Effect of High β-glucan Barley on Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels in Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance: Assessment by Meal Tolerance Test and Continuous Glucose Monitoring System

( Mariko Higa ),( Yukie Fuse ),( Naoko Miyashita ),( Asami Fujitani ),( Kaoru Yamashita ),( Takamasa Ichijo ),( Seiichiro Aoe ),( Takahisa Hirose ) 한국임상영양학회 2019 Clinical Nutrition Research Vol.8 No.1

The effect of white rice (WR) mixed with high β-glucan-containing barley at 50% on improvement of postprandial blood glucose levels was assessed by meal tolerance test and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in 15 healthy subjects with normal glucose tolerance (age 31.6 ± 12.9 years old, 4 males and 11 females). A meal tolerance test (500 kcal) was conducted using 2 types of test meals: a test meal only with WR and a test meal WR mixed 50% barley, and the side dish was the same in both meals. Blood glucose levels of the subjects 180 minutes after ingestion of the test meals were compared. In addition, a CGM device was attached to the subjects for 2 days when the WR or barley as a staple food was provided 3 times a day for consecutive days, and the daily variation of glucose was investigated. The glucose levels 30 minutes after dietary loads and the area under the blood concentration-time curve over 180 minutes were significantly decreased in the barley consumption group. In CGM, 24-hour mean blood glucose and 24-hour standard deviation of blood glucose were also significantly decreased after ingestion of the barley. Postprandial glucose level elevation was suppressed by mixing high-β-glucan barley with WR in subjects with normal glucose tolerance.

규칙적인 운동부하가 Streptozotocin 투여 흰쥐 골격근의 당섭취와 당내성에 미치는 영향

전명흡,이영만,김종연,김용운,이석강 영남대학교 의과대학 1992 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.9 No.1

STZ투여 전후 2주씩 4주간의 규칙적인 운동부하가 당뇨흰쥐의 골격근 당섭취와 당내성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 Surague-Dawley종 수컷 흰쥐를 사용하여 soleus근의 당섭취를 시험관에서 ³H-3-O-methyl-glusose의 섭취로 추적하였으며 정맥으로 당을 부하(0.5g/㎏ BW)하여 당내성을 평가한 본 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. STZ의 투여로 대조군에 비하여 공복시 혈당과 유리지방산이 증가하고 인슐린 농도, soleus근의 당섭취, 인슐린에 대한 예민도와 반응도, 및 근 glycogen농도는 감소하였으며 내당능이 저하하였다. STZ 투여 흰쥐에서 4주간의 규칙적인 운동으로 인한 변화로 안정군에 비하여 공복시 혈당이 감소하고 soleus근의 당섭취와 인슐린에 대한 반응도 및 근glycogen의 농도가 증가하였으며 유리지방산의 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 인슐린 농도는 차이가 없었으며 당내성은 개선되지 않았다. 위의 결과로 보아 4주간의 운동은 STZ 투여후 당뇨 흰쥐 발생율에는 영향을 미치지 못하였으나 골격근의 인슐린 반응도는 향상시켰으며 공복시 혈당도 감소시키는 효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 저하된 내당능은 골격근의 인슐린 반응도가 향상되었음에도 불구하고 개선되지 않은 것으로 사료된다. The effect of exercise on plasma insulin, free fatty acid, and glucose uptake and glycogen concentration in soleus, and intravenous glucose tolerance of streptozotocin treated, diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Diabetic-trained animals were subjected to a regular program of treadmill running for 4 weeks. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was studied in incubated strips(about 20㎎) of soleus muscle in vitro. Glucose tolerance was measured with intravenous infusion of 0.5g glucose/㎏ body weight. In diabetic rats, training was associated with increased glucose uptake in basal and maximal insulin concentrations, decreased fasting glucose concentrations, and increased muscle glycogen levels, but there were no changes in glucose tolerance curve and plasma insulin concentrations. These results suggest that regular running program for 4 weeks improve responsiveness of insulin on soleus muscle, but fails to cause improvement of impaired intravenous glucose tolerance in mild degree streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

항정신병약물을 복용 중인 환자의 공복혈당장애 : 이환율과 공복혈당의 내당능장애에 대한 선별 검사로서의 유용성

최진환(Jin-Hwan Choi),박영민(Young-Min Park),조진석(Jin-Seok Cho),정순민(Sun-Min Jung),정봉주(Bong-Ju Jung),변원탄(Won-Tan Byun) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2007 생물치료정신의학 Vol.13 No.1

목적 : 항정신병약물을 투여 받는 환자에서 당뇨병과 고혈당의 이환율이 높음을 시사하는 연구들이 많이 있어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 비정형 항정신병약물을 포함한 다양한 항정신병약물을 투여 받고 있는 환자들을 대상으로 공복혈당장애의 이환율을 알아보고, 심혈관 질환의 위험도를 잘 반영한다고 알려져 있는 당부하 검사를 함께 시행하여, 공복혈당과 당부하 후 혈당 간의 상관관계를 분석함으로써 항정신병약물을 투여 받고 있는 환자들에서의 공복혈당 선별 검사의 유용성을 밝히고자 하였다. 방법 : 최소 2개월 이상 같은 종류의 항정신병약물을 복용한 환자 96명을 대상으로 8시간 이상의 공복 상태를 유지하게 한 후 공복혈당 검사를 하였고, 바로 경구 포도당 75g을 복용하게 한 후 2시간 후에 다시 혈당 검사를 하였다. 환자를 미국 당뇨협회에서 제시한 공복혈당(fasting blood glucose, 이하 FBG)을 기준으로 하여 정상 공복혈당군(FBS <100㎎/dl)과 공복혈당장애군(FBS ≥100㎎/dl)의 두 군으로 나누어 당부하 후 혈당을 비롯한 인구학적인 특성과 임상적인 특성들을 비교 분석하였다. 환자에 대한 기본 정보는 환자와의 직접 면담과 의무 기록을 통해 얻었으며, 기존의 당뇨병 환자는 제외되었다. 결과 : 총 96명의 대상 환자 중 공복혈당장애는 22명(22.9%)였으며 이 중 10명(45.5%)에서 당부하 검사 상 내당능장애가 있었고 나머지 12(54.5%)명은 정상 소견이었다. 정상공복혈당 군 74명 중 52명(70.3%)은 당부하 검사상 정상이었고, 22명(29.7%)에서는 공복혈당장애가 없으면서 내당능장애가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 공복혈당장애군과 정상 공복혈당군 간의 당부하 후 혈당에는 유의한 차이가 있었지만 공복혈당과 당부하 후 혈당의 상관관계는 높지 않았으며(Spearman’s R=0.265, p<0.01). 항정신병약물 중 정형 약물과 비정형 약물 간의 공복혈당 및 당부하 후 혈당의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 항정신병약물을 복용 중인 환자에서 공복혈당은 환자의 당부하 혈당과 상관 관계가 낮아 환자의 심혈관 질환의 위험도를 제대로 반영하지 못할 수 있으며 따라서 선별 검사로서 적합하지 않을 수 있다. Objectives : The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, to analyze the correlation of fasting glucose level with 2-hour glucose level after oral glucose loading, and to clarify the usefulness of the fasting glucose test as screening in the patients who are taking antipsychiotic medications. Methods : We examined the fasting glucose level and 2 hour glucose level after loading 75g of glucose in 96 hospitalized psychiatric patients who had been taking the same medications for at least 2 months. We divided the subjects into 2 groups, impaired fasting glucose and normal fasting glucose group, based on American Diabetes Association criteria proposed in 2004, and compared the demographical and clinical characteristics between the two groups. The subjects with preexisting diabetes mellitus were excluded. Results : Among 96 subjects, impaired fasting glucose group were 22(22.9%), 10 of them(45.5%) had impaired glucose tolerance, and the rest 12(54.5%) were normal in oral glucose t lerance test. In the normal fasting glucose group of 74 subjects, 52(70.3%) were normal, and 22(29.7%) had impaired glucose tolerance but normal fasting glucose. There was a positive correlation between fasting glucose levels and 2-hour glucose levels after oral glucose loading but the correlation was not strong(Spearman’s R=0.265, p<0.01). There were no significant differences in fasting and 2-hour glucose levels between typical and atypical antipsychotics groups. Conclusion : Fasting glucose test could not reflect the cardiovascular risk well in patients who are taking antipsychotics, thus it would not be appropriate to use this as screening test.

다낭성 난소증후군을 가진 여성에서 비정상적인 당내성을 일으키는 예측인자

고아라 ( A Ra Koh ),이세진 ( Se Jin Lee ),박수연 ( Sue Yeon Park ),김민경 ( Min Kyung Kim ),김지예 ( Ji Ye Kim ),이교원 ( Kyo Won Lee ),김계현 ( Kye Hyun Kim ) 대한산부인과학회 2012 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.55 No.7

Objective: To determine the parameters associated with the risk for abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to assess the optimal screening tests to predict AGT within this population. Methods: We evaluated 85 women with PCOS and 53 control women. All participants had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hormonal blood profiles, including the measurement of follicle stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, estradiol testosterone, and serum lipid profiles. Results: Among the women with PCOS, those with AGT had significantly higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P<0.001) values than those with normal glucose tolerance. The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose was 48.2% (41/85) in women with PCOS; 16 of 41 subjects with AGT were IGT. Six of 16 subjects (37.5%) with IGT had normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG<100mg/dL). Thus, the FPG failed to detect 37.5% of women with PCOS who were found to have AGT with the OGTT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that insulin, body mass index (BMI), age, and triglyceride (TG) were significant risk factors for abnormal glucose metabolism. Conclusion: Insulin, BMI, age, and TG predicted abnormal glucose metabolism in women with PCOS. The OGTT was a more reliable predictor of AGT than fasting plasma glucose. We recommend that women with PCOS undergo periodic screening for AGT using the OGTT, particularly if they have any of the above risk factors.

Korean Red Ginseng Improves Glucose Control in Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, or Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

방향주,곽정현,안현영,신동엽,이종호 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.1

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) supplementation on glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study was a 12-week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled (5g of KRG [n=21] or placebo [n=20] in tablet form) trial. Glucose-related biomarkers, including serum and whole blood levels of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide, were measured by 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. After the intervention, the test group showed a significant decrease in serum levels of glucose at 30min (-22.24±10.77mg/dL) and whole blood levels of glucose at 30?min (-17.52±5.22mg/dL). In addition, the test group tended to have lower whole blood levels of glucose at 0?min and glucose area under curve (AUC). However, the placebo group did not show any changes in blood glucose-related indices. The changes (difference from baseline) in serum glucose levels at 30min, whole blood glucose levels at 60min, and glucose AUC during OGTTs in the test group exhibited a tendency toward a decrease from those in the placebo group. There were significant decreases or trends toward a decrease in both serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations at most time intervals in the test group. In conclusion, KRG supplementation (5g/day) may be beneficial for controlling serum and whole blood glucose levels compared with placebo among patients with IFG, IGT, or T2DM.

The Effect of cilostazolon Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Resistance in a Rat Model of Non - insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

(Sang Ah Chang),(Bong Yun Cha),(Soon Jib Yoo),(Yo Bae Ahn),(Ki Ho Song),(Je Ho Han),(Jong Min Lee),(Hyun Sik Son),(Kun Ho Yoon),(Moo Il Kang),(Kwang Woo Lee),(Ho Young Son),(Sung Ku Kang) 대한내과학회 2001 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.16 No.2

N/A Background : It has been reported that many peripheral vasodilating drugs might improve insulin resistance. Cilostazol, a antithrombotic agent, increases peripheral blood flow in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. The effect of cilostazol treatment on insulin resistance in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced non-insulin dependent diabetic Wistar rats was examined. Methods : About a half of two-day old neonate siblings were injected intraperitoneally with STZ and maintained for six months, at which time they were compared with age-matched control rats for intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and for glucose infusion rate (GINF) in a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose-clamp study. After that, these studies were also performed after feeding rat chow containing cilostazol (100 mg/kg/day) to rats with STZ-induced non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus for four-weeks and compared with those of age-matched control rats. Results : In the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test studies, plasma glucose levels of STZ-induced non-insulin dependent diabetic rats were significantly higher and plasma insulin levels significantly lower than those of age-matched control rats in the age of six months. Glucose infusion rate was lower in STZ-induced non-insulin dependent diabetic rats than those of age-matched control rats. However, after a four-week cilostazol treatment, glucose infusion rate of STZ-induced non-insulin dependent diabetic rats was not significantly different from that of control rats. Conclusion : These findings suggested that cilostazol may improve insulin resistance in STZ-induced non-insulin dependent diabetic rats.

NIDDM 환자에서 경구당부하검사와 공복시 혈청 유리 지방산 농도와의 상관관계

남경제,임경호 인제대학교 1999 仁濟醫學 Vol.20 No.2

Background: NIDDM may have more to do with abnormalities in fat than carbohydrate metabolism. One possible mechanism would be elevation of free fatty acids. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between insulin secretory pattern in oral glucose tolerance test and serum free fatty acid concentrations in NIDDM patients. Methods: We performed 75 g oral GTT in 310 NIDDM patients. During oral GTT, we measured serum glucose, insulin, c-peptide, lipid concentrations (total cholesterol, triglycerride, HDL-cholesterol, Lp(a), free fatty acid) Results: 1) There was significant correlation between serum FFA concentrations and body mass index, serum total cholesterol concentrations and triglyceride concentrations. But we cannot find correlation between serum FFA concentrations and ages of patients, duration of disease, HbA1c, serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations and serum Lp(a) concentrations. 2) There was significant correlation between serum FFA concentrations and serum glucose levels on fasting, 30min, 60min. But there was no correlation between serum FFA concentrations and serum insulin concentrations and c-peptide concentrations. 3) There was significant correlation between serum FFA concentrations and serum glucose response area. But there was no correlation between serum FFA concentrations and insulin response area and C -peptide response area. 4) There was no correlation between serum FFA concentrations and fasting glucose/insulin ratio and glucose/C-peptide ratio. Conclusion: These results suggest that there was inadequate interrelation between serum FFA concentrations and parameters of insulin sensitivity derived from oral glucose tolerance test of NIDDM patients.

Attenuation of Diabetic Conditions by Sida rhombifolia in Moderately Diabetic Rats and Inability to Produce Similar Effects in Severely Diabetic in Rats

Chaturvedi, Padmaja,Kwape, Tebogo Elvis KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2015 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.18 No.4

Objectives: This study was done out to evaluate the effects of Sida rhombifolia methanol extract (SRM) on diabetes in moderately diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic (SD) Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: SRM was prepared by soaking the powdered plant material in 70% methanol and rota evaporating the methanol from the extract. Effective hypoglycemic doses were established by performing oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in normal rats. Hourly effects of SRM on glucose were observed in the MD and the SD rats. Rats were grouped, five rats to a group, into normal control 1 (NC1), MD control 1 (MDC1), MD experimental 1 (MDE1), SD control 1 (SDC1), and SD experimental 1 (SDE1) groups. All rats in the control groups were administered 1 mL of distilled water (DW). The rats in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups were administered SRM orally at 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, dissolved in 1 mL of DW. Blood was collected initially and at intervals of 1 hour for 6 hours to measure blood glucose. A similar experimental design was followed for the 30-day long-term trial. Finally, rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected to measure blood glucose, lipid profiles, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: OGTTs indicated that two doses (200 and 300 mg/kg BW) were effective hypoglycemic doses in normal rats. Both doses reduced glucose levels after 1 hour in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups. A long-term trial of SRM in the MD group showed a reduced glucose level, a normal lipid profile, and normal GSH and TBARS levels. In SD rats, SRM had no statistically significant effects on these parameters. Normal weight was achieved in the MD rats, but the SD rats showed reduced BW. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that SRM has potential to alleviate the conditions of moderate diabetic, but not severe diabetes.

Major Role of the PI3K/Akt Pathway in Ischemic Tolerance Induced by Sublethal Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation in Cortical Neurons In Vitro

Mohammad Iqbal Hossain Bhuiyan,진창배,정서윤,김형자,이용섭 대한약학회 2011 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.34 No.6

Ischemic preconditioning can provide protection to neurons from subsequent lethal ischemia. The molecular mechanisms of neuronal ischemic tolerance, however, are still not well-known. The present study, therefore, examined the role of MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways in ischemic tolerance induced by preconditioning with sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in cultured rat cortical neurons. Ischemic tolerance was simulated by preconditioning of the neurons with sublethal 1-h OGD imposed 12 h before lethal 3-h OGD. The time-course studies of relative phosphorylation and expression levels of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK showed lack of their involvement in ischemic tolerance. However, there were significant increases in Akt phosphorylation levels during the reperfusion period following preconditioned lethal OGD. In addition, Bcl-2 associated death promoter (Bad) and GSK-3β were also found to be inactivated during that reperfusion period. Finally, treatment with an inhibitor of PI3K, wortmannin, applied from 15 min before and during lethal OGD abolished not only the preconditioning-induced neuroprotection but also the Akt activation. Concomitant with blockade of the Akt activation, PI3K inhibition also resulted in activation of Bad and GSK-3β. The results suggest that ischemic tolerance induced by sublethal OGD preconditioning is primarily mediated through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, but not the MAPK pathway, in rat cortical neurons.

Involvement of Ceramide in Ischemic Tolerance Induced by Preconditioning with Sublethal Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation in Primary Cultured Cortical Neurons of Rats

Bhuiyan, Mohammad Iqbal Hossain,Islam, Mohammad Nurul,Jung, Seo Yun,Yoo, Hye Hyun,Lee, Yong Sup,Jin, Changbae Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2010 Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.33 No.1

<P>The complex molecular cascades of ischemic tolerance in brain cells remain unclear. Recently, sphingolipid-related metabolite ceramide has been implicated as a second messenger in many biological functions, including neuronal survival and death. The present study, therefore, examined the roles of ceramide (Cer) in ischemic tolerance induced by preconditioning with sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) using primary cultured cortical neurons of rats. Preconditioning of the neurons with sublethal 1-h OGD produced robust neuroprotection against cell death induced by lethal 3-h OGD imposed 12 h after preconditioning when measured by the MTT assay. Analysis of sphingolipids using LC-MS/MS showed that the ischemic preconditioning resulted in significant increases in the levels of C<SUB>16 : 0</SUB> Cer, C<SUB>18 : 0</SUB> Cer, C<SUB>20 : 0</SUB> Cer, C<SUB>24 : 0</SUB> Cer, C<SUB>24 : 1</SUB> Cer and the total ceramide contents compared with the sham-washed control group. However, sphingomyelin contents were not significantly changed by the ischemic preconditioning, suggesting that ceramides were increased through the <I>de novo</I> synthetic pathway. In the case of severe OGD paradigm, levels of ceramide and sphingomyelin in the lethal OGD group were not significantly different from those of the control group or the lethal OGD group with preconditioning at any time points studied. Treatment with an inhibitor of <I>de novo</I> ceramide synthesis, fumonisin B<SUB>1</SUB>, during the ischemic preconditioning period completely blocked preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance. Moreover, application of a non-cytotoxic concentration of exogenous cell-permeable ceramide produced neuroprotection against lethal OGD. The results suggest that ceramides increased by sublethal OGD preconditioning play an important role in induction of ischemic tolerance.</P>