms (CVs) showed a difference between DNA probe and mismatched DNA in an anodic peak. Immobilization of probe DNA and hybridization of target DNA could be confirmed by fluorescent. This indicator-free DNA chip microarray resulted in the sequence-specific detection of the target DNA quantitatively ranging from 1018 M to 105 M in the buffer solution. This indicator-free DNA chip resulted in a sequence-specific detection of the target DNA.